体外循环不阻断升主动脉心内直视术1528例临床分析

目的 评价体外循环下不阻断升主动脉行心内直视术对心肌的保护作用.方法 1528例患者应用不阻断升主动脉心内直视术,其中心脏跳动下手术1055例,停跳下手术473例.结果 手术并发症:低心排27例、呼吸衰竭5例、肾功能衰竭5例.无脑气栓发生.全组死亡18例(1.2%).术后随访4个月～3年,其余1510例恢复良好.结论 不阻断升主动脉,在浅、中低温体外循环下行心内直视术,心肌保护安全有效.     

心脏不停跳心内直视手术临床分析

目的：探讨体外循环下心脏不停跳，心内直视手术的方法和意义。方法：回顾性分析1999年4月－2002年4月，18例应用此法手术的先天性心脏病。全组男6例，女12例，平均年龄12．8岁。病种包括房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损及动脉导管未闭。鼻温维持在34℃左右，均在心脏空跳条件下完成心内直视手术。结果：心脏手术完毕即可停机，术后恢复顺利。无脑气栓发生，一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞2例，无死亡病例。结论：不阻断升主动脉浅低温体外循环心脏不停跳心内直视手术，用于先天性心脏病矫治，是一种接近生理状态的心肌保护方法，临床效果满意。     

浅低温体外循环心脏不停跳心内直视手术2962例临床研究

目的总结浅低温体外循环不停跳心内直视手术的方法和经验。方法并行循环,不阻断升主动脉,不灌注心脏停搏液;需逆行灌注者,阻断升主动脉后经冠状静脉窦逆行持续灌注机器氧合血,鼻咽温维持在30℃～32℃,在心脏空跳条件下完成心内直视手术。应用该技术实施心脏手术2962例,其中先天性心脏病1873例,心脏瓣膜病和升主动脉瘤患者1089例。结果全组术后住院死亡率为1．45％（53／2962）,其中先天性心脏病死亡率为1．33％（25／1873）,心脏瓣膜病死亡率为2．57％（28／1089）;全组无气栓和永久性房室传导阻滞病例,术后低心排量综合征发生率0．37％（11／2962）。结论浅低温体外循环不停跳心内直视手术良好的心肌保护效果,降低了低心排量综合征和严重心律失常的发生率,从而明显降低术后死亡率,是临床上可以选择的好方法之一。     

浅低温不停跳体外循环下房间隔缺损修补术

目的总结房间隔缺损(房缺)在浅低温不停跳体外循环下修补的经验。方法171例房缺施行心脏不停跳心内直视手术并行循环,收紧上下腔静脉套带不阻断升主动脉,不灌注心脏停搏液,鼻咽温度维持在(33±1)℃,均在心室空跳条件下完成心内直视手术。结果术后血液动力学平衡,血管活性药物用量少,无心律失常,无神经系统症状出现,术后住院天数减少,全组均痊愈出院。结论应用浅低温不停跳体外循环下修补房间隔是安全可行的,具有方法简单易行,心肌保护好,术后恢复快的优点。     

体外循环不阻断升主动脉下小儿心内直视术305例临床分析

目的　评价体外循环下不阻断升主动脉行心内直视术对心肌的保护作用。方法　应用此法行 30 5例小儿先天性心脏病心内直视术 ,男 15 6例 ,女 14 9例。年龄 3个月～ 5 (3 2 5± 1 36 )岁。体重 5～ 2 0 (14 6 2± 3 71)kg。病种包括 :室间隔缺损 (VSD) 2 33例 ,房间隔缺损 (ASD) 2 8例 ,法洛四联症 (TOF) 2 7例 ,法三 (F3) 4例 ,房室通道 (AVC) 5例 ,部分性肺静脉畸形引流 (PAPVC) 3例 ,肺动脉瓣狭窄 (PS) 3例 ,三房心 (TA) 1例 ,三尖瓣下移 (Ebstien) 1例。在浅低温心脏跳动下手术 2 0 8例 ,中低温停跳下手术 97例。结果　随访 2个月～ 3年。并发症 :低心排 6例 ,阵发性支气管痉挛 3例 ,肾功能衰竭 2例 ,血尿 32例 ,二次止血 2例。无脑气栓和传导束损伤。全组死亡 7例 (占2 2 9% )。结论　不阻断升主动脉 ,浅、中低温体外循环下心内直视术 ,用于小儿先天性心脏病矫治 ,心肌保护安全有效 ,临床效果满意。     

心脏不停跳心内直视手术64例分析

目的:总结64例体外循环心脏不停跳下心内直视手术的应用经验,评价其对患者心肌的保护作用。方法:回顾性分析近年来64例应用此方法手术的心脏病病例。患者均常规建立体外循环,阻断上下腔静脉,不阻断升主动脉,在浅低温心脏跳动下手术。结果:全组手术顺利,体外循环转流时间18～80分钟,平均(48．1±30．5)分钟。术后恢复良好,无低心排综合征、栓塞、心律失常及残余漏等并发症。术后平均住院时间(8．0±2．2)天。随访3～28个月,能参加正常活动,无心脏杂音及残余分流。结论:心脏不停跳心内直视手术减少了手术后的各种并发症,缩短少手术时间,减少少术中心肌损伤,从根本上避免了心肌缺血和再灌注损伤的发生,促进了心功能的恢复。     

不停跳心内直视手术的临床研究

目的总结常温或浅低温体外循环不停跳心内直视手术的方法和经验。方法指体外循环插管后,仅阻断上下腔静脉而不阻断主动脉,也不应用心脏停搏液灌注仍保持心脏跳动下的心内直视手术。应用该技术实施心脏手术33例,全部为小儿先天性心脏病。结果全组患儿心脏手术操作完毕均可顺利脱机,不需作辅助循环,CPB时间12～46(23.1±10.2)min,明显短于同期常规手术组。术后无任何并发症。结论该方法有良好的心肌保护作用,降低并发症的发生率,但更适合于时间短、畸形简单的先天性心脏病矫治。     

先心病心脏不停跳心内直视手术的临床研究

目的：探索心脏不停跳心内直视手术的方法和意义。方法：169例先心病患者在不使用心脏停搏液于心脏跳动下手术。常规建立体外循环，降温至31-35℃并维持，仅阻断上、下腔静脉，不阻断升主动脉，维持灌注压在7—9kPa，在心脏空跳条件下完成心内直视手术。结果：2例术后36—48h出现脑空气栓塞，经高压氧舱等治疗2周后恢复。2例术后出现低心捧综合征，药物治疗得以纠正。全组均痊愈出院。结论：浅低温心脏不停跳心内直视手术是一种较接近生理状态的心肌保护方法，能减少并发症的发生，并简化操作，缩短体外循环时间。     

浅低温心脏不停跳心内直视手术临床观察

目的：探讨浅低温体外循环下心脏不停跳心内直视手术的临床优缺点。方法：21例心脏病患者，采用浅低温心脏不停跳心内直视手术。其中，房间隔缺损5例，室间隔缺损11例，房缺合并室缺3例，三尖瓣置换术1例，法洛三联症1例。术不不阻断主动脉，心脏持续供血，不灌注停搏液及心脏局部冰霄降温，心脏缓慢跳动。结果：全部病人手术过程顺利，无室颤和气栓，均痊愈出院。结论：本方法避免了主动脉阻断所引起的心肌缺血缺氧性损伤和再灌注损伤以及心脏局部冰霄降温所致心肌冻伤，是一种较接近生理状态的心肌保护方法，能最大限度保护心功能，简化手术操作，在做好排气措施下，该方法是安全可行的。但同时，由于心脏跳动及回心血流的影响，对复杂畸形的操作带来一定的困难。     

体外循环心脏跳动下心内直视术274例

在体外循环(CPB)心内直视术中,缩短升主动脉阻断时间一直是临床关注的课题。我们自1995年9月至1997年6月,连续进行了CPB心脏跳动下心内直视术274例,效果良好。现报道如下。 资料与方法 1.临床资料 全组274例,男149例,女125例。年龄16.17±12.38(10个月～63)岁,体重平均29.16(6～92)kg。其中3岁及以下婴幼儿31例。病种见表1。 2.手术方法及结果 全组除3例联合瓣膜损害于中度低温下行双瓣置换术(DVR)外。均在浅低温     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.