抗生素骨水泥占位器治疗髋和膝关节置换术后感染的研究进展

关节置换术后深部感染是一种恼人的并发症，目前报道发生率在0．5％～3％”。感染一旦发生，对患者而言是灾难，对医师来说也是梦魇。经过国内外学者的不懈努力，感染的治疗经历了长期的探索，近20年对占位器的设计和制作也进行了许多有益的尝试，目前处理这种恼人的并发症，     

抗生素骨水泥占位器在髋关节置换后感染翻修术中的应用

目的 探讨抗生素骨水泥占位器在髋关节置换术后假体周围感染翻修术中的应用方法和作用.方法 对25例髋关节置换术后假体周围感染患者均采用一期取出假体,彻底清创、冲洗后放置占位器.术后常规使用抗生素,2周后下地不负重活动,1个月后部分负重锻炼.结果 25例(26髋)中 1例(1髋)术后2个月因内科疾患死亡;1例出现髋关节占位器脱位,经再手术复位;2例髋关节占位器断裂;24例(25髋)术后感染完全控制,并在术后3～12个月后来院行二期髋假体再置入术.结论 髋置换感染后经彻底清创置入抗生素骨水泥占位器可以提高感染的治愈率,维持关节的稳定性和下肢的长度,并可早日离床锻炼,便于二期假体再置入.     

应用抗生素骨水泥占位器与灌注冲洗型占位器治疗全髋关节置换术后感染的疗效比较

目的 比较两种不同抗生素给药方式的关节型占位器在全髋关节置换术后感染治疗中的效果,为全髋关节置换术后感染二期翻修手术中占位器的选择提供依据.方法 自2002年3月～2007年5月,按门诊就诊顺序共收治明确诊断的全髋关节置换术后感染病人36例(40髋),分别应用抗生素骨水泥占位器与灌注冲洗型占位器行二期翻修治疗,其中抗生素骨水泥占位器26例(29髋),灌注冲洗型占位器10例(11髋).记录两种占位器植入手术时间、术中出血量、术后卧床时间、住院时间、下地第1天及二期翻修术前1天髋关节功能、占位器植入次数、重建手术后最近一次随访的感染控制情况等指标.其中髋关节功能采用Harris评分及ROM(range of motion)测量,术前、术后常规摄x片对比.结果 所有患者均获得随访,其中1例因死亡而随访至翻修术后34个月.通过对比发现,抗生素骨水泥占位器较灌注冲洗型占位器平均植入操作时间短(2.52±0.79 h/(3.29±0.33)h,P<0.01),术中出血量少(1208.57±275.64 ml/2131.82±596.84 ml,P<0.01),术后卧床时间短(6.14±1.98 d/45.18±6.11 d,P=0.00),住院时间短(26.00±3.27 d/53.63±3.35 d,P=0.00),占位器植入后感染控制率高(100%/81.82%,P<0.01);而下地第1天两组平均Harris评分相似(56.85±9.61/56.41±6.31),屈伸ROM结果类似(75.31°±6.34°/76.09°±5.49°),翻修术前抗生素骨水泥占位器组平均Harris评分更高(86.78±7.49/80.35±6.37,P<0.05),屈伸ROM差别也不显著(95.16°±4.47°/97.35°±6.22°).结论 在治疗髋关节置换术后感染中,抗生素骨水泥型占位器较灌注冲洗型占位器具有植入操作时间短,术中出血量少,术后卧床时间短,住院时间短,下地后功能更好及无需长期灌注冲洗等优点.     

抗生素骨水泥的研究进展

1958年,Charnley将自制的骨水泥用于股骨头假体与股骨的固定,从此聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethylmethacrylate,PMMA)就成为关节置换手术中用于固定人工关节假体的内植入物,经过半个世纪的发展,此项技术已经日臻成熟,现代人工关节置换技术已经成为全身大关节疾病终极治疗手段.随着我国人口老龄化进程,人工关节置换手术的绝对数量还会在相当长的时间内迅速增长.抗生素负载骨水泥作为间隔物在关节成型术中用于预防和治疗感染的应用越来越广泛,利用其局部抗生素释放机制使得术后感染率大幅降低,一些文献报道这种手术成功率可达到95％以上[1].本文综合国内外相关文献就抗生素骨水泥的发展史、抗生素局部释放、骨水泥力学特征等做一扼要综述.     

一期抗生素骨水泥翻修治疗髋关节置换术后感染

目的 探讨一期抗生素骨水泥翻修治疗人工髋关节置换术后感染的可行性及效果.方法 对12例髋关节置换术后感染患者采用清创、假体取出后一期行含抗生素骨水泥假体翻修治疗.结果 12例均获随访,时间3～56(40.2±5.6)个月.患者伤口均一期愈合,无感染复发.末次随访时Harris评分由术前的19～67(36±7.8)分提高到63～97(91±6.3)分,患者满意率为92%.结论 髋关节置换术后感染只要诊断明确,彻底清创、合理使用抗生素和抗生素骨水泥,一期翻修同样可以取得满意的临床疗效.     

抗生素骨水泥间置器二期翻修治疗人工髋关节感染

目的 探讨应用抗生素骨水泥间置器二期翻修治疗人工髋关节感染的疗效.方法 对14例初次髋关节置换术后感染的患者行二期翻修手术,所有患者一期手术取出假体并彻底清创,使用去甲万古霉素1 g与骨水泥20 g的抗生素骨水泥临时间置器,平均间隔(3.6±1.2)个月后二期置换.手术前后髋关节功能行Harris评分.结果 一期处理后所有伤口均愈合,14例均获随访,时间7～29(16±5.9)个月.术后无感染复发,随访期间无脱位、深静脉血栓形成、异位骨化等并发症.末次随访时Harris评分72～91(81±6.8)分,较术前22～51(39±8.1)分平均提高(42±1.7)分.优2例,良10例,可2例,无差病例.结论 彻底清创,采用抗生素骨水泥间置器为局部提供高浓度抗生素的二期翻修术是控制感染的有效措施.     

抗生素骨水泥预防人工关节感染研究进展

人工关节深部感染是关节置换术后严重并发症之一,它延长治疗进程,增加医疗开支,降低治疗效果.抗生素骨水泥目前已广泛应用于高人工关节感染风险的初次关节置换术和感染翻修术病例.该文就人工关节置换术后关节感染特性及抗生素骨水泥释放特性与力学性能,临床应用、潜在缺点和病例选择等作一综述.     

抗生素骨水泥间置器治疗髓内固定术后骨髓炎合并骨不连

目的探讨抗生素骨水泥间置器治疗髓内固定术后骨髓炎合并骨不连的临床疗效。方法 2002年6月-2006年5月,收治12例行切开复位交锁髓内钉内固定术后骨髓炎合并骨不连患者。男8例,女4例;年龄26～53岁,平均40.2岁。骨折部位:胫骨7例,股骨5例。髓内固定术后2周内感染7例,3个月内感染5例。患者于感染发生后1～24个月入院,平均5个月。细菌培养10例呈阳性,2例呈阴性。白细胞计数、红细胞沉降率、高敏C反应蛋白均高于正常值。一期手术取出内固定物,髓内插入抗生素骨水泥间置器临时固定;3～6个月待感染控制后,二期手术取出间置器,行自体髂骨植骨锁定钢板内固定术。结果患者两期手术切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无早期相关并发症发生。二期术后患者均获随访,随访时间24～48个月,平均34个月。二期术后3个月红细胞沉降率、白细胞计数以及高敏C反应蛋白均正常。X线片复查,骨折均在二期术后10～14周达临床愈合,平均12周。除1例患者膝关节屈曲约90°外,其余患者下肢功能均恢复正常。随访期间均无感染复发。结论采用抗生素骨水泥间置器临时固定可以有效控制感染,待感染控制后二期手术取出间置器行植骨内固定,是治疗髓内固定术后骨髓炎合并骨不连的有效方法之一。     

磷酸钙骨水泥及其作为抗生素载体研究进展

具有良好生物相客性、生物活性、自固化性、可注射性和可塑性的磷酸钙骨水泥,已成为临床应用最多的生物材料之一.磷酸钙骨水泥的凝结时间测定和改变使其更具操作性,机械性能如抗压强度、抗剪切力等的改进增加了适应证,生物相容性、骨传导性和再吸收性的研究为临床应用提供了理论基础.磷酸钙骨水泥的结构特点也决定了其可作为抗生素缓释载体.抗生素掺入磷酸钙骨水泥对其理化性质影响、抗生素在体内外释放过程和干预的研究,近年受到重视.     

术中自制抗生素骨水泥占位器在治疗髋关节置换术后感染的并发症研究

目的:研究术中自制抗生素骨水泥占位器在治疗髋关节置换术后感染的控制率及其并发症。方法 :对2006年1月至2016年7月解放军总医院骨关节科髋关节置换术后感染行占位器植入患者265例(266髋)进行回顾性研究,其中男143例(144髋),女122例(122髋)。占位器均利用自行设计的压模器术中制作,全部占位器均加入万古霉素,同时根据细菌药敏结果加入另外一种抗生素。记录是否行大粗隆延长截骨术(ETO)取出感染假体、占位器并发症(断裂和脱位)的发生率、Harris评分和感染的控制率。结果:占位器植入时患者的平均年龄(57.4±14.2)岁。39例(14.7%)行ETO取出感染假体。38例(14.3%)出现了占位器的并发症,其中28例(10.5%)出现了占位器断裂,10例(3.8%)出现了占位器脱位。平均随访时间(83.4±14.6)个月。Harris评分从术前的47.56±14.23上升到末次随访的86.43±12.84(P0.05)。256例(96.6%)植入占位器术后感染得到了有效控制。Ⅱ期翻修术后到末次随访,4例患者再次出现感染,并再次行Ⅱ期翻修,感染得到控制。感染总的控制率为95.1%(252/265)。结论:术中自制抗生素骨水泥占位器控制髋关节置换术后感染具有显著效果,占位器并发症发生率较低,占位器结合钢丝、钛缆、捆绑带、异体骨板及螺钉不影响感染的控制。     

A modified cement spacer technique for infected total hip arthroplasties with significant bone loss

Complications related to femoral spacers are common during addressing infected total hip arthroplasties by 2-stage revision. We evaluated 11 patients who had 2-stage revisions with massive bone loss after removal of the infected components by a trochanteric osteotomy. All femoral cement spacers were assembled on intramedullary nails. Femurs were protected by a plate, whereas acetabuli were augmented by a cage or roof ring depending on the remaining bone stock. This additional hardware was covered with antibiotic-impregnated cement. Infection was eradicated in 10 (90.9%) of 11 patients within 3.5 months in average. None of the patients had spacer fracture, periprosthetic fracture, or dislocation. Augmentation by hardware covered with antibiotic-impregnated cement is effective and may reduce complications until definitive treatment is performed.     

Dual antibiotic loaded bone cement in patients at high infection risks in arthroplasty: Rationale of use for prophylaxis and scientific evidence

In view of the demographic changes and projected increase of arthroplasty procedures worldwide, the number of prosthetic joint infection cases will naturally grow. Therefore, in order to counteract this trend more rigid rules and a stricter implementation of effective preventive strategies is of highest importance. In the absence of a "miracle weapon" priorities should lie in evidence-based measures including preoperative optimization of patients at higher infection risks, the fulfilment of strict hygiene rules in the operating theatre and an effective antibiotic prophylaxis regimen. Instead of a "one size fits all" philosophy, it has been proposed to adjust the antibiotic prophylaxis protocol to major infection risks taking into account important patient-and procedure-related risk factors. A stronger focus on the local application mode via use of high dose dual antibioticloaded bone cement in such risk situations may have its advantages and is easy to apply in the theatre. The more potent antimicrobial growth inhibition in vitro and the strong reduction of the prosthetic joint infection rate in risk for infection patients with aid of dual antibiotic-loaded bone cement in clinical studies align with this hypothesis.     

Antibiotic-loaded cement articulating spacer for 2-stage reimplantation in infected total knee arthroplasty: a simple and economic method

We presented a simple and economic method of preparing articulating antibiotic-loaded cement spacers for treatment of infection after total knee arthroplasty. From 1996 to 2004, 28 infected total knee arthroplasties were treated with 2-stage reimplantation. Static spacers were used in 7 knees, and articulating spacers were used in 21 knees. A minimum of 2 years' follow-up after final treatment was evaluated. In the static group, 1 (14%) knee had recurrence of infection. In the articulating group, 2 (9%) knees had recurrence of infection with the original organism. Patients receiving articulating spacer had better range of motion, better knee score, and less bone loss than patients with static spacer.     

Two-stage reconstruction of infected hip joints

Two-stage reconstruction using an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer is the preferred treatment of deep infection after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We evaluated the results of this technique for the treatment of primary hip infections. Nine consecutive patients with infected hip joints were treated using this technique. The average duration of follow-up was 42 months. Debridement and insertion of an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer was performed in the first stage. After eradication of infection, it was converted to THA in the second stage. Of the 9 hips, 8 were successfully converted to THA after an average of 23 weeks. One patient required spacer reinsertion, and another experienced reinfection after THA. Average Harris hip score improved from 38.37 before surgery to 57.62 between the 2 stages to 97.83 at final follow-up. Two-stage reconstruction using an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer was found to give satisfactory results for the treatment of hip infections with various etiologies.     

Bacterial growth on antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement: A prospective in vivo retrieval study

Twenty-three patients with intraoperative culture-proven periprosthetic infection of the hip or knee were enrolled in a prospective cement retrieval study. All were treated with a two-stage technique using antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement as an antibiotic depot. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most commonly isolated organism (19 of 23 cases). Cement and tissue were examined at second-stage revision for the presence of viable organisms. In this series, no organisms were isolated from the surface of the cement, a 100% concordance with the tissue cultures. A subsequent failure rate of 4.4% (1 case) was seen in this series. Investigation suggests this may represent reinfection from a new strain of organism rather than failure of eradication of the original infection.     

抗生素骨水泥和连续灌注治疗关节置换后感染

目的　为人工关节置换术后感染探索新的治疗方法。方法　回顾 68例人工关节置换手术 ,发生术后感染 10例 ,其中全膝关节置换术后感染 4例 ,全髋关节置换术后感染 6例 ,全部采用抗生素骨水泥同时采用抗生素连续灌注。结果　病程在 2周内的 4例用此方法全部保留假体成功 ,其余 6例病程都在 4周以上 ,保留假体失败。结论　关节置换术后感染是严重并发症 ,本方法是一种保留假体的补救措施。     

Femoral nerve compression after migration of bone cement to the groin after hip arthroplasty

Although often a benign complication of total hip arthroplasty, cement extrusion can cause nerve, vessel, and organ compression. We report the case of a 70-year-old male patient in whom an extruded cement mass migrated anteriorly and compressed the femoral nerve and impinged on the femoral artery producing acute, severe groin pain with neuralgia 9 years postoperatively. Paresthesia of the anterior and medial thigh was found on examination. Radiographic, ultrasound, and computed tomographic studies confirmed a 6 × 1.5-cm mass of bone cement in the right groin compressing the femoral nerve that was removed successfully at surgery. Six months postoperatively, the patient's pain had resolved, but hyperesthesia of the medial thigh remained.     

采用抗生素骨水泥假体二期翻修治疗人工髋关节感染

目的探讨采用抗生素骨水泥假体二期翻修治疗人工髋关节感染的疗效。方法自1999年6月至2004年10月,14例初次髋关节置换术后感染患者行二期手术。术前Harris评分平均23分。一期手术中将取出的假体彻底清洗,骨水泥垫临时旷置,关节内引流管引流,术后静脉输入抗生素3周后,改为口服抗生素1个月。二期手术于6个月后进行,植入带抗生素骨水泥型假体。结果14例患者均获得随访,随访时间7～26个月,平均18个月。14例患者术后均无感染复发。术后Harris评分平均70分。结论彻底清创、足够间隔期以及二期手术采用抗生素骨水泥假体是有效控制感染复发的有效措施。