经尿道前列腺汽化电切术后尿道狭窄的防治

目的 探讨经尿道前列腺汽化电切(TVP)术后尿道狭窄的防治。方法 统计分析TVP病例中尿道狭窄的发生率和防治方法。3012例患者中，术后4周-22个月发生尿道狭窄95例，占3．15％。年龄55—85岁，平均68．7岁。前尿道狭窄47例(49．5％)，后尿道狭窄31例(32．6％)，膀胱颈挛缩或闭锁17例(17．9％)。结果 95例患者术后随访4～36个月，平均14个月。行单纯尿道扩张术65例，治愈59例(90．8％)，失败6例改尿道内切开术；尿道内切开加尿道扩张术19例，治愈13例(68．4％)，失败6例改尿道成形术；膀胱颈部闭锁或挛缩者17例，作膀胱颈部凿通和电切术，治愈15例(88．2％)，失败2例。结论 尿道狭窄为TVP术后常见并发症，术后定期密切随访和早期治疗是治愈的关键。     

尿道置三根硅胶管治疗骨盆骨折后尿道断裂及炎性尿道狭窄

为改进探讨骨盆骨折后尿道断裂、炎性尿道狭窄新的治疗方法,作者对骨盆骨折后尿道断裂会师术后７～１０天患者６６例、炎性尿道狭窄患者１５例强行扩张术后,尿道内置三根２．５ｍｍ硅胶管,留置３个月。结果：骨盆骨折后尿道断裂６６例,治愈率８７．９％,良好率３．０％,失败率９．１％;炎性尿道狭窄１５例,全部治愈。本组８１例总治愈率９２．６％,失败率７．４％。作者认为,该术式操作简单、安全、有效,并且能显著地降低尿道感染及狭窄。     

复杂性后尿道狭窄81例治疗分析

目的探讨复杂性后尿道狭窄或闭锁的手术治疗方法,提高手术治疗效果。方法1991～2008年收治的81例复杂性后尿道狭窄／闭锁患者,狭窄／闭锁段长度为3～10cm,其中〉5cm者27例;66例曾有1～4次手术史;62例行改良尿道套人术,19例尿道端端吻合术;73例经会阴或腹会阴切口,8例经耻骨或切除部分耻骨下缘切口。15例应用尿道替代物成形。结果76例（93．8％）术后排尿满意,5例失败,其中改良尿道套入术和尿道端端吻合术成功率分别为95．2％（59／62）、89．5％（17／19）（P〉0．05）。15例应用尿道替代物成形术均取得成功。结论复杂性后尿道狭窄／闭锁的治疗应根据尿道病变情况选择不同的手术径路及术式,改良尿道套入术具有创伤小、操作简便、成功率高等优点。尿道狭窄段〉5cm者应考虑应用尿道替代物成形。     

尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿道狭窄的处理

目的 探讨尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿道狭窄的病因及治疗方法。方法 对１９８５－１９９８年７７例尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 单纯尿道扩张９例,治愈２例（２２％）;尿道扩张放钛镍合金支架２２例,治愈１７例（７７％）;狭窄段尿道切开皮肤造瘘２３例,其中１８例行二期尿道成形术,治愈１６例;５例待手术;切开狭窄段同期尿道成形术２３例,治愈１２例。     

尿道内切开术治疗男性尿道狭窄或闭锁55例

目的探讨尿道内切开治疗男性尿道狭窄或闭锁的疗效。方法回顾分析1997年1月～2003年1月我科采用尿道内切开术治疗55例男性尿道狭窄或闭锁的效果。结果手术一次成功率90．9％(50／55)，2次治疗成功5例。47例随访6～12个月，平均10个月，10例拔尿管后1周内行1次尿道扩张术，2l例术后3个月内行3～5次尿道扩张术，16例术后3个月后行尿道扩张术。结论尿道内切开治疗男性尿道狭窄或闭锁疗效确切。     

外牵引术在尿道会师术中的应用

本文报告骨盆骨折合并后尿道断裂32例,均得到随访,并做了尿道造影检查。给果单纯尿道会师者13例,其中10例尿道狭窄,占76.9％,尿道狭窄段平均符长度2.5cm。会师加牵引术治疗19例,尿道狭窄8例,占42.1％,尿道狭窄段平均长度1cm。我们认为尿道会师加牵引术在治疗后尿道损伤中具有方法简单,创伤小的特点,是后尿道损伤早期治疗的较好方法。     

窥镜下尿道内切手术治疗尿道狭窄12例报告

目的:提高治疗尿道狭窄的疗效。方法:采用尿道镜直视下内切开尿道狭窄,术后留置导尿治疗尿道狭窄12例。结果:12例均一次手术成功,成功标志为拔除导尿管后排尿通畅,尿线粗、有力,手术成功率100％。结论:尿道内切开术治疗尿道狭窄,方法简单易行,微创、安全,效果满意。     

经尿道手术治疗男性尿道狭窄与闭锁115例报告

目的 探讨经尿道手术治疗男性尿道狭窄与闭锁的治疗效果.方法 2003年12月～2010年12月,男性尿道狭窄与闭锁患者115例,平均年龄45岁,狭窄或闭锁段长0.3～6.0 cm,平均1.7cm.均采用经尿道手术(又称经尿道腔内手术)治疗.对手术时间、术中出血量及随访情况进行分析.结果 115例中手术治疗成功1 01例(87.83％),改为开放手术14例(12.17％).失败原因主要为狭窄段过长,多处狭窄,尿道错位成角等.术后95例患者获随访4～20个月,平均13个月,排尿通畅.结论 经尿道手术是治疗男性尿道狭窄与闭锁的首选方法.     

前尿道替代膜部尿道治疗男性后尿道狭窄52例报告

目的：探讨长段后尿道狭窄手术治疗方法。方法：同顾性总结前尿道替代膜部尿道端端吻合治疗狭窄段〉2cm的后尿道狭窄患者52例。结果：一次手术成功49例,成功率94．2％,3例术后尿线细,排尿不畅经内窥镜切除0．3～0．5cm瘢痕后排尿通畅。随访5～20年,全部排尿通畅,最大尿流率20～25ml／s,平均22ml／s。结论：切除狭窄段瘢痕前尿道替代膜部尿道端一端吻合治疗后尿道狭窄成功率高,远期效果好。术中彻底切除瘢痕,满意的无张力外翻端一端吻合及术后预防感染是手术成功的关键。     

尿道内切开术加电切术治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁(附37例报告)

目的探讨尿道狭窄及闭锁的有效治疗方法。方法回顾性分析37例尿道狭窄患者的临床资料,并比较直视下尿道内切开术和直视下尿道内切开术加电切术的疗效。结果作直视下尿道内切开术16例,一次性治愈7例（43．8％）。作经尿道内切开加电除术2l例,一次性治愈17例（81．0％）。结论内窥镜直视下尿道内切开加电切术具有损伤少,恢复快,术后并发症少和复发率较低。因此,它是目前治疗尿道狭窄的有首选方法。     

Anastomotic urethroplasty for bulbar urethral stricture: analysis of 168 patients

PURPOSE: We reviewed our experience with anastomotic urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A chart review revealed 168 patients 6 to 82 years old (mean age 38) with at least 6 months of followup (mean 70, range 6 to 291) after anastomotic urethroplasty. RESULTS: Average stricture length was 1.7 cm. Of the 168 patients stricture recurred in 8 (5%) but was managed by direct vision internal urethrotomy or a single dilation in 5, while repeat urethroplasty was required in 3 (2%). In these 3 cases extenuating circumstances included patient dislodgment of the catheter with attempts to replace it that disrupted repair, a history of urethrocutaneous fistula and periurethral abscess, and previous irradiation complicating the stricture in 1 each. Other complications were uncommon, such as transient thigh pain or numbness in 3 patients (2%), small wound dehiscence in 2 (1%), and scrotal hematoma, erectile dysfunction and self-limited pulmonary edema in 1 (less than 1%) each. CONCLUSIONS: Anastomotic urethroplasty for anterior stricture has a high success rate of 95%. It is technically straightforward and complications are uncommon. Cure by anastomotic urethroplasty should be strongly favored over long-term management by direct vision internal urethrotomy or dilation.     

游离包皮瓣补片式尿道成形术治疗长段尿道狭窄

目的 :探讨游离包皮瓣补片式尿道成形术治疗长段尿道狭窄的疗效。　方法 :对 8例长段尿道狭窄病人行闭锁段后尿道切除和 /或切开狭窄段前尿道 ,切取相应长度和宽度的游离包皮瓣作补片式缝合 ,尿道内置多孔硅胶管。　结果 :术后 7例排尿通畅 ,1例经 2次尿道扩张后排尿正常。　结论 :游离包皮瓣补片式尿道成形术是治疗长段尿道狭窄的良好方法。     

游离黏膜组织重建尿道治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨利用游离黏膜一期尿道成形治疗复杂性尿道狭窄或闭锁的疗效。方法 2000年8月至2004年7月采用2种游离黏膜一期尿道成形术治疗73例复杂性尿道狭窄。术前42例已行耻骨上膀胱造瘘，余31例最大尿流率1．2～6．5ml／s。用游离结肠黏膜(n=22)重建尿道长10～18cm，平均13cm；用口腔黏膜(n=51)重建尿道长3～11cm，平均5cm。术后随访分别行逆行尿道造影及尿流率，部分患者行尿道镜检查。结果随访2～48个月，平均19个月。术后排尿通畅67例(91．8％)。发生再次狭窄4例，其中结肠黏膜重建者1例，口腔黏膜重建者3例；排尿欠畅2例，定期行尿道扩张；尿道皮肤瘘2例；结肠腹壁瘘1例。1例结肠黏膜重建尿道者术后47个月移植物活检示结肠黏膜的组织形态学基本无变化。结论口腔与结肠黏膜均可作为较理想的尿道替代物，口腔黏膜较适合狭窄段不长的尿道修复，结肠黏膜较适合复杂性超长段尿道狭窄或缺损的治疗。     

尿道下裂术后远端尿道狭窄的早期修复

目的 探讨尿道下裂术后远端尿道狭窄早期修复的可能和手术方法。方法 2000年2月～2004年3月收治尿道下裂术后发生远端尿道狭窄患儿16例，年龄1～8岁。均采用早期切开狭窄段尿道，应用阴茎远端三角形皮瓣与切开狭窄尿道瓦合，一期修复远端尿道狭窄。结果 修复了远端尿道狭窄，移位皮瓣成活。术后7d排尿通畅，尿线粗。11例获随访2个月～4年，效果满意。结论 局部阴茎皮瓣与残存的狭窄尿道瓦合，在尿道下裂术后远端尿道狭窄发生的早期重建远端尿道，手术方法简便、成功率高。     

Changing practice in anterior urethroplasty

OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience of penile urethral repair and reconstruction, cataloguing the change in practice from one-stage flap to two-stage free graft procedures for anterior urethroplasty. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1992 and December 1996, 79 patients underwent anterior urethroplasty. Of the 45 one-stage bulbar patch urethroplasties, 37 (76%) used buccal mucosal free grafts rather than flaps. Of the 34 penile urethroplasties, 26 (82%) (including all of the circumferential reconstructions) were two-stage procedures. RESULTS: Buccal mucosal free grafts were at least as good as local skin flaps for patch urethroplasty and two-stage repairs gave much better results than one-stage repairs for total circumferential reconstruction of the penile urethra. CONCLUSIONS: For a patch urethroplasty of an uncomplicated stricture in the bulbar urethra, buccal mucosal free grafts are now the material of choice. For a patch urethroplasty of an uncomplicated stricture in the penile urethra the Orandi procedure remains the 'gold standard'. For a circumferential repair of the urethra, particularly the penile urethra, a two-stage repair using a free graft gives better results than a one-stage repair using a flap.     

One-stage urethroplasty for strictures: Nigerian experience

PURPOSE: To analyze the effects on voiding and complications of one-stage urethroplasty for urethral stricture. METHODS: All patients who underwent one-stage urethroplasty for stricture in two health institutions in Enugu, Nigeria, between January 1989 and December 1998, were included. The age of the patient, duration of symptoms and the cause of the stricture were noted. Retrograde urethrogram and, when necessary, micturating cystourethogram was done. Urethroplasty was either by substitution using pedicled penile skin flap or by end-to-end anastomosis. Patients were followed up monthly for 1 year during which the patient's ability to urinate satisfactorily was assessed and any complications were noted. One hundred and forty-four (144) men, aged between 11 and 76 years (mean 36.3 +/- 11.2 years), were studied. These included 121 cases who had rapidly recurring strictures after internal urethrotomy or dilatation and 23 cases of complete stricture. Etiology of the stricture included external trauma (43.8%), postinflammatory (36.1%) and iatrogenic (post-catheterization; 20.1%). Ninety-one (63.2%) strictures were in the anterior urethra, 47 (32.6%) in the posterior urethra and six (4.2%) bulbomembranous. The mean length of the strictures was 3.1 +/- 1.4 cm. RESULTS: Anastomotic urethroplasty was performed in 98 (68.1%) patients and substitution in 46 (31.9%). Hospital stay was between 12 and 14 days, except in those who developed complications. Normal voiding was achieved in 124 (86.1%) patients. Urethral fistula was encountered in five (3.5%) patients and recurrent stricture in 15 (10.4%). There was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: One-stage urethroplasty affords an excellent cost-effective means of reconstruction of the urethra in patients with stricture of various etiologies. In our environment in particular, it avoids the fulminating infection often encountered after the first stage of a two-staged operation.     

Dorsal on-lay preputial graft urethroplasty for anterior urethra strictures repair

Objectives To report the long-term results and evaluate the effectiveness of the dorsal on-lay preputial graft urethroplasty in patients suffering from anterior urethra strictures. Methods A total of 21 male patients, mean age 46.3 years (range 17–67), with anterior urethral strictures, underwent the dorsal on-lay preputial graft urethroplasty during the last 8 years, from October 1997 to September 2005. Strictures were located in bulbar urethra in 16 patients and in penile urethra in the remaining 5. The aetiology the stricture was traumatic injury of the anterior urethra in 12 patients and iatrogenic in 9 patients.␣A direct vision dorsal urethrotomy and the insertion of an urethral Foley catheter right before the procedure, facilitated the corpus spongiosum dissection and the preparation for urethroplasty. A voiding cystogram was performed on the day of urethral catheter removal to exclude extravasation and estimate the postoperative result. Results Mean follow-up time has been 49.9 months (range 6–95) and the outcome was favourable in 15 patients (71.43%). There were 3 recurrences in penile urethra strictures managed conservatively and three in bulbar urethroplasties, treated with internal urethrotomy followed by urethral dilatations. Conclusion Our results indicate that dorsal on-lay urethroplasty using preputial graft is an easy to learn and perform procedure, and offers the patient durable␣results with rather minimal complications.     

Management of the failure of a permanently implanted urethral stent-a therapeutic challenge

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the surgical challenges posed and strategies that can be adopted to deal with failed stent insertion after prior urethroplasty or traumatic injury to the urethra. METHODS: A case series of 14 patients (mean age, 48 yr; range, 32-61) who developed a urethral restenosis after urethral stent insertion into a stricture that either occurred after blunt trauma or recurred after a failed urethroplasty. RESULTS: In 9 of 14 patients, stricture formation was attributed to blunt trauma, and in the remaining 5 patients, the stricture in 3 was secondary to a failed previous urethroplasty for a hypospadiac deformity and, in 2, occurred after a failed urethroplasty performed for other indications. The mean duration for a stent to remain in situ prior to its removal due to failure was 26 mo (range, 3-85). The mean follow-up period for this group of patients was 37 mo (range, 14-72). Four patients who had undergone urethroplasty prior to stent insertion required more than two interventional procedures to make them stricture free. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that failure of a permanently implanted stent represents a major surgical challenge. Implantation of these stents should be avoided for strictures that recur after either blunt trauma or surgical trauma to the urethra associated with a prior urethroplasty. In this series buccal mucosa was used as a graft for substitution in four patients, and all patients in this group were rendered stricture free without the need for any additional procedures.     

Dorsal graft urethroplasty for female urethral stricture

PURPOSE: Urethral strictures in females are uncommon, and treatment options and outcome are not well-defined with scanty reports. We describe a new method of urethroplasty for the repair of female urethral stricture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three 60-year-old females, each with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and obstructive voiding symptoms due to urethral stricture, underwent urethroplasty with a dorsal vaginal or buccal mucosal graft. The dorsal aspect of the distal urethra was dissected from the surrounding tissue through a suprameatal incision and the urethral wall was incised through the stricture at the 12 o'clock position. A 1.5 cm wide free graft was harvested from the vaginal wall or buccal mucosa in 1 case, and the mucosal surface was placed upon the urethral lumen and sutured with a running 5-zero polyglactin suture to the open urethra. Indwelling 18Fr urethral and 16Fr suprapubic catheters were left in place for 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. RESULTS: No additional treatment was required during the 1, 8 and 27 months of followup. All patients had normal micturition following catheter removal. CONCLUSIONS: Dorsal graft urethroplasty is feasible and effective for the correction of persistent female urethral stricture.     

Combined Dorsal and Ventral Buccal Mucosal Graft Urethroplasty by Unilateral Mobilisation of Urethra with Single Dorsal Urethrotomy Incision in Long Segment Anterior Urethral Strictures

The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of combined dorsal and ventral buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty by unilateral mobilisation of urethra with single dorsal urethrotomy incision in long and narrow anterior urethral strictures with preserving the narrow urethral plate and blood supply. Between June 2012 and July 2016, 26 men with long anterior urethral strictures underwent urethroplasty by our technique in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The urethra was mobilised only one side. Then, it was opened in the dorsal midline over the stricture. The first graft was secured on the tunica of the corporal bodies. Thereafter, the diseased mucosa on the ventral side of the urethra was excised and the second graft was placed as ventral inlay and fixed to the corpus spongiosum. The cut edges of urethra were closed by suturing to dorsally placed graft. Successful urethral reconstruction was defined as normal voiding without the need for any postoperative procedure. Mean follow-up was 36 months and mean stricture length was 4.29 cm. Of these 26 cases, 23 (88.4%) were successful and 3 (11.53%) were treatment failures with restricture. The combined dorsal plus ventral buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty by unilateral mobilisation of urethra with single dorsal urethrotomy incision provides adequate urethral augmentation by preserving urethral vascularity and the narrow strip of urethral plate in long and tight anterior urethral strictures.