肝脏双悬吊技术在原位右半肝切除术中的应用

2001年,Belghiti[1]等提出用肝脏悬吊技术(liver-hanging maneuver)帮助在原位肝切除术时控制肝断面深部的出血。Belghiti技术的要点是,在肝下下腔静脉前方与肝实质间用长弯血管钳盲目分离作一隧道,上方于肝右静脉与肝中静脉之间穿出,再用血管钳将一条带自上而下经隧道拉出。牵     

绕肝提拉法的研究进展

绕肝提拉法最早由Belghiti提出,在行前入路右半肝切除时采用止血钳插入肝后下腔静脉前间隙,建立肝后隧道并留悬吊带提拉肝脏的方法.这种方法的难点是建立肝后隧道,其严重并发症是损伤血管引起出血.本文对肝后隧道建立的解剖学基础、手术技巧进行分析总结,为临床医师在肝切除、肝移植及肝外伤等肝脏外科手术中应用绕肝提拉法提供参考,旨在降低采用该方法行手术治疗的并发症,提高其应用的安全性和成功率.     

介绍一种简单、安全的肝脏悬吊技术

对于右半肝巨大肿瘤，目前多主张采用原位肝切除技术。该技术的缺点是：肝断而深部的显露不清楚，一旦发生大出血往往难以控制。2001年，法国学者Belghiti等提出用肝脏悬吊技术（1iver-hanging maneuver）帮助控制肝断面深部的出血。Belghiti技术的要点是：在肝下下腔静脉前方与肝实质间用长弯血管钳盲目分离作一隧道，上方于肝右静脉与肝中静脉之间穿出，     

陈氏绕肝双悬吊法联合右半肝血流阻断行右后叶肝肿瘤切除术

目的 评价右半肝阻断技术结合陈氏绕肝双悬吊法在右后叶肝肿瘤切除术中的应用价值.方法 2011年1月至2015年1月,在37例解剖性肝脏右后叶切除术中应用持续右半肝及陈氏绕肝双悬吊法辅助肝切除.右后叶肝肿瘤行右后叶切除时,采取持续右半肝阻断技术并结合陈氏绕肝双悬吊法经下腔静脉右侧放置2根提肝带,离断肝实质的过程中通过牵拉提肝带辅助肝切除.结果 全组共37例肝右后叶肿瘤病人行肝右后叶肿瘤切除术.术中均成功分离出右半肝肝蒂和右后叶肝蒂,游离右肝后均成功放置绕肝提拉带,断肝时行右半肝持续肝门阻断,术中无胆管损伤、肝短静脉、肝右静脉撕裂和大出血等相关操作并发症.肝实质离断时间17～28 min,阻断时间约20～30min,术中出血量60～330 ml.术后第1天丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT) 183～352 U/L,生化指标均在1周内恢复正常,无围手术期死亡.结论 右半肝持续阻断结合陈氏绕肝双悬吊法有助于减少右后叶肝切除术中出血量以及改善手术野,缩短肝实质离断时间,减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,其操作简单、使用安全、适用范围广泛.     

肝后隧道手术高危区的解剖特点及临床应用研究

目的:探讨肝后隧道及手术高危区的解剖特点及临床应用价值。方法:解剖20具成人尸体肝脏标本,收集经前入路绕肝提拉法右半肝切除术27例患者的临床资料,分别统计汇入肝后下腔静脉和肝后隧道路径上肝短静脉总数。结果:解剖研究中发现,肝短静脉主要从左右两侧汇入肝后下腔静脉,且较多集中于中、下1/3段;在肝后隧道路径上,汇入肝后下腔静脉的肝短静脉主要集中在下1/3段前方,平均(2.90±1.07)支,上1/3段仅有1例出现1支肝短静脉,中1/3段20例中仅4例出现1支肝短静脉;肝右后下静脉多出现在肝后下腔静脉的中、下1/3段,出现率达85.0%(17/20)。临床手术中发现,在肝后隧道路径上,汇入肝后下腔静脉肝短静脉主要集中在下1/3段,平均(3.21±1.67)支,多数病例此区域上下距离约3～4 cm,同时此区域中肝右后下静脉出现率达85.2%(23/27);27例中仅1例有1支肝短静脉汇入中段肝后下腔静脉前方。结论:肝后隧道手术高危区位于肝后下腔静脉下段前方3～4 cm区域,有较多肝短静脉伴随肝右后下静脉汇入。准确把握此区域的解剖特点并进行解剖分离是成功建立肝后隧道的关键。     

前入路绕肝悬吊解剖性肝右三叶切除术治疗巨大肝癌

前入路肝切除术是指先离断肝实质后游离肝脏的肝切除方法;绕肝悬吊是指在肝后下腔静脉前方放置悬吊带,供在切肝过程中提起肝脏.2011年10月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院采用前入路、绕肝悬吊、解剖性肝右三叶切除术治疗1例54岁男性肝癌患者.肿瘤位于肝左内叶和右半肝,长径约16 cn.术前肿瘤分期为ⅢA期,T3N0M0;术前评估ICG R15为5.4％,肝左外叶肝脏体积占标准肝脏体积的44％;左肝管受压、轻度扩张.术中首先分离、切断入肝血流,包括肝右动脉、门静脉右支、肝中动脉、门静脉左内叶分支;然后在镰状韧带的右侧离断肝实质,期间在肝后下腔静脉前打隧道并悬吊肝脏;切断右肝管;接着分离、切断肝中静脉和肝右静脉;游离肝周韧带,移出肝右二叶;最后行左肝管、肝总管端端吻合.手术时间为4h,术中出血量为350 mL.患者术后康复顺利,术后4个月复查MRCP示胆管吻合口通畅,肝内未见肿瘤复发.     

双绕肝提拉在规则性右半肝切除中的应用

目的 介绍我们使用双绕肝提拉法施实规则性右半肝切除术的经验.方法 24例病人施行了双绕肝提拉前入路法右半肝切除,以49例采用传统方法行右半肝切除的病人作为对照组,分析了双绕肝提拉法的优势.结果 27例病人成功建立肝后下腔静脉隧道,其中24例病人通过双绕肝提拉法行规则右半肝切除,3例病人因肿瘤接近正中裂而放弃双绕肝法.与对照组比较,使用双绕肝提拉法的病人术中出血量少(t=3.191,P＜0.05),术后ALT恢复快(t=2.398,P＜0.05)、肝功能Child分级好(χ2=9.31,P＜0.05).两组病人手术时间无明显差异(t=-1.695,P＞0.05).绕肝带提拉肝脏后,由于肝后下腔静脉与肝脏之间产生1～2 cm的间隙,故切肝时无一例损伤肝后下腔静脉及肝静脉.结论 双绕肝提拉前入路法能提高规则右半肝切除的安全性及成功率.     

下腔静脉右侧入路建立肝脏悬吊系统的腹腔镜右半肝切除术的临床研究

目的研究肝细胞癌腹腔镜右半肝切除术中从下腔静脉右侧入路建立肝脏悬吊技术可行性及安全性。方法选取2017年3月至2019年3月间120例行腹腔镜右半肝切除术(LRH)的肝癌患者进行前瞻性随机对照研究。随机分为2组,一组行传统LRH(传统组,n=60),另一组从下腔静脉右侧入路建立肝脏悬吊系统行LRH(悬吊组,n=60)。采用软件SPSS17.0进行统计学分析。围术期各项指标等计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用独立t检验;术后并发症、术后生存率计数资料以%表示,采用χ^2检验分析;以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。结果两组患者围术期均未发生死亡病例;悬吊组手术时间、肝门Pringle阻断时间、术中出血量、术中输血例数均明显少于传统组(P<0.05);两组中转开放、切缘大小、住院时间、术后并发症发生率和术后复发率相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);传统组术后6个月生存率(76.7%)低于于悬吊组(92.0%),12个月生存率(58.3%)也低于悬吊组(78.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论从下腔静脉右侧入路建立肝脏悬吊系统的LRH能够充分显露肝断面,有效降低出血,缩短手术时间,安全有效。     

肝后下腔静脉显露在右半肝切除中意义

右半肝切除术是肝切除手术中具有一定难度的术式,主要的技术难点在于断肝平面的确定和术中控制出血。肝后下腔静脉、下腔静脉与胆囊窝中点的连线和肝表面划定的半肝缺血线共同形成了一个三角形,此三角形所在的平面即是右半肝切除时断肝平面的所在。随着腹腔镜和机器人肝切除技术的发展,结合腔镜手术特有的足侧视野,肝脏外科医生应重视肝后下腔静脉显露在右半肝切除术中的解剖参考意义。     

Belghiti悬挂法右肝叶切除术的临床初步应用

悬挂法（liver hanging maneuver）切肝技术由法国Belghiti首先报道，适用于一些较困难的右半肝切除，如右肝肿瘤巨大，或已经侵犯膈肌与腹壁，或伴有较多的侧支循环建立等。其手术关键步骤是切肝前在肝后下腔静脉（inferior vena cava，IVC）前壁与肝组织之间引过一条悬吊带，提起悬吊带可使切肝平面离开肝后IVCL。我们在解剖学研究基础上，运用该法并做出部分改进施行右半肝切除9例。[第一段]     

Sling suspension of the liver in donor operation: a gradual tape-repositioning technique

BACKGROUND: To control bleeding in the deeper parenchymal plane in right hepatectomy, Belghiti et al. (J Am Coll Surg 2001;193:109) proposed a liver-hanging maneuver using a sling passed between the anterior surface of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the liver parenchyma. We applied this technique in donor operations in which a hepatic parenchymal transection should be performed before dividing the feeding or draining vessels for the graft. METHODS: After passing a tape between the liver and the IVC, the lower tip of the tape is pulled up behind the hepatic hilum to enable effective traction of the dorsal part of the liver. To preserve significant middle hepatic vein (MHV) tributaries in right-liver graft, the tape is gradually repositioned behind the veins, and parenchymal transection is completed before dividing the venous tributaries. Congestion of the graft is minimal until harvest. In right hepatectomy with the MHV, the tape is switched behind the MHV to preserve the MHV. RESULTS: Since March 2000, this technique has been used in 71 consecutive donor operations, including 37 right hepatectomies without the MHV, 8 right hepatectomies with the MHV, 20 left hepatectomies with the caudate lobe, and 6 right lateral sectorectomies. Taping behind the liver was successful in all but one donor (98.6%). There were no major complications related to this procedure. CONCLUSIONS: This new approach to the sling suspension of the liver with a gradual tape manipulation facilitated the suspending action and was useful in four types of donor operation. These techniques are feasible in most living donors and are recommended as basic procedures to enhance the safety of the donor and the quality of the graft.     

Safe Modification of the Liver-Hanging Maneuver by Endoscopic-Assisted Dissection of the Retrohepatic Tunnel

As a safer approach to right hepatectomy, Belghiti et al. (J Am Coll Surg 193:109–11, 2001) described a liver-hanging maneuver. However, this procedure is performed blind, with the risks of damaging the small retrohepatic veins and consequential bleeding. To overcome this problem, we modified the procedure so that, instead of performing blind dissection using a long vascular clamp, we use a flexible choledochoscope to dissect the retrohepatic space filled by loose alveolar tissue anterior to the inferior vena cava (IVC). The avascular path is identified by a combination of saline irrigation and gentle movement of the tip of the choledochoscope. Cotton tape can then be passed around the liver parenchyma to elevate the liver away from the anterior surface of the IVC. This modification of Belghiti's liver-hanging maneuver allows direct vision along the plane anterior to the IVC, thus avoiding injury to the retrohepatic veins.     

陈氏绕肝提拉法在巨大肿瘤右半肝切除术中的应用

目的 评价陈氏绕肝提拉法在右半肝切除术中的应用价值.方法 右肝巨大肿瘤行右半肝切除时,采取陈氏绕肝提拉法经下腔静脉右侧放置提肝带,离断肝实质的过程中通过牵拉提肝带辅助肝切除.结果 全组共32例右肝巨大肿瘤患者行右半肝切除术,其中前入路肝切除15例,经典入路17例.术中均成功放置提肝带,放置和牵拉过程中无肝短静脉撕裂和大出血等相关并发症.32例肝切除术的肝实质离断时间约25～45 min,肝门阻断时间约20～32 min,术中出血量300～1 300ml.所有患者无围手术期死亡.结论 陈氏绕肝提拉法有助于右半肝切除术中手术野的显露,缩短肝实质离断时间,减少肝实质离断过程中的出血;且其操作简单、使用安全、适用范围广泛.     

Various liver resections using hanging maneuver by three glisson's pedicles and three hepatic veins

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a simple and effective technique for various kinds of anatomic liver resection using the hanging maneuver by 3 Glisson's pedicles and 3 hepatic veins. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The advantages of the liver-hanging maneuver described by Belghiti et al and the anatomic characteristics peculiar to the liver induced us to devise another new approach to the use of a hanging technique applied to various kinds of anatomic liver resection. METHODS: The hanging tape is located along the anteromedian surface of the retrohepatic IVC or the ligamentum venosum with its upper end among 3 hepatic veins and with its lower end among 3 Glisson's pedicles. With both ends of the tape pulled up, the hepatic parenchymal transection is performed aiming at the tape. RESULTS: From March 2003 to October 2005, this technique was used in 187 anatomic liver resections. Three (1.6%) of the patients required blood transfusion during or after surgery. There was no operative mortality or major morbidity and no reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: This technique has the advantages of hanging maneuver based on the anatomic considerations of the liver and needs minimal mobilization of the remaining liver. The hanging maneuver can be a key technique for anatomic liver resection.     

Ultrasonically assisted retrohepatic dissection for a liver hanging maneuver

OBJECTIVE: To establish a safer and technically easier retrohepatic dissection for the liver hanging maneuver with the assistance of intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The liver hanging maneuver described by Belghiti et al is an innovative suspending technique of the liver and is useful in difficult major right hepatectomies or in donor operations for living donor liver transplantation. The most important complication of this procedure is injury to the short hepatic veins and subsequent massive bleeding with an incidence of 4% to 6%. METHODS: After the cranial dissection of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) between the middle and left hepatic veins, a long light curved Kelly clamp is inserted from the caudal edge behind the caudate lobe and passed cranially along the anterior midline of the IVC. On the midway of the dissection, the proper hepatic vein draining the caudate lobe (PrCV) is visualized. A safe dissection path is confirmed by IOUS, identifying the position of the clamp tip, PrCV, and the caudal end of the cranial retrohepatic dissection. When IOUS shows that the clamp tip has reached the caudal end of the cranial dissection, the operator can feel the clamp tip with his/her finger and the retrohepatic dissection is completed. RESULTS: From September 2003 to July 2004, 50 donor operations were performed for adult living donor liver transplantation. Retrohepatic dissection was feasible in 40 cases (80%). Of these, a US-assisted retrohepatic dissection was performed in 34 donors. PrCVs were visualized by IOUS in 48 donors (96%). The location of these PrCVs varied significantly (60 degrees -175 degrees from the right edge of IVC), and there were no distinct landmarks for identifying the location of PrCVs and safe dissecting course (55 degrees -130 degrees ). IOUS found that the dissecting clamp was heading to the PrCV in 3 cases and the direction of dissection was shifted to avoid injury. No substantial bleeding or no other complication related to retrohepatic dissection was encountered in any of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: With the aid of IOUS, the whole course of the blind dissection between the anterior surface of the IVC and the liver could be clearly visualized. IOUS could also identify the PrCV, the most dangerous point in the retrohepatic dissection.     

Liver hanging maneuver: an anatomic and clinical review

BACKGROUND: Liver hanging maneuver (LHM) allows to hang the liver during right hepatectomies without primary liver mobilization. The avascular plane used in this technique has been poorly described in the anatomical literature, and intraoperative bleeding because of hepatic vein injuries has been reported. DATA SOURCES: Major clinical and anatomic articles focusing on the retrohepatic portion of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the LHM were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: LHM is as an effective and safe method of guiding hepatic transection to the IVC during right hepatectomies with a feasibility rate up to 95% and minor bleeding in 0% to 6% of cases. According to small series and experts' opinions, LHM would improve parenchymal transection by reducing operative time and blood loss. The tape would ensure a linearly cut surface with IVC safer protection, better exposure, and hemostasis of the deeper plane. Limited remnant liver mobilization could reduce the risk for malignant dissemination and improve liver function. Hepatectomies for huge tumor with diaphragm adhesions could be facilitated.     

肝下下腔静脉阻断在肝切除术中控制出血的临床应用

如何有效地控制肝切除术中出血一直是肝胆外科领域研究的热点。肝脏有流人道和流出道两套血管系统,对肝脏的血流控制包括对流人道和流出道血流的控制。控制流人道出血有许多简单而有效的方法,而如何有效地控制流出道出血一直是个难题。学者们创立了许多方法,包括全肝血流阻断、选择性全肝血流阻断等,但是这些方法都存在一定的弊端,只在特定的患者中被采用。有学者发现通过降低中心静脉压可减少肝切除术中肝静脉系统的出血,但是对其有效性仍存在争议。近年来,有文献报道在第一肝门阻断的同时,阻断肝下下腔静脉即可有效减少肝切除时来自肝静脉系统的出血。此方法相对于其他控制肝脏流出道出血的方法都简单易行,在肝切除术中有很高的应用价值。本文对肝下下腔静脉阻断在肝切除术中应用的现状进行讨论,对其减少肝切除术中出血的有效性及安全性进行总结和评价。     

Two hundred liver hanging maneuvers for major hepatectomy: a single-center experience

OBJECTIVE: To establish the indications of the liver hanging maneuver for major hepatectomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The liver hanging maneuver, which is a technique of passing a tape along the retrohepatic avascular space and suspending the liver during parenchymal transection, facilitates anterior approach of major hepatectomy. However, the feasibility and limits of this maneuver have never been established in patients with different clinical backgrounds. METHODS: Medical records of 242 consecutive patients considered for major hepatectomy using the hanging maneuver were reviewed. RESULTS: Among 242 patients, 14 patients (6%) were considered to have contraindication for this maneuver preoperatively because of tumor infiltration to anterior surface of retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC). It was successful in 201 patients with overall feasibility of 88%. The feasibility increased significantly in the recent years as compared with the initial years (94% in 2003-2005 vs. 76% in 2000-2002, P < 0.0001). Bleeding during the retrohepatic dissection occurred in 5 patients (2%), which was minor due to injury of hepatic capsule in 3 (1%) and major due to injury of short hepatic vein in 2 (1%). In all cases, bleeding stopped spontaneously. The maneuver was abandoned in 27 patients, including 15 related to severe adhesion between liver and IVC. Univariate analysis showed that adhesion between IVC and liver was the only significant negative predictor affecting the feasibility. Cirrhosis, large tumor, preoperative radiologic treatments did not influence on the feasibility. CONCLUSIONS: The liver hanging maneuver has 94% feasibility in recent years. Absolute contraindication is tumor infiltration to the retrohepatic avascular space. Adhesion between the IVC and liver has a negative impact of the feasibility. According to this indication, the hanging maneuver is easily achievable without risk of the major bleeding during the retrohepatic dissection.     

绕肝提拉法在正中裂劈开肝脏切除中的意义

目的探讨在肝后下腔静脉和肝脏之间建立隧道、放置绕肝带的可行性以及绕肝提拉法在经正中裂劈开断肝中对于下腔静脉的保护和肝内管道显露的作用。方法对47例肝脏切除患者钝性分离肝后下腔静脉前的间隙,建立肝后隧道并且预置绕肝带。必要时放置止血板。切肝时提拉绕肝带使肝脏与下腔静脉之间产生距离,从而有效保护下腔静脉,并且使手术视野暴露更佳。结果47例患者成功建立了肝后隧道并预置绕肝带,未出现与本操作相关的严重并发症,1例因为渗血较多中止建立肝后隧道。结论肝后隧道的建立和绕肝带的放置在解剖和技术上是可行的;绕肝提拉法对于下腔静脉的保护和肝切除术中肝内管道的显露有较好的效果。     

Pringle′s法联合肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝切除术中的应用

目的: 探讨Pringle′s法联合肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝切除术中的应用价值。方法: 对37例第二肝门区肿瘤施行Pringle′s法＋肝静脉阻断切肝术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:37例患者中原发性肝癌27例，转移性肝癌2例，肝巨大血管瘤8例。肿瘤平均直径12.7cm（6～35cm）。肿瘤侵犯1根主肝静脉6例，侵犯2根主肝静脉20例，侵犯3根主肝静脉11例。行右三叶切除11例，右半肝切除5例，中肝叶切除9例，Ⅷ段切除4例，左三叶切除5例，尾状叶切除3例。平均第一肝门阻断时间29min（17～48min），平均肝静脉阻断时间21min（8～32min）。行肝静脉修补1例。平均术中出血量950mL（200～4 000mL）。全组术后发生并发症18例次，均经治疗后愈。无死亡病例。结论:Pringle′s法联合肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝切除术中既能达到减少术中出血的目的，又能防止术中肝静脉破裂导致空气栓塞，还避免了下腔静脉阻断所引起全身血流动力学紊乱，是一种更安全、有效的血流阻断技术。