肝下下腔静脉部分阻断降低中心静脉压减少肝切除术中出血

肝切除术中失血是术后并发症和死亡率的重要原因之一。目前减少肝切除术出血方法有全肝血流阻断技术，间断的入肝血流阻断技术和低中心静脉压的麻醉技术等。间断的入肝血流阻断技术减少了肝切除术中来自肝动脉和门静脉系统的出血，然而，往往肝实质切除过程中的大出血来自肝静脉的损伤。同时阻断肝上和肝下下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断技术或肝下下腔静脉完全阻断技术虽减少了肝切除过程中来自肝静脉的出血，     

肝切除术中肝脏血流阻断技术的研究进展

目的复习肝切除术中肝脏血流阻断技术的研究进展。方法对相关文献进行分析与综述。结果肝脏血流阻断方法多，最常用的和研究最多的是半肝（或选择性）血流阻断法和间歇性人肝血流阻断法，有损伤肝静脉和（或）腔静脉风险时启用肝血流隔离法，极少采用全肝血流阻断法和其他方法。结论根据病情，巧妙选用肝血流阻断技术，可减少肝切除术中出血和保证患者安全。     

肝切除术中肝血流阻断技术的合理应用

血流阻断是肝肿瘤切除术中减少及控制出血的重要手段,但血流阻断也会在不同程度上影响血流动力学的变化,因此,在肝切除手术中必须合理、灵活地运用肝血流控制方法。Pringle第一肝门血流阻断法是目前肝脏切除中最常用的肝血流阻断方法,对肿瘤巨大需行半肝切除术、合并严重肝硬化或肝储备功能严重不足者可考虑用半肝血流阻断法,以避免残留肝脏因血流阻断缺血和再灌注受到伤害;对位于肝静脉主干,如肝、腔静脉结合部病变切除,各种全肝血流阻断方法因对血流动力学的严重影响而被逐渐慎用,目前以选择性血流性出入血流阻断法为首选。SHVE方法的应用完全改变了以往因害怕损伤肝、腔静脉而放弃手术切除的消极局面。笔者认为只要熟练掌握肝静脉和腔静脉的解剖特点,分离阻断右肝静脉及左、中静脉干并非难事,采用SHVE血流阻断技术对于第二、三肝门部肝肿瘤的手术切除是安全可行的血流阻断方法。     

不同肝血流阻断方式在腹腔镜肝切除术中的应用评价

肝实质离断和出血控制技术是腹腔镜肝切除术中的核心环节。目前腹腔镜下使用的肝血流阻断技术包括全入肝血流阻断、区域性血流阻断、肝静脉阻断、肝下下腔静脉阻断等诸多方法。术者要结合自身的腹腔镜技术水平、肝切除的范围和位置、合并肝硬化的程度选择合适的肝血流阻断技术,以减少术中大出血的发生,提高腹腔镜肝切除的成功率,减少腹腔镜下断肝过程出血及术后并发症的发生,也可促进腹腔镜肝切除术的进一步发展及推广。     

肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝切除术中的应用

复杂肝切除术可导致大出血和空气栓塞。通过经典的全肝血流阻断技术虽可减少或避免大出血及空气栓塞．但由于同时阻断下腔静脉,易引起全身血流动力学紊乱。因此,肝静脉阻断技术即保留腔静脉开放的改良全肝血流阻断应用于临床,既防止肝切除过程中大出血,又保持患者血流动力学稳定而耐受手术。本文就肝静脉的相关解剖、经典的全肝血流阻断、肝静脉阻断方法、肝静脉阻断技术的应用等作了综述。     

血管阻断下行肝切除术:142例手术处理和对肝缺血耐受性的观察总结

肝切除的主要危险是术中出血,肝脏血流阻断可减少这种危险性。暂时性脏门钳夹阻断法(PTC)虽能减少出血,但对肝静脉出血无效,而全肝血管隔离法(HVE),即PTC加肝上和肝下下腔静脉阻断,可完全阻断肝脏血流,在切除较大的或肝后肿瘤时,它具有减少撕裂下腔静脉或肝静脉而导致大量出血或空气栓塞的危险。但是,这两种血管阻断法,均可造成肝脏缺血。本研究的目的是为了评价在肝切除术中和术后早期的各种因素,尤其是肝缺血时间的作用。 1980、1985期间用血管阻断法共行肝切除术142例。男72,女70。平均年龄54岁。其中恶性肿瘤105例,良性疾病37例。15例合併肝硬变。联合用硫喷妥钠,麻醉剂和肌松剂进行麻醉诱导和维持。62例加     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用(附105例报道)

目的探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法对105例肝脏肿瘤手术切除患者施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果105例中无一例肝静脉分离破裂。施行半肝全血流阻断41例（右侧27例，左侧14例），交替半肝全血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断45例，第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）15例。其中46例同时行第三肝门分离。105例肿瘤顺利切除。结论肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用

目的 探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法 对71例肝脏肿瘤手术切除病例施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果 71例中无1例肝静脉分离破裂，行肝静脉结扎28例，血管带阻断26例，血管夹阻断17例；阻断右肝静脉34例，右肝静脉＋中肝静脉2例，左、中肝静脉共干24例，左、中肝静脉分干2例，左、中、右三干9例。施行半肝全血流阻断35例（右侧24例，左侧11例）。交替半肝全肝血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断23例。第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）9例。71例肝肿瘤均顺利切除。结论 肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

选择性保留半肝动脉血供的肝血流阻断法在肝切除术中的应用(附56例报告)

肝切除术中出血的控制一直以来备受关注,肝脏血流控制是减少术中出血的主要手段[1].肝血流阻断可以控制肝切除术中的出血,但同时又能带来肝功能的损害[2].目前临床最常应用的肝血流阻断法是第一肝门阻断法,包括Pringle法和半肝血流阻断法.Pringle法操作简单,但肝功能损害重,阻断时间受限;半肝血流阻断操作相对复杂,手术时间长.笔者近年来应用选择性保留半肝动脉血供的肝血流阻断法行肝切除术,效果满意.     

肛门阻断时肝静脉逆行灌注对维持肝脏活力的重要性

肝切除术中出血是导致病人死亡的主要原因之一.阻断入肝血流(Pringle技术)可以减少术中失血.仅管入肝耐受血流阻断可以超过1小时,但由于肝脏对缺血很敏感,阻断入肝血流会导致肝缺血性损害.长时间肝血流阻断后,肝静脉血流在维持肝代谢功能方面可能起重要作用.作者用猪做实验,研究长时间肝血流阻断中肝静脉逆行灌注在维持肝组织灌注,能量代谢和脂质过氧化中的作用.受试动物分成两组,每组6只.一组仅阻断肝门,用泵将门静脉血流分流至颈外静脉.另一组除阻断肝门外,还同时阻断肝上、下下腔静脉.门静脉、下腔静脉(经髂外静脉)血流经泵分流至颈外静脉.肝血流阻断时间均为60min.分流率前者为300～380ml/min,后一组为500～1200ml/min.实验结束后修补门静脉上干切口,结扎颈外、髂外静脉.结果表明,仅阻断肝门入肝血流的6只动物术后7天均仍存活.而全肝血流阻断组中仅有1只存活7天,3只24小时内死亡,两只分别于术后第2、4天死亡.均死于肝功能衰竭.用激光多普勒血流计测定肝血流量,全肝血流阻断动物肝血流量为5.3±0.5ml/min/100g组织,是阻断血管前的15.3%.再灌流后30分钟,肝血流量为18.7±5.2ml/min/100g组织.单纯阻断肝门组肝血流量是阻断入肝血流前的32.4%(11.3±3.2ml/min/100g).再灌流后30分     

Bleeding during hepatectomy can be reduced by clamping the inferior vena cava below the liver

BACKGROUND: Control of blood loss is a crucial problem during hepatectomy. Bleeding from the inflow system can be controlled by the Pringle maneuver or selective vascular occlusion. Bleeding from the outflow system is closely related to central venous pressure (CVP). Therefore, in this study, we evaluated whether vascular outflow control by clamping the inferior vena cava (IVC) below the liver (IVC clamping) during hepatectomy is a safe and effective method to reduce blood loss and CVP. METHODS: We reviewed the outcomes of 103 consecutive patients whose CVP values were >5 cm H(2)O and who had undergone right or left hemihepatectomy between 1995 and 2000. Forty-seven patients who underwent hepatectomy with IVC clamping (Group A) between 1998 and 2000 were compared with the previous 56 patients who underwent hepatectomy without IVC clamping between 1995 and 1997 (Group B). RESULTS: The CVP decreased by 3.7 cm H(2)0 after IVC clamping. Estimated blood loss was 910 mL in Group A and 1177 mL in Group B. (P=.008) No severe renal or cardiovascular damage occurred after IVC clamping. CONCLUSIONS: IVC clamping is very effective in reducing blood loss during hepatectomy when the CVP is elevated and cannot be reduced pharmacologically or by fluid restriction.     

Vascular occlusion techniques during liver resection

Control of bleeding from the transected liver basically consists of vascular inflow occlusion and control of hepatic venous backflow from the caval vein. Central venous pressure determines the pressure in the hepatic veins and is an extremely important factor in controlling blood loss through venous backflow. Vascular inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) involves clamping of the portal vein and the hepatic artery in the hepatic pedicle and gives rise to postischemic, reperfusion injury. Several strategies have been devised to reduce reperfusion injury (pharmacological interventions) or to increase ischemic tolerance of the liver (ischemic preconditioning). Intermittent clamping is recommended in complex liver resections or in patients with diseased livers. The combination of occlusion of vascular inflow and outflow of the liver results in total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) and is mainly used in tumors invading the caval vein. During THVE the liver can be cooled by hypothermic perfusion allowing for extended ischemia times. Selective THVE entails clamping of the main hepatic veins in their extrahepatic course, thus preserving caval flow. Safe liver surgery requires knowledge of the regular techniques of vascular occlusion for 'on demand' use when necessitated to reduce blood loss.     

腹腔镜下不解剖肝门Endo-GIA离断左肝蒂行左半肝切除术

腹腔镜肝切除术已成为当今肝外科发展的潮流,我科室2013年开展腹腔镜切除以来,已完成130例腹腔镜肝切除,约占肝脏手术的1/3。腔镜下控制出血的方法大致分为:1.病侧肝入肝血流暂时阻断法;2.全肝入肝血流暂时阻断法;3.全肝血流阻断法。此处病例采用不解剖肝门预处理病侧入肝血流,选用美敦力创新外科Endo GIA(白色,45 mm)一次性插入左叶肝实质离断左肝蒂,再行左半肝实质离断,该方法具有手术时间短,出血少的优点.但术前应结合CT增强扫描,计算机三维重建排除门静脉,肝动脉及胆道变异情况。     

Vascular occlusion to decrease blood loss during hepatic resection

BACKGROUND: Historically, the primary hazard with liver surgery has been intraoperative blood loss. This led to the refinement of inflow and outflow occlusive techniques. The utility of the different methods of inflow and outflow techniques for hepatic surgery were reviewed. METHODS: A search of the English literature (Medline, Embase, Cochrane library, Cochrane clinical trials registry, hand searches, and bibliographic reviews) using the terms "liver," "hepatic," "Pringle," "total vascular exclusion," "ischemia," "reperfusion," "inflow," and "outflow occlusion" was performed. RESULTS: A multitude of techniques to minimize blood loss during hepatic resection have been studied. The evidence suggests that inflow occlusion techniques are generally well tolerated. These should be used with caution in patients with cirrhosis, fibrosis, steatosis, cholestasis, and recent chemotherapy, and for prolonged time intervals. CONCLUSIONS: Harmful effects of intraoperative blood loss and transfusion occur during hepatic resection. Portal triad clamping (PTC) is associated with less blood loss compared with no clamping. In procedures with ischemic times <1 hour in length, PTC-C (continuous) is likely equal to PTC-I (intermittent). In patients with chronic liver disease or undergoing lengthy operations, PTC-I is likely superior to PTC-C. PTC is superior to total vascular exclusion except in patients with tumors that are large and deep seated, hypervascular, and/or abutting the hepatic veins or vena cava and in patients with increased right-sided heart pressures.     

Hepatic Vascular Exclusion With Preservation of the Caval Flow for Liver Resections

OBJECTIVE: To report the technique and results of an alternative method of vascular clamping during liver resections. BACKGROUND: Most liver resections require vascular clamping to avoid excessive blood loss. Portal triad clamping is often sufficient, but it does not suppress backflow bleeding, which can be prevented only by hepatic vascular exclusion. The latter method adds clamping of the inferior vena cava, which results in hypotension, requiring invasive anesthetic management. There is growing evidence that intermittent clamping is better tolerated than continuous clamping, especially in the presence of underlying liver disease. METHODS: Hepatic vascular exclusion with preservation of the caval flow (HVEPC) involved conventional inflow clamping associated with outflow control by clamping the major hepatic veins, thus avoiding caval occlusion. HVEPC was used in 40 patients undergoing major or complex liver resection, including 16 with underlying liver disease. HVEPC was total (clamping of the porta hepatis and all major hepatic veins) in 20 cases and partial (clamping of the porta hepatis and the hepatic veins of the resected territory) in 20. Clamping was continuous in 22 cases and intermittent in 18. Resections included 12 hemihepatectomies, 12 extended hepatectomies, 3 central hepatectomies, and 13 uni- or bisegmentectomies. RESULTS: Hemodynamic tolerance of clamping was excellent in all cases, without the need for therapeutic adjustment. Median red cell transfusion requirements were 0 units, and 28 patients (70%) did not receive any transfusions during the hospital stay. There were no deaths, and the morbidity rate was 17.5%. Median hospital stay was 10 days. CONCLUSION: HVEPC is a safe and effective procedure applicable to liver tumors without invasion to the inferior vena cava. It offers the advantages of conventional hepatic vascular exclusion without its hemodynamic drawbacks, and it can be applied intermittently or partially.     

肝脏血流阻断方法及评价

Hepatectomy is the main option of treatment for liver cancer,and how to control the blood loss is an important issue for the recovery of patients.Continuous hepatic vascular occlusion(Pringle maneuver)is the oldest and simplest way for vascular occlusion and still used in clinical practice.But continuous hepatic vascular occlusion often gives rise to postischemic reperfusion injury due to clamping the portal vein and the hepatic artery in the hepatic pedicle.So intermittent clamping or hemihepatic vascular occlusion is recommended in complex liver resections or for patients with liver cirrhosis.Total hepatic vascular exclusion has the advantages of occlusion of vascular inflow and outflow of the liver,and is mainly used for patients with tumors invading the caval veins.Major hepatic veins and limited inferior vena cava reconstruction has been also achieved under inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins.It is crucial to know how to select the optimal methods of hepatic vascular occlusion according to the specific conditions.Focusing on this issue,we have reviewed and evaluated various methods and relevant researches in this paper.     

保留半肝动脉血供联合肝缺血预处理在肝硬化复杂肝切除术中的应用

目的:探讨减轻肝硬化患者复杂肝切除缺血再灌注损伤的措施。方法:回顾性分析46例肝硬化患者复杂肝切除术中保留半肝动脉血供入肝血流阻断+肝缺血预处理(实验组)的临床资料,并与同期全肝入肝血流阻断(Pringle法)肝切除术61例(对照组)作对比研究。结果:实验组平均阻断时间(38.75±6.2)min,对照组(21.67±4.60)min,2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组术后3、7和15d血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、术后3d血清总胆红素及术中、术后出血量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:保留半肝动脉血供入肝血流阻断+肝缺血预处理技术对减少肝硬化患者复杂肝切除术后肝衰竭的发生有重要意义。     

Half clamping of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava reduces bleeding during a hepatectomy by decreasing the central venous pressure

Background and aims  Bleeding from the hepatic vein is closely related to central venous pressure (CVP). To evaluate the effect of low central venous pressure during a hepatectomy, the infrahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) was half clamped. Patients and methods  Between 2006 and 2007, 20 patients undergoing major hepatectomy with the IVC half clamping (half-clamping group) were compared with 58 patients undergoing hepatectomy without IVC half clamping between 2003 and 2005 (control group). The types of liver resection, amount of blood loss during the hepatectomy, volume of blood transfusion, length of hospital stay, and complications were compared between the two groups. Results  In the half-clamping group, blood loss was decreased in comparison to the control group (p = 0.041) and the suprahepatic CVP was low (2.4 ± 1.8 mmHg; p = 0.0002). The diameter at the root of the right hepatic vein was reduced in comparison to before clamping (5.8 ± 1.6 mm; p < 0.001). There were no complications of half clamping on any hemodynamic and blood electrolytic parameters. Conclusion  Using the half clamping technique of the IVC, intra-operative CVP was maintained below 3 mmHg without any side effects, and the low CVP significantly reduced the bleeding from hepatic veins during a major hepatectomy.     

Vascular Control during Hepatectomy: Review of Methods and Results

The various techniques of hepatic vascular control are presented, focusing on the indications and drawbacks of each. Retrospective and prospective clinical studies highlight aspects of the pathophysiology, indications, and morbidity of the various techniques of hepatic vascular control. Newer perspectives on the field emerge from the introduction of ischemic preconditioning and laparoscopic hepatectomy. A literature review based on computer searches in Index Medicus and PubMed focuses mainly on prospective studies comparing techniques and large retrospective ones. All methods of hepatic vascular control can be applied with minimal mortality by experienced surgeons and are effective for controlling bleeding. The Pringle maneuver is the oldest and simplest of these methods and is still favored by many surgeons. Intermittent application of the Pringle maneuver and hemihepatic occlusion or inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins is particularly indicated for patients with abnormal parenchyma. Total hepatic vascular exclusion is associated with considerable morbidity and hemodynamic intolerance in 10% to 20% of patients. It is absolutely indicated only when extensive reconstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is warranted. Major hepatic veins/ and limited IVC reconstruction has been also achieved under inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins or even using the intermittent Pringle maneuver. Ischemic preconditioning is strongly recommended for patients younger than 60 years and those with steatotic livers. Each hepatic vascular control technique has its place in liver surgery, depending on tumor location, underlying liver disease, patient cardiovascular status, and, most important, the experience of the surgical and anesthesia team.     

Modified liver hanging maneuver during orthotopic liver transplantation with inferior vena cava preservation: results after 120 consecutive applications

The outflow venovenous anastomosis represent a crucial aspect during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with inferior vena cava (IVC) preservation. The modified Belghiti liver hanging maneuver applied to the last phase of hepatectomy, lifting the liver, provides a better exposure of the suprahepatic region and allows easier orthogonal clamping of the three suprahepatic veins with a minimal portion of IVC occlusion. The outflow anastomosis constructed with a common cloacae of the three native suprahepatic veins is associated with a lower incidence of graft related venous outflow complications. The procedure planned in 120 consecutive OLT was achieved in 118 (99%). The outflow anastomosis was constructed on the common cloaca of the three hepatic veins in 111/120 cases (92.5%). No major complications were observed (bleeding during tunnel creation, graft outflow dysfunction, etc) except in one patient with acute Budd-Chiari, who successfully underwent retransplantation.