急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔的临床及预后分析

目的:探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)后发生室间隔穿孔的临床特征、冠状动脉造影表现、治疗方法及预后情况.方法:我院1996年1月至2003年12月期间收治急性透壁心肌梗死1 881 例,发生室间隔穿孔13例,穿孔发生率0.69%.另有22例因AMI已并发室间隔穿孔而转来我院的患者,共35例进行分析.其中男性24例(68.6%),女性11例(31.4%).结果:资料分析结果21例(60.0%)合并高血压病,18例(51.4%)有吸烟史.前壁心肌梗死31例(88.6%),下后壁心肌梗死4例(11.4%).22例患者施行了冠状动脉造影,梗塞相关血管前降支占81.8%,完全闭塞占72.7%.心原性休克21例(60.0%),心功能Ⅳ级26例(74.3%),Ⅲ级9例(25.7%).室间隔穿孔多发生在AMI后1周内(91.4%).超声心动图提示室间隔缺损,穿孔直径范围0.5～2.8 cm,多数位于室间隔近心尖部.7例(20%)进行溶栓治疗,但未成功.21例(60%)施行外科手术治疗,全部存活.14例药物治疗,仅1例存活,死亡13例,总病死率37.1%,药物治疗病死率92.9%.结论:AMI并发室间隔破裂并不常见,多发生在广泛前壁心肌梗死的患者,多数迅速发展至心原性休克,内科治疗病死率很高;如药物治疗能维持血流动力学稳定至穿孔后4周手术,外科治疗可提高生存率.     

急性心肌梗死早期应用卡托普利对QRS积分的影响

为探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）早期应用卡托普利对心肌梗死范围的影响，将74例AMI病人随机分为治疗组（常规＋卡托普利治疗）和对照组（常规治疗），均观察4周，分别于治疗前，治疗后第24h、72h、1周、2周、3周、4周描记一次标准12导联心电图，按Nancy标准进行QRS记分。结果：共62例完成试验观察。治疗前两组QRS积分无显著性差异（P＞0．05）；治疗后1周时，治疗组（n=30）QRS积分显著低于对照组（P＜0．05），与治疗前比较虽有增高，但差异无显著性（P＞0．05），对照组（n=32）QRS积分显著高于治疗前（P＜0．01）；第4周时，治疗组QRS积分显著低于对照组及治疗前（均P＜0．05），对照组与治疗前比较虽有降低，但差异无显著性。提示：卡托普利在AMI早期应用有限制心肌梗死范围作用。     

8例急性心肌梗死并发室间隔穿孔患者的临床分析及治疗策略

目的:探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)后发生室间隔穿孔(VSR)的临床特征、冠状动脉(冠脉)造影表现、治疗方法及预后情况。方法:对我院2003-01-2011-10收治的8例急性ST段抬高型AMI并发VSR患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:4例(50.0%)并发高血压,3例(37.5%)有糖尿病史,1例(12.5%)有吸烟史。前壁AMI 7例(87.5%),下壁AMI 1例(12.5%)。心功能Ⅳ级5例(62.5%),Ⅲ级3例(37.5%)。持续性胸痛的时间为14～336h。超声心动图提示室间隔缺损,穿孔直径范围6～22mm,均位于室间隔近心尖部。5例行主动脉内球囊反搏术(IABP)支持循环;5例行经皮冠脉成形术(PCI),其中左前降支开口闭塞4例(80%),右冠脉闭塞1例(20%);1例仅行室间隔封堵术。1例(12.5%)行急诊PCI术4周后行外科手术治疗并存活;死亡7例(87.5%),7例内科治疗患者均死亡,死亡率高达100%。结论:AMI并发室间隔破裂并不多见,大多发生在广泛前壁AMI的患者,迅速发展至心源性休克,内科治疗病死率很高;若能尽早开通罪犯血管,同时辅以血管活性药物,必要时IABP支持治疗,维持血流动力学稳定至穿孔后4～8周行室间隔修补术,可提高存活率。     

立体定向手术治疗高血压脑出血

目的：探讨立体定向手术治疗高血压脑出血的适当时机。方法：分析近三年采用立体定向手术治疗的27例高血压脑出血病人结果， 总结其有效时机，结果：发病1天内手术治疗4例，其中无变化2例（50％），死亡2例（50％），再出血2例（50％）；1－7天手术4例；痊愈3例（75％），进步1例（25％）；7天以后手术19例，痊愈6例（31．6％），显著进步5例（26．3％），进步3例（15．89％），无变化3例（15．8％），死亡2例（10．5％），再出血3例（15．8％）。结论：选择 发病后1－7天手术，较为安全有效。     

心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔的早期诊断和治疗

本文报告１７例心肌梗死后室间隔破裂，其中９例死亡。７例手术患者中，除１例手术死亡外，６例手术治行效果满意。文中对其常见临床诊断特点进行了分析讨论，并阐述了行之有效的诊断方法。同时认为内科药物治疗及主动脉内球囊反搏术辅助只能在一定程度上缓解衰竭的心脏，外科手术修补室间隔破裂口是唯一的最佳治疗方法。     

成人法洛四联症根治术中远期疗效分析

目的总结成人法洛四联症根治术经验,评估风险,分析其中远期疗效。方法2000年1月至2008年12月80例患者接受法洛四联症根治术,男性44例,女性36例,年龄18~45（26．2±5．6）岁。所有患者均在低温体外循环下手术,其中跨瓣环加宽34例,采用补片单纯加宽右室流出道46例。结果死亡2例（2．5％）,二次开胸止血6例（7．5％）。随访36~120（平均58．5）个月,存活75例,死亡3例,其中2例术后1年、3年因心功能衰竭死亡,另1例术后16个月因交通事故死亡。存活的患者中,心功能I级47例,心功能Ⅱ级24例,心功能Ⅲ级4例。随访彩超,所有患者均无残余漏,肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差6～15（7．4±2．1）mmHg,轻一中度肺动脉瓣反流18例,重度肺动脉瓣反流3例。结论成人法洛四联症患者行根治手术死亡率较低,术后疗效满意,不应因患者的年龄而放弃治疗。     

尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞疗效相关因素对比研究

对163例尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞（AMI）临床疗效、安全性从不同分层角度进行比较，结果显示：总再通率65.6％，出血率11.0％，5周内死亡率9．2％，起病距溶栓6h内再通率明显高于6b以后（P＜0．01），且死亡率低。不同年龄组6h以内再通率无显著差异（P＞0．05），≥70岁组6h后再通率低于其他年龄组，有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。轻度出血率及死亡率各年龄组无显著差异（P＞0．05）。女性组与男性组比较再通率低、死亡率高、有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。尿激酶剂量以150万u左右为宜。     

大动脉调转术手术时机对室间隔完整的完全性大动脉转位患儿预后的影响

目的评价大动脉调转术（anerial switch operation，ASO）手术时机对室间隔完整的完全性大动脉转位（transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum，TGA／IVS）患儿预后的影响。方法选取2005年1月至2009年12月在广东省人民医院行ASO的TGA／IVS患儿72例，依手术时年龄分为3组：I组年龄≤7d，Ⅱ组年龄7～14d，Ⅲ组年龄〉14d。回顾性分析各组术后围术期并发症、早期死亡、中期死亡及再次手术干预等情况。结果各组患儿在术后低心排血量综合征、膈肌麻痹、肺不张、肾功能衰竭、切口愈合不良等并发症发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。3组早期病死率分别为30-8％（8／26），11．1％（3／27）及0％，3组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．005）。共61例出院患儿，随访率为91．8％（56／61）。3组各有1例因术后肺动脉狭窄需再次手术干预，3组再次手术干预率比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。I、Ⅱ组患者均无中期死亡，Ⅲ组中期病死率为6．7％（1／15）。结论TGA／IVS患儿ASO术后早期病死率仍较高，中期预后好；手术年龄不是TGA／IVS手术时机的决定性因素。     

AMI危重症患者应用主动脉内球囊反搏辅助治疗的预后观察

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（acute myocardial infarction,AMI）危重症患者应用主动脉内球囊反搏（intra—aortic balloon pump,IABP）辅助治疗的预后。方法回顾性分析75例行IABP治疗的AMI患者的临床资料,着重分析患者合并症．IABP术的方法、结果及预后情况。结果IABP治疗时问为1d～39d,中位数为5d,存活组39例,死亡组36组,存活组心房颤动和肺部感染患者的比例低于死亡组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,其他合并症两组比较差异无统计学意义。存活组左心室射血分数IABP辅助治疗后高于死亡组治疗后,差异有统计学意义（48．6％±17．7％比39．1％±11．0％,P〈0．05）。存活组行冠状动脉血运重建治疗率92．3％（36／39）高于死亡组的58．3％（21／36）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。根据IABP治疗时间,55例在IABP治疗≥2．5d组,20例在IABP治疗〈2．5d组,2例感染均在IABP治疗≥2．5d组,1例发生与IABP相关金黄色葡萄球菌感染,存活;另1例是IABP穿刺部位感染,死亡。结论对AMI合并心源性猝死、心力衰竭、心肌缺血的患者,IABP治疗是一种有效的临时心室援助机械支持,能为患者行冠状动脉血运萤建术和其他心脏手术赢得时间和机会。     

介入封堵治疗心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔一例

急性心肌梗死后室间隔破裂发生率约占1%-2%,是一种危及生命的严重并发症,往往伴有循环功能急剧衰竭,如不及时处理可造成患者死亡[1,2],占急性心肌梗死早期死亡原因的5%[3,4].内科保守治疗预后:60%-70%在2周内死亡,能够存活到3个月的不足10%[5]. 　　……     

主动脉内球囊反搏改善急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔患者的临床疗效

目的:探讨主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)救治急性心肌梗死(AMI)后并发室间隔穿孔(VSR)的临床结局。方法:回顾性分析确诊AMI合并VSR的30例患者经IABP辅助治疗后临床结局资料。比较患者经IABP治疗前、后一般基线资料、血液动力学、心功能改善情况和院内死亡率。结果:IABP能显著改善患者血液动力学和心功能,室间隔穿孔直径1.5 cm是不良预后的危险因素。在IABP辅助下,室间隔穿孔直径1.5 cm患者存活17例(56.7%),放弃1例,死亡4例;室间隔穿孔直径1.5 cm患者存活2例(6.7%),放弃1例,死亡5例。结论:IABP救治AMI后并发VSR能显著改善血液动力学和心功能,降低死亡率和不良预后,但对室间隔穿孔直径1.5cm的患者机械支持效果有限,如何提高此类患者生存率需要进一步研究。     

Septal rupture in elderly patients. Apropos of 2 cases treated surgically in the acute phase of myocardial infarction

Two cases of interventricular septal rupture (VSR) in elderly patients (71 and 74 years) occurring at the 5th and 12th day of primary postero-inferior myocardial infarction, were reported. The diagnosis was made at 2D echocardiography and confirmed at catheterisation with coronary angiography. Good surgical results were obtained after operation 72 and 12 hours after VSR (9th and 12th infarct days, respectively): the first patient had a good outcome with a 2 year follow-up, but the second patient died in the 55th postoperative day, of renal failure. The authors underline the value of 2D echo in the management of acute myocardial infarction and in the detection of VSR. In addition, the advances in intensive care and surgical techniques allow early and complete cure of cardiac lesions with a low hospital mortality and significant functional improvement, even in the elderly patient.     

Prognosis and factors predicting the long-term prognosis of myocardial infarction]

200 cases of consecutively admitted acute myocardial infarction (AMI), who had survived for at least 2 weeks, were studied prospectively. 193 cases were followed-up for 0.5-27 (average 15) months; 41 of them (21.2%) had cardiac events, including 3 sudden cardiac death (1.6%) and 35 obvious cardiac failure (18.1%). 11 patients died of heart failure and 4 of reinfarction. Before discharge, noninvasive tests were done: LVEF < or = 40%, age > or = 60, maximum value of creatinine-phosphokinase > or = 1000 IU/dl and positive ventricular late potential were the 4 factors of high risk. Patients with 3 or 4 positive risk factors had poorer prognosis, if they were compared with those with one or none.     

Long-term course of septal rupture operated on during the acute phase of a myocardial infarct

Between 1970 and 1979, 28 patients (18 men and 10 women, aged 46 to 76 years, average 62 years) with acute myocardial infarction complicated by septal rupture survived surgery performed during the acute phase. In the same period 62 patients were admitted to the Cardiology Department and were operated early for septal rupture complicating myocardial infarction. The site of infarction was the anterior wall in 22 cases and the posterior wall in 6 cases; septal rupture occurred on average after 4.2 days (range 1 to 10 days); 15 patients including 13 with cardiogenic shock underwent intraaortic balloon pumping for an average of 3:7 (range 1 to 11 days) before surgery; the operation performed after an average interval of 11 days consisted in direct suture of the defect in 3 cases and a patch repair in the other 25 cases, associated in all cases with infarctectomy and LAD coronary bypass grafting in 1 case. The immediate postoperative course was simple; three patients with residual shunts were not reoperated. Five to 14 years later, in 1984, 4 patients had been lost to follow-up; 4 patients had died, 2 of cardiac causes (LVF after 1 year and an arrhythmia after 4 years). Of the 20 survivors, 2 were successfully reoperated (1 coronary bypass after 10 years and 1 false aneurysm after 5 years). Only one patient had recurrent myocardial infarction. The quality and longevity of long-term survival encourage early surgery. The factors affecting long-term survival are discussed: correction of associated valvular defects, resifual shunts, conservation of left ventricular function and evaluation of the coronary circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在心内直视术后急性肾功能衰竭的应用

目的总结连续性肾脏替代疗法（CRRT）治疗心内直视术后急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的经验。方法1999年1月至2005年5月共发生51例心内直视术后急性肾功能衰竭患者,均采用CRRT进行治疗。结果存活的30例患者在CRRT治疗12 h后血气和电解质明显改善,18288 h进入多尿期,肾功能逐渐恢复正常。死亡的21例患者中早期5例治疗偏晚,肾功能未恢复,最终肾衰死亡,另16例CRRT治疗1周后肾功能均恢复,但因低心排、感染及呼吸循环衰竭等非肾性因素死亡。结论CRRT是救治心内直视术后并发ARF的有效手段。     

急性重症病毒性心肌炎25例临床分析

目的总结如何提高急性重症病毒性心肌炎的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析25例急性重症病毒性心肌炎患者的临床资料。结果心力衰竭型4例（占16％）,心律失常型15例（占60％）,酷似急性心肌梗死3例（占12％）,心源性休克型3例（占12％）;2例合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征,1例合并多脏器功能衰竭。23例治愈出院,2例死亡,4例发展为扩张型心肌病。结论急性重症病毒性心肌炎病情凶险,病死率高,及时诊断和采取有效的治疗措施可改善患者的预后。     

Management of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture

Thirty-five patients were operated on for ventricular septal rupture after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The overall operative mortality rate was 46%. Hemodynamic and clinical stability was achieved in 14 patients preoperatively. They were operated on after 4 weeks or more. Late development of cardiac failure was the main cause of an operative mortality rate of 21%. From a surgical point of view there are no reasons to delay the operation of these patients for more than 4-8 weeks. The operative mortality rate among 21 patients in cardiogenic shock was 62%. The present study shows, however, that it was possible to save lives by emergency operation of patients who otherwise would have died of cardiogenic shock. The time-interval from diagnosis to surgical treatment, and the preoperative condition of the patients appeared to be important prognostic factors. The location of the myocardial infarction did not significantly influence the prognosis in this series. The 19 long-term survivors returned to normal life, although 8 of them had a small residual shunt. More than half of the patients, who were examined, had multivessel disease. The operative mortality rate for those patients without concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was 80%. Technical failures and some new surgical principles are presented. The indications for IAPB and coronary angiography are discussed as well as the optimum time for surgical repair. The clinical course varies greatly and calls for a differentiated approach to treatment. A plan for surgical management of these patients is suggested.     

急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔患者的临床特点及预后因素分析

目的总结分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并室间隔穿孔(VSR)患者的临床特点。方法纳入首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院1999年1月至2018年10月共收治AMI 16038例,其中合并VSR患者44例,对这44例AMI合并VSR患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果44例AMI合并VSR患者中男性24例(54.5%),女性20例(45.5%),平均年龄(71.0±6.5)岁;前壁心肌梗死患者(包括累及前壁的心肌梗死)35例(79.5%),非前壁心肌梗死9例(20.5%)。手术治疗9例,其中7例为室间隔缺损介入封堵术,2例外科手术(1例为室间隔修补术+冠状动脉旁路移植术+室壁瘤切除术,1例为室间隔修补术+冠状动脉旁路移植术+瓣膜修补术)。术后心功能改善情况均较显著,除2例封堵术患者院内死亡外,其余手术患者生存期均大于1年。结论VSR是AMI少见但严重的并发症,手术治疗的近期预后明显优于非手术治疗,介入封堵治疗在改善症状及预后等方面发挥出日益重要的作用。     

Septal rupture after myocardial infarction: is very early surgery really worthwhile?

Despite numerous publications, mostly with small patient populations, the management of post-infarct septal rupture is still not well defined. Although urgent surgery appears to be the therapy of choice it is still unclear whether surgery very early after septal rupture in patients with severe haemodynamic compromise salvages a significant number of patients. In this paper we present the data from a large population of consecutive patients with post-infarct septal rupture from one cardiac centre. From 1980 through 1989, 108 patients with post-infarct septal rupture were seen at this Regional centre of whom 81 had operative repair; 43 (53%) of these survived the early postoperative period. Of 32 patients with cardiogenic shock who had surgery, early operative mortality in those operated on within 48 h of rupture was 90% (18/20) compared with 33% (4/12) in those operated on later (P less than 0.001). All survivors with pre-operative shock had intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation before operation. Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting was not associated with improved survival in our patients. Three patients survived long-term without operation. Analysis of population statistics suggest that approximately 270 patients with post-infarction septal rupture were not transferred from peripheral hospitals to the Regional Cardiothoracic Centre for assessment during this decade.     

174例急性心肌梗死后心脏破裂患者的临床特点分析

摘要 目的：分析急性心肌梗死（AMI）后心脏破裂（CR）患者院内死亡的危险因素。方法：回顾性收集174例AMI后CR [包括游离壁破裂(FWR)和室间隔穿孔(VSR)]患者的临床资料，将其分为死亡组（108例）和存活组（66例），比较2组基线资料特征，采用Logistic回归分析导致院内死亡的危险因素，同时比较不同破裂部位手术及死亡情况。结果：死亡组前壁心肌梗死及手术患者比例低于存活组（P=0.041或P＜0.001），SOFA评分高于存活组（P＜0.001）。VSR组的前壁心肌梗死、前降支及右冠状动脉、连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）、主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）、手术比例及存活率高于FWR组；呼吸机辅助、回旋支低于FWR组（P均＜0.05）。死亡组白细胞计数、心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、乳酸水平高于存活组，采用呼吸机辅助、CRRT及静脉-动脉体外膜肺（VA-ECMO）治疗的患者数多于存活组，而IABP支持时间低于存活组（P均＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析提示白细胞计数升高及高SOFA评分是院内死亡的独立危险因素（OR=1.142、1.572，95%CI：1.058~1.234、1.204~2.052，P均=0.001），而手术是院内死亡的独立保护因素（OR=0.008，95%CI：0.001~0.091，P＜0.001）。VSR接受手术的比例高于FWR组（P＜0.001），且存活率更高（P=0.001）。结论：白细胞计数及SOFA评分可能与患者院内死亡相关，手术治疗可改善VSR患者预后，VSR存活率高于FWR。