EGFR-TKI在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

摘 要：肺癌是引起人类恶性肿瘤相关性死亡的主要原因,也是世界范围内发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,其中非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）是其主要类型。近年来,NSCLC的治疗取得重要突破,已由传统的手术、化疗和放疗,发展到精准分子靶向治疗时代和免疫治疗时代。NSCLC分子靶向治疗中,又以表皮生长因子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI）研究最透彻,已广泛应用于EGFR突变人群中。一代EGFR-TKI已是EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者的标准一线治疗。一代EGFR-TKIs药物间疗效无显著性差异,不良反应发生率上厄洛替尼相对更低。二代EGFR-TKI疗效不亚于一代EGFR-TKI,对少见突变患者具有一定疗效。三代EGFR-TKIs作为后起之秀,对EGFR突变患者（包括T790M突变）疗效显著,对脑转移患者亦有作用。新时代下EGFR-TKI联合化疗、放疗、免疫及抗肿瘤血管治疗等其他治疗模式的探索初现成果,TKI联合其他抗肿瘤治疗给患者治疗带来新的选择和方向。EGFR-TKI治疗NSCLC在挑战与机遇中砥砺前行。     

EGFR复杂突变对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌疗效影响的研 究进展

表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI）是治疗EGFR基因突变的非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的靶向药物,因 其具有精准、高效、安全和使用便捷等优点而备受瞩目。但是,EGFR基因复杂突变（主要包括EGFR基因复合突变与EGFR基因 共突变）会影响NSCLC患者对EGFR-TKI治疗的敏感性。通过降低药物与肿瘤细胞之间的结合力或关键信号转导通路等多种作 用途径,可影响NSCLC患者的近期疗效及预后。根据现有证据分析影响TKI治疗NSCLC疗效的EGFR基因复杂突变类型的研 究发现,大多数EGFR基因复杂突变能够导致TKI疗效不佳,其作用机制可能与突变类型本身对药物的敏感性、介导病理类型更 加恶化或与导致DNA损伤修复障碍等作用相关。因此,提出多靶向药物联合治疗、EGFR-TKI联合化疗或联合血管靶向治疗等 方案,为EGFR基因复杂突变的NSCLC患者提供了新的增强EGFR-TKI疗效的临床治疗策略。     

肺腺癌EGFR-TKI失败后的治疗策略

肺腺癌的治疗因表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, EGFR-TKI）的出现而率先步入靶向治疗时代,而一代可逆性EGFR—TKI的耐药成为不可避免的挑战。对EGFR信号通路内部和外部异常的深入研究是应对EGFR—TKI耐药的根本,在此基础上开发了二代不可逆性EGFR—TKI、多靶点TKI以及其他多种靶向药物。综合应用靶向药物、化疗和放疗等多种治疗方式,寻找最佳结合模式,对延长患者生存也有重要作用。     

非小细胞肺癌对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂获得性耐药机制及治疗策略的研究进展

摘 要：表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)是非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）最常见的肿瘤驱动基因。以EGFR为靶点的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI）分子靶向治疗,可显著性改善携带这类基因突变的NSCLC患者的生存结局。然而,这些最初获得缓解的患者最终都会发生获得性耐药,成为进一步提高靶向药物TKI疗效的瓶颈。因此,了解TKI获得性耐药机制可指导NSCLC临床治疗。文章综述近年来NSCLC对TKI耐药机制的新进展及耐药后治疗的新策略。     

化疗联合恩度及厄洛替尼治疗1例 TKI 耐药肺腺癌患者

近年来随着新型低毒高效化疗药物和分子靶向药物的问世,晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）引入了根据组织学类型和基因突变治疗的新策略,其一是根据 EGFR 基因突变状态、ALK（间变淋巴瘤激酶融合基因）选择一线治疗,对此达成共识,策略其二当属晚期 NSCLC 维持治疗。但是 TKI（小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂）耐药是临床工作中面临的棘手问题,现对我们成功治疗1例 TKI 耐药晚期肺腺癌患者的治疗进行汇报。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的耐药机制及应对策略

 表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)对含有EGFR突变的非小细胞肺癌治疗效果较好,但仍有部分患者对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKI）原发耐药,而对TKI治疗敏感的患者最终无法避免继发耐药导致肿瘤进展,其主要分子机制是T790M突变和MET扩增。研究新的靶向治疗药物及联合应用药物克服耐药是目前临床科研的主题。     

非小细胞肺癌EGFR-TKI耐药的分子机制及防治策略

目的 近年来EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)是EGFR突变型晚期NSCLC的重要治疗手段之一,然而,绝大部分患者治疗9～13个月后即出现耐药.EGFR-TKIs的耐药机制和耐药后治疗策略已成为基础和临床研究的热点.探讨非小细胞肺癌中表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epithelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)耐药的分子机制及防治策略.方法 应用Pubmed和CNKI期刊全文数据库检索系统,以“EGFR TKI和耐药”为关键词,检索2005-01-2016-05的相关文献.纳入标准:(1) EGFR TKI耐药的定义;(2)EGFR-TKI的耐药分类;(3)EGFR-TKI耐药的分子机制;(4) EGFR-TKI耐药的防治策略.纳入57篇文献进行分析.结果 EGFR TKI耐药分为原发性耐药和获得性耐药.原发性耐药机制包括不同EGFR突变位点的敏感性差异和KRAS突变等,获得性耐药机制包括T790M突变、EGFR下游信号分子活化、旁路激活及表型转化等.耐药后仍缺乏标准治疗策略,可继续EGFR-TKI治疗、EGFR-TKI联合化疗或其他靶向治疗或改为化疗;基于耐药靶点的治疗策略,如第三代EGFR-TKI、Met抑制剂等也可作为选择.结论 EGFR-TKI耐药机制复杂,缺乏标准耐药治疗策略,基于临床治疗模式和耐药靶点的治疗策略有望为EGFR-TKI耐药患者的个体化治疗提供思路.     

晚期非小细胞肺癌EGFR-TKI耐药后抗血管生成联合免疫检查点抑制剂作用机制的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）是肺癌中最常见的病理类型，表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）突变是NSCLC最常见的驱动基因突变。EGFR突变促进免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境（TME），但研究发现经表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI）治疗后TME发生改变，这种改变可能为优化随后的免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）治疗提供线索。临床前研究提示抗血管生成药物可以通过促进效应细胞浸润、减少免疫抑制等改善TME免疫抑制状态，增强ICIs疗效，ICIs也可促进血管正常化，两者具有协同抗肿瘤作用。EGFR-TKI耐药机制相对复杂，在缺乏特异性耐药机制患者中，单纯化疗或单纯ICIs获益有限，抗血管生成药物联合ICIs相关临床研究提示对于晚期EGFR-TKI耐药NSCLC患者可改善预后。全文就晚期EGFR突变NSCLC的TKI治疗对TME的影响、抗血管生成治疗联合ICIs的生物学原理、EGFR-TKI耐药后抗血管生成治疗联合ICIs相关临床研究等作一综述。     

非小细胞肺癌EGFR-TKI获得性耐药相关分子机制研究进展

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI）治疗NSCLC疗效较好,但TKI治疗后获得性耐药不可避免。EGFR T790M突变和MET扩增是EGFR-TKI获得性耐药的主要分子机制,同时也可能存在其他耐药机制。全文分析EGFR-TKI获得性耐药相关分子机制研究进展。     

非小细胞肺癌EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的耐药机制及逆转

晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung carcinoma,NSCLC)的治疗以含铂双药联合化疗为标准治疗方案,多项研究表明,化疗药物对于NSCLC的疗效已经进入平台期,因此,寻求新的治疗方式已迫在眉睫。表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)在40%～80%的NSCLC中过表达,通过干预EGFR酪氨酸激酶信号转导已成为治疗NSCLC的主要方式。临床应用的EGFR抑制剂主要有EGFR单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,MAb)及特异性小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)。目前已证实EGFR-TKI的疗效肯定,但其原发性及继发性耐药是一个不容忽视的问题,且耐药机制复杂。文章对EGFR-TKI在临床中的应用,EGFR突变与TKI敏感性的关系,EGFR-TKI的耐药机制及逆转耐药的方法进行综述。     

The emerging role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors in first-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer positive for EGFR mutations

Gefitinib and erlotinib, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), were the first molecularly targeted agents to become clinically available for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). During the course of their clinical development, it has become clear that the substantial clinical benefit associated with EGFR-TKIs is limited to patients harboring activating mutations of EGFR. Accumulating clinical outcomes in patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC treated with EGFR-TKIs support the notion that this group of individuals constitutes a clinically distinct population. These findings have prompted investigations of the potential role of first-line treatment with EGFR-TKIs in molecularly selected patients, with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy currently being the standard of care for most individuals with advanced NSCLC. This review summarizes the results of recent clinical trials of EGFR-TKIs in selected patients and highlights the efficacy of these drugs in first-line treatment as a form of personalized medicine aimed at improving therapy for advanced NSCLC.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂用于非小细胞肺癌术后辅助治疗的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKI）在晚期EGFR突变阳性的非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）患者中的疗效肯定,但EGFR-TKI能否提高完全切除的NSCLC术后辅助治疗疗效不确切。部分研究发现在可切除的Ⅰ~Ⅲ期EGFR敏感突变肺腺癌患者中,辅助TKI治疗有使无疾病生存（disease free survival,DFS）获益的趋势,另一部分临床研究未能证实EGFR-TKI在术后辅助治疗有获益。造成各研究结果不一的原因很多,如人群选择、EGFR-TKI使用时长、耐药等。国内外目前一些设计比较合理的,对比EGFR-TKI化疗辅助治疗Ⅱ~ⅢA期EGFR敏感突变的NSCLC临床研究正在进行,值得期待。目前,早期NSCLC术后TKI辅助治疗仅限于临床试验,不建议作为临床常规治疗。     

Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is effective as first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR: A meta-analysis from six phase III randomized controlled trials

Gefiinib and erlotinib are two similar small molecules of selective and reversible epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), which have been approved for second-line or third-line indication in previously treated advanced Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The results of comparing the EGFR-TKI with standard platinum-based doublet chemotherapy as the first-line treatment in advanced NSCLC patients with activated EGFR mutation were still controversial. A meta-analysis was performed to derive a more precise estimation of these regimens. Finally, six eligible trials involved 1,021 patients were identified. The patients receiving EGFR-TKI as front-line therapy had a significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS) than patients treated with chemotherapy [median PFS was 9.5 versus 5.9 months; hazard ratio (HR)=0.37; 95% confidence intervals (CI)=0.27-0.52; p<0.001]. The overall response rate (ORR) of EGFR-TKI was 66.60%, whereas the ORR of chemotherapy regimen was 30.62%, which was also a statistically significant favor for EGFR-TKI [relative risk (RR)=5.68; 95% CI=3.17-10.18; p<0.001]. The overall survival (OS) was numerically longer in the patients received EGFR-TKI than patients treated by chemotherapy, although the difference did not reach a statistical significance (median OS was 30.5 vs. 23.6 months; HR=0.94; 95% CI=0.77-1.15; p=0.57). Comparing with first-line chemotherapy, treatment of EGFR-TKI achieved a statistical significantly longer PFS, higher ORR and numerically longer OS in the advanced NSCLC patients harboring activated EGFR mutations, thus, it should be the first choice in the previously untreated NSCLC patients with activated EGFR mutation.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂与非小细胞肺癌的治疗

 表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI）是一类高效低毒的抗肿瘤分子靶向药物,因其独特的疗效和良好的耐受性在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）治疗中成为研究的热点,在NSCLC的一线、二线或三线的辅助治疗中均有一定地位。随着研究的深入细化,EGFR TKI的适应证不断扩大,术前新辅助治疗可能成为一种新的治疗模式。     

Medicinal herbs and bioactive compounds overcome the drug resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~85% of all lung cancer cases. Patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations usually develop resistance to treatment with frontline EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). The present review summarizes the current findings and delineates the molecular mechanism of action for the therapeutic effects of herbal extracts and phytochemicals in overcoming EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC. Novel molecular targets underlying EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC are also discussed. This review provides valuable information for the development of herbal bioactive compounds as alternative treatments for EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC.     

Afatinib and lung cancer

Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) have an established role in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). First-generation reversible ATP-competitive EGFR-TKIs are approved for the initial treatment of patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC. Afatinib is an irreversible second-generation EGFR-TKI with potent preclinical activity against EGFR (wild type and mutant), HER2, HER4 and EGFR-mutant NSCLC with acquired resistance to reversible EGFR-TKI. LUX-Lung 3 trial demonstrated superiority of afatinib to cisplatin and pemetrexed in the frontline treatment of treatment-naïve patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung and EGFR mutation. Based on these results, afatinib was recently approved for the first-line treatment of NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation. This article summarizes current status of preclinical and clinical development of afatinib in NSCLC.     

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition in the Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

Molecular therapies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have had a profound impact on the management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EGFR inhibition with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in squamous NSCLC (sqNSCLC) remains controversial in patients whose tumors are not known to harbor EGFR mutations. Recent meta-analyses of EGFR-inhibition randomized trials that are adequately powered for histological subgroup analysis and anti-EGFR trials limited to patients with squamous histology afford the opportunity to revisit EGFR treatment in sqNSCLC. In unselected patients with sqNSCLC who are not eligible for chemotherapy, EGFR-TKI therapy is a valid treatment option over placebo or best supportive care, with improved progression-free survival noted in randomized controlled trials in both the first- and second-line setting and improved overall survival (OS) in the second-line setting. In patients eligible for chemotherapy, first-line combination regimens with anti-EGFR mAbs have been shown to improve OS over chemotherapy alone in patients with squamous histology in meta-analysis and more recently in the SQUIRE sqNSCLC trial (chemotherapy with and without necitumumab). In sqNSCLC patients who respond to induction chemotherapy, maintenance therapy with erlotinib delays disease progression and may improve the survival of patients with stable disease. In the second-line setting, survival outcomes are comparable between chemotherapy and EGFR-TKIs in meta-analysis, with the latter being more tolerable as a second-line therapy. Newer-generation EGFR-TKI therapies may further benefit patients with sqNSCLC who have failed first-line chemotherapy, given the positive trial results from LUX-Lung 8 (afatinib vs. erlotinib). EGFR is a valid therapeutic target in unselected/EGFR wild-type patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. With the recent approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the second-line management of advanced sqNSCLC and their adoption as a new standard of care, there exists an opportunity for novel combination therapies to increase therapeutic efficacy and durable tumor control. As more targeted agents are approved, combination regimens that include an anti-EGFR agent should be evaluated, and the optimal sequencing of targeted therapies should be defined.

Implications for Practice:

Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies remain controversial in unselected/wild-type EGFR squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent meta-analyses and squamous-only NSCLC EGFR-inhibition trials have overcome the power limitations of early trials and can now inform the management of squamous NSCLC with anti-EGFR therapies. With the approval of immunotherapeutics in the second-line management of squamous NSCLC, there exists an opportunity for novel combination therapies to improve efficacy and durable tumor control. The optimal timing and sequencing of available second-line targeted therapies, however, have yet to be defined. This review analyzes randomized clinical trials of EGFR inhibition in NSCLC and meta-analyses of these trials, with a focus on patients with squamous histology.     

EGFR-TKI一线治疗EGFR基因突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌临床观察

背景与目的研究表明,一线表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptortyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的客观缓解率及无进展生存期明显优于铂二联的化疗,且耐受性更好。本研究旨在分析EGFR-TKI一线治疗晚期EGFR突变阳性的NSCLC患者的疗效与耐受性。方法 54例晚期NSCLC患者肿瘤标本采用直接测序法证实EGFR活化突变(外显子19缺失或外显子21点突变),一线给予EGFR-TKI口服治疗直至疾病进展,观察疗效及不良反应,并进行生存随访。结果 54例患者外显子19缺失33例(61%),外显子21点突变21例(39%)。均一线接受EGFR-TKI治疗,总体缓解率为90%,中位无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)为8.3个月,中位生存期为19.5个月;外显子19缺失患者的中位PFS(9.0个月)较21点突变(7.0个月)时间长(P=0.002)。外显子19缺失患者的中位总生存期(overall survival,OS)(25.0个月)较21点突变(16.0个月)时间长(P=0.001);吉非替尼与厄洛替尼疗效相当,但吉非替尼组安全性更好;最常见的不良事件为皮疹和腹泻,有2例患者(4%)出现了3度皮肤毒性反应,2例患者(4%)出现了3度的转氨酶升高,1例患者(1%)出现了3度口腔炎。结论存在EGFR基因突变的晚期NSCLC患者一线接受EGFR-TKI治疗安全有效,且外显子19缺失比L858R突变疗效更优。     

Overcoming resistance to first generation EGFR TKIs with cetuximab in combination with chemotherapy in an EGFR mutated advanced stage NSCLC patient

We report the case of a female never-smoking patient with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received multiple lines of treatment. When she evolved clinical resistance to first generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), she was treated with a fifth-line combination therapy with cetuximab and vinorelbine. This combination was highly active with a treatment response lasting for 9 months supporting the hypothesis that EGFR monoclonal antibodies in combination with chemotherapy may play a role in reversing EGFR-TKI resistance in EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC.