经眼上静脉入路行海绵窦栓塞的应用解剖学

目的：为经眼上静脉入路行海绵窦栓塞术，治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘提供解剖学依据。方法：成人头部标本２４个，解剖观测眼上静脉及其眶外属支的形态、长度及外径等。结果：①眼上静脉由眶上静脉支和内眦静脉交通支组成。眶上静脉支穿经眶上孔处外径为１．３ｍｍ。内眦静脉外径为１．４ｍｍ，距内眦６～８ｍｍ，其交通支外径为１．４ｍｍ；②眼上静脉在眶腔内分为三段，外径平均达２．１～２．５ｍｍ。结论：经眼上静脉眶外属支入路具有可行性。     

海绵窦的断层解剖及其临床意义

目的：为海绵窦的影像学诊断和外科学治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：利用颅脑连续断层标本,观察海绵窦在各断面上的位置、大小、形态、结构和毗邻。结果：海绵窦平均长21．1±3．2mm,宽87±0．7mm,外侧壁高14．7±3．3mm,内侧壁高16．4±1.3mm。颈内动脉和展神经位于海绵窦内,第Ⅲ～Ⅳ对脑神经位于海绵窦外侧壁内,这些神经与颈内动脉之间有恒定的位置关系。在颈内动脉的内侧、下方及外下方可出现静脉间隙,出现率分别为69％、43％和100％。海绵窦外侧壁硬脑膜可分为浅、深两层;浅层为形成颅中窝内侧壁的硬脑膜,深层构成脑神经Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ1和Ⅴ2的鞘及鞘之间的网状膜。结论：海绵窦静脉间隙和外侧壁脑膜结构的了解有助于影像学和显微外科学对海绵窦病变作出评价和手术切除。     

经颅海绵窦手术的显微外科解剖及临床应用

目的：研究额颞眶-颧弓入路中,海绵窦的不同切开方法对其显微结构的显露,为海绵窦病变的直接手术提供安全手术入路。方法：10例成人头颅标本,采用经额颞眶-颧弓开颅,在显微镜下对海绵窦的侧方硬膜外,侧方硬膜下,及上方入路进行解剖学观察。并对16例海绵窦病变手术治疗的临床资料进行分析。结果：外侧硬膜外入路可用于显露三叉神经第2、3支,三叉神经节,海绵窦内颈内动脉后垂直段,外展神经及岩骨颈内动脉水平段;侧方硬膜下入路可用于显露海绵窦外侧前下,后上静脉间隙,以及所有走行在海绵窦内的颅神经和海绵窦内颈内动脉水平段;上方入路可用于显露海绵窦内侧、外侧及后上间隙,海绵窦内ICA水平段、前膝、前垂直段及床突段的内侧面,以及垂体的外侧面。结论：依据海绵窦内病变的位置不同,在额颞眶--颧弓入路中采用不同的手术方法切开海绵窦,既可安全地显露病变,又可保护重要的神经和血管。     

海绵窦的断层解剖及其临床意义

目的：为海绵窦的影像学诊断和外科学治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：利用头颅连续断层标本,观察海绵窦在各断面上的位置、大小、形态、内部结构和毗邻。结果：海绵窦平均长２１．１±３．２ｍｍ,宽８．７±０．７ｍｍ,外侧壁高１４．７±３．３ｍｍ,内侧壁高１６．４±１．３ｍｍ。颈内动脉和展神经位于海绵窦壁内,脑神经Ⅲ～Ⅴ位于海绵窦外侧壁内,这些神经与颈内动脉之间有恒定的位置关系。在颈内动脉的内侧、下方及外下方可出现静脉间隙,出现率分别为６９％、４３％和１００％。海绵窦外侧壁硬脑膜可分为浅、深两层;浅层为形成颅中窝内侧壁的硬脑膜,深层构成脑神经Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ１和Ⅶ２的鞘及鞘之间的网状膜。结论：海绵窦静脉间隙和外侧壁脑膜结构的了解有助于影像学和显微外科学对海绵窦病变的评价和手术切除     

眶上裂区临床应用解剖研究进展

眶上裂区是眼眶与颅中窝沟通的重要通道,动眼神经、滑车神经、展神经、三叉神经第一支(眼神经)、眼上静脉、眼下静脉等诸多重要神经、血管从中穿行,并且与视神经、颈内动脉、海绵窦等结构关系密切.眶上裂区解剖对于颅底手术至关重要,手术时如损伤眶上裂区的神经、血管结构将导致严重的并发症.现就眶上裂区的大体、显微及内镜临床应用解剖作...     

视神经管及眶上裂区巨微解剖学研究

视神经管及眶上裂为颅眶沟通的２个重要骨性孔隙。视神经及眼动脉经视神经孔出入眶，而所有通过海绵窦的脑神经及眼静脉均经眶上裂出入眶。虽然关于海绵窦及眼眶的显微解剖学研究已报道许多［１～８］，但作为两者交通的视神经管及眶上裂区的系统显微解剖学研究却很少［９...     

动眼神经的应用解剖学

目的 :为颅底区手术提供与动眼神经相关的应用解剖学和补充国人体质学资料。材料和方法 :选用正常成人头颅标本 2 1例 (4 2侧 ) ,测量动眼神经的颅段、海绵窦段和眶上裂段的长度和外径 ,观测该神经在海绵窦内与周围结构的毗邻关系。结果 :动眼神经在后床突前外方 6.0± 1 .6mm处入海绵窦 ;在窦的中部 ,位于滑车神经内侧4.5± 2 .1mm。动眼神经在眶上裂内已分成上、下二支的占 86% ,在眶内分支的为 1 4%。结论 :在枕骨斜坡区、海绵窦上缘和蝶骨小翼外下方手术时 ,应特别注意辨认和保护动眼神经。     

床突间隙显微外科解剖及概念的探讨

目的为经床突间隙(CS)进行海绵窦、鞍内、颈内动脉及眼动脉等病变的直接手术提供解剖依据,进一步澄清CS的概念.方法用22例成人头颅标本,在手术显微镜下从翼点和额下入路对前床突及周围结构进行直接解剖、观察和测量.结果CS是磨除前床突后留下的一楔形空间,其顶边宽(2.39±0.18)mm(0.64～4.10 mm),底边宽(5.34±0.16)mm(2 .66～7.00 mm),上内侧边长(7.67±0.33)mm(4.02～14.32 mm),下内侧边长(11.21±0.4 9)mm(4.24～17.06 mm),下侧边长(10.00±0.32)mm(5.6～14.26 mm),底高(7.87±0.35) mm(5.12～16.38 mm),尖端空间完全被颈内动脉(ICA)床突段所占据.ICA的远硬膜环和近硬膜环都不完整,动脉壁外常有海绵窦静脉丛,术中剥离ICA床突段可引起静脉丛出血.结论ICA床突段血管壁外有海绵窦静脉丛,它是海绵窦内结构,所以手术松解ICA床突段最好只剥离其内侧缘的ICA 穴,并为术中暴露CS后的空间大小提供了客观指标.     

视神经减压术的显微外科解剖基础

目的为视神经减压术建立显微外科解剖基础.方法在26侧经防腐同定的尸头标本上,进行视神经管和眼动脉及其周边结构的观察和测量.结果视柱前端视神经管外膜与眶上裂硬膜融合变厚,形成凸向眶内的襞,厚度为(1.71±0.37)mm(1.14～2.38 mm).眼动脉有88.5%(23侧)于视神经管颅口底部内侧进入鞘膜,在襞前端内侧穿出入眶.视神经管外下壁与蝶窦外侧壁结合形成视神经-颈内动脉陷窝,长为(7.40±1.44)mm(5.60～10.10 mm).结论(1)视神经减压应在视神经鞘膜内上方切开;(2)眼动脉减压应在视神经鞘膜切开骨性视神经管全长的基础上再向眶内延长1.14～2.38 mm;(3)视神经-颈内动脉陷窝可作为视神经减压的解剖标志.     

Dorello管区的显微解剖和新概念

Dorello管区位于中线旁中、后颅凹底交界处。内含外展神经 ,上邻岩床后褶 (硬脑膜折叠形成的褶 )、小脑幕和三叉神经 ;前邻颈内动脉海绵窦段 ;后邻桥脑、延髓 ;内邻基底动脉和其分支 ;外下侧与面听神经、岩骨和其内的位听器官相邻 ,是手术治疗上最困难的区域之一 [1 - 3] 。然而 ,大型听神经瘤、岩骨内侧型和上斜坡脑膜瘤、三叉神经鞘瘤和向后侵袭的鞍区肿瘤如 :垂体腺瘤、颅咽管瘤和脊索瘤等许多肿瘤常常侵犯此区。一些颈动脉海绵窦瘘和海绵窦区的硬膜动静脉瘘也常以岩下窦和斜坡基底窦作为重要引流静脉。基底动脉干和两侧椎动脉汇合部附…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.