儿童直立不耐受的研究进展

直立不耐受（orthostatic intolerance,OI）是指因直立而发生的一系列症状,平卧后症状可以缓解。直立不耐受主要包括血管迷走性晕厥（vasovagal syncope,VVS）、体位性心动过速综合征（postural tachycardia syndrome,POTS）和自主神经功能障碍（dysautonomic orthostatic intolerance）等。近年来,罹患直立不耐受的儿童逐渐增多,现将近年来这一领域的研究进展综述如下。     

儿童直立不耐受的诊断及治疗

一、概述直立不耐受(orthostatic intole_rance,OI)系多因直立而发生的一系列临床症状,平卧后症状缓解。对于“直立不耐受”这个术语在临床中有时会有一些误解,有人认为只有在身体直立时才会出现心率及血压的异常,因而导致患者出现症状。事实上,这些异常表现通常出现在直立体位,但也可发生在其他体位[1]。OI通常分为急性OI和慢性OI。急性OI表现为晕厥,即因脑血流灌注减少引起的短暂意识及肌张力的丧失,不能维持站立体位。慢性OI的症状主要有:经常发生的头晕、疲乏、视物模糊、眼前发黑、心悸、胸闷等。大部分患儿同时伴有头痛、发抖、…     

直立不耐受儿童和青少年直立倾斜试验反应类型与多种维生素水平的关系

目的:探讨直立不耐受儿童和青少年直立倾斜试验(HUTT)反应类型与多种维生素水平的关系。方法:选取2018年11月至2019年4月因晕厥、头晕、头痛、胸闷等直立不耐受症状为主诉,在中南大学湘雅二医院儿童医学中心就诊的儿童和青少年65例[男35例,女30例,年龄5～14(10.5±2.0)岁],经病史询问、体格检查及必要...     

儿童直立不耐受与微观营养素和体质指数相关性研究进展

<正>直立不耐受(OI)是一组以自主神经系统调节障碍为主的临床综合征[1],通常指直立而发生的一系列症状,如晕厥、头晕、头痛、视物模糊、面色改变、心悸和恶心等,平卧后症状可以缓解。然而不是所有OI症状都发生于直立位[2]。OI主要包括血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)、体位性心动过速综合征(POTS)、直立性低血压(OH)及直立性高血压(OHT)4种临床亚型。现有研究表明,OI症状主要是由神经体液调节障碍所致[3],确切发病机制还未完全明了。流行病学研     

直立不耐受患儿晕厥发作的情况及相关因素研究

目的 探究直立不耐受患儿晕厥发作的情况及相关因素.方法 选择首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院儿科诊治的46例直立不耐受的患儿,探究直立不耐受患儿晕厥发作的情况及相关因素.结果 46例直立不耐受患儿发生晕厥发作的共18例,占39.13%,晕厥组患儿的体重指数为(16.49±2.96) kg/m2,明显低于非晕厥组,且晕厥组伴随冷汗、视物模糊、面色苍白症状明显多于非晕厥组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).通过相关影响因素Logistic分析,体重指数、持久站立、晕车晕船史是导致直立不耐受患儿出现晕厥发作的危险因素(P<0.05).结论 直立不耐受患儿晕厥发作率较高,且与体重指数、持久站立、晕车晕船史密切相关,临床医师要有根据性的给予预防措施.     

儿童体位性心动过速综合征的诊断与治疗

<正>体位性心动过速综合征(postural tachycardia syndrome,POTS)是指存在直立不耐受(OI)的症状,并且患者在直立或直立倾斜试验(HUTT)10min内的心率比卧位时增加≥     

直立不耐受患儿晕厥事件发生的危险因素分析

目的探讨直立不耐受患儿晕厥事件发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析136例确诊为直立不耐受患儿的临床资料,根据是否伴有晕厥事件发生分为晕厥组及非晕厥组进行分析和比较。结果 136例直立不耐受患儿中,晕厥组77例(56.62%),非晕厥组59例(43.38%);两组患儿的体质指数、诱因中持久站立比例、伴随症状中视物模糊/眼前发黑、冷汗和面色苍白比例、晕车史、两侧大脑中动脉收缩期及平均血流速度的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论体质指数偏低,持久站立为诱因,伴随视物模糊/眼前发黑、冷汗和面色苍白,有晕车史,大脑中动脉血流速度增快的直立不耐受患儿容易发生晕厥事件。     

儿童直立性低血压的诊断与治疗

<正>直立性低血压(orthostatic hypotension,OH)不是一个特殊的疾病,而是血压对突然站立时调节异常的表现,属儿童直立不耐受一系列表现之一,患病率约0.5%。美国神经     

直立不耐受患儿肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的变化及意义

在儿童自主神经介导性晕厥中,直立不耐受(OI)为最常见类型,因其不能耐受体位变化或长时间站立,故常在此类情况下发生头晕、头痛、黑矇,甚至突然晕倒等临床症状。OI虽无器质性损害,但严重影响患儿身心健康,对OI患儿予积极有效的治疗十分重要。目前对于OI虽有一定认识,但其发病机制尚不明了,多数学者认为与自主神经功能紊乱、神经...     

儿童连续动脉血压监测直立试验1例

直立试验是儿童直立不耐受鉴别诊断过程中重要的辅助检查,通过对平卧及直立10 min内的生理参数的观察,对诊断儿童直立性低血压或体位性心动过速有重要意义[1-4]。本院儿科于2010年7月对1例患儿进行了儿童连续动脉血压监测直立试验。现报告如下。     

Breastfeeding perceptions in communities in Mangochi district in Malawi

Aim: To investigate mothers’ perceptions of breastfeeding and influences from their social network. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was carried out in Mangochi district, Malawi where questionnaire data from 157 rural and 192 semi‐urban mother–infant pairs were obtained. Results: The proportion of mothers who thought that exclusive breastfeeding should last for 6 months and those who reported to have actually exclusively breastfed were 40.1% and 7.5% respectively. Of those who reported practising exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, 77.5% stated that exclusive breastfeeding should last for 6 months. This opinion was independently associated with giving birth in a Baby‐Friendly facility, OR = 5.22; 95% CI (1.92–14.16). Among the mothers who thought that exclusive breastfeeding should last for less than 6 months, 43.9% reported having been influenced in their opinion by health workers. Infant crying was the most common (62.4%) reason for stopping exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: The findings illustrate the positive impact health workers can have, as well as the need to raise awareness of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding among both health workers and mothers. Furthermore, continued counselling of mothers on how to deal with stressful infant behaviour such as crying may assist to prolong exclusive breastfeeding.     

胶原成分在儿童系膜增生性肾小球肾炎中的变化

目的观察系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（ＭｓＰＧＮ）系膜区胶原成分的变化。方法应用链菌素亲生物素过氧化酶连接法观察了３０例轻度ＭｓＰＧＮ肾穿刺活组织标本和正常的肾小球系膜区Ⅳ型胶原及其α链（α１、α３、α５链）、Ⅵ型胶原及Ⅰ型胶原的变化。结果（１）正常肾脏组织中，Ⅳ型胶原及其α１（Ⅳ）链分布于系膜区和基底膜，α３（Ⅳ）、α５（Ⅳ）链分布于基底膜，Ⅵ型胶原分布于系膜区、肾小球基底膜和间质，Ⅰ型胶原仅分布于肾间质。（２）在轻度ＭｓＰＧＮ时，系膜区内Ⅳ型胶原及其α１链、Ⅵ型胶原含量较正常对照明显增多（Ｐ＜０．０１）；当系膜区系膜细胞超过４个时，Ⅰ型胶原开始在肾小球内出现，且在硬化肾小球内Ⅰ型胶原均呈阳性；α３（Ⅳ）、α５（Ⅳ）链与正常对照比较无明显变化，硬化肾小球α３（Ⅳ）、α５（Ⅳ）染色呈阳性。结论系膜区胶原成分增多可先于系膜细胞增生，并随系膜细胞增生而增多，间质胶原成分Ⅰ型胶原，不但出现于硬化肾小球内，而且出现于系膜细胞增生较重时     

Achalasia in siblings in infancy

Achalasia is rare in children, more so familial. We report two siblings with familial achalasia who presented in their infancy with vomiting and failure to thrive. Achalasia can be misdiagnosed as upper gastrointestinal obstruction as happened in one of our siblings. Esophageal contrast roentgenography is diagnostic. Both the children were treated successfully by transabdominal esophagomyotomy with fundoplication.     

哮喘大鼠气道重塑中尾加压素-的表达变化

目的：研究哮喘大鼠气道重塑血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中尾加压素 Ⅱ（U-II）含量的变化及其作用。方法：32只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为正常对照组、哮喘2周组、哮喘4周组和哮喘8周组,每组8只。以卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏与激发建立哮喘大鼠气道重塑模型,图像分析技术测量大鼠支气管壁总面积和平滑肌面积,计算单位基底膜周径(Pbm)的支气管壁厚度(Wat)和平滑肌厚度(Wam),ELISA法测定血清和BALF中U-II的含量。结果：哮喘各组Wat及Wam均明显高于正常对照组（P<0.01）;哮喘组血清和BALF中U-II含量均显著高于正常对照组（P<0.01）,其中哮喘8周组血清和BALF中U-II含量显著高于哮喘4周组和哮喘2周组（P<0.01）,哮喘4周组也显著高于哮喘2周组（P<0.01）。各组大鼠BALF中的U-II含量与Wat及Wam呈正相关,BALF与血清中U-II含量亦呈正相关。结论：哮喘大鼠气道重塑血清和BALF中U-II含量增加;且U-II含量的变化与气道重塑相关。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（4）：287-289］     

Cardiomyopathy in children in Ahmedabad

A clinical study and follow up of 20 children with cardiomyopathies upto age of 16 years are presented. The DCM was most common variety followed by RCM and HCM in pediatric age group. SHMD presenting with cardiomyopathy were common in infancy and early childhood. Cardiomyopathies presented most frequently between 2–5 years and 10–16 years age group with DCM having almost equal distribution. Clinical presentation of various types is described, despite of vigorous decongestive and vasodilator treatment in advanced cases, course was rapidly downhill and prognosis is poor in general.     

转流术治疗小儿精索静脉曲张

目的 采用转流术治疗小儿精索静脉曲张，重新建立精索静脉通道，使静脉回流受阻立即得到改善，消除因睾丸淤血而造成的损害，以利睾丸的正常发育。方法 对28例30侧(左侧26例，双侧2例)精索静脉曲张与腹壁下静脉进行吻合，通过腹壁下静脉，髂静脉转流，手术在放大镜下应用显微外科技术进行，其中28侧用精索静脉主干，2侧结扎一条属支，用另一条静脉进行吻合。结果 通畅率为100％。术后扩张迂曲静脉团消失，阴囊下坠感消失。术后随访24例，时间为3个月-10年。除1例二次手术证实为一条静脉属支漏扎而复发外，另23例全部治愈。结论 精索静脉曲张转流术效果明显优于结扎术，可减少因睾丸淤血对其造成的进一步损害，且术后复发率低。     

北京地区2007年儿童A群轮状病毒腹泻的流行病学研究

目的 研究北京地区急性腹泻儿童中A群轮状病毒(RV)感染的流行病学特点.方法 收集2007年4月至12月我院肠道门诊就诊的2039例急性腹泻患儿的粪便标本,采用标记金的A群RV单克隆抗体,以免疫层析双抗体夹心法定性检测A群RV抗原.结果 2039份粪便标本中,621份检测到A群RV,总检出率为30.5%(621/2039),其中男430例(69.2%),女191例(30.8%).RV感染者中,以6个月～2岁年龄段的患儿为最多,共571例(91.9%).检出率以10～12月份最高,均在30%以上,其中高峰出现在11月份,达43.4%.北京地区18个区县的统计数据显示,距市区较近的区县RV抗原检出率较低,边远区县较高.少部分患儿合并肠道细菌感染.结论 A群RV为北京地区2岁以下儿童急性腹泻病的主病原,6个月～2岁婴幼儿是A群RV的易感人群,10～12月份为北京地区的流行高峰.在流行季节对肠道细菌感染患儿常规进行A群RV抗原检测有助于避免漏诊和进行更合理的治疗.     

Poisoning in children in Japan

The Japan Poison Information Centre (JPIC) received 31510 inquiries about poisoning in children under 6 years old being exposed to poison in the fiscal year 1995. The most frequently implicated products were tobacco (20%) and the peak age for ingestion of household products was 1 year and younger (83.3%). Especially, the inquiries related to children less than 1 year old were 35.7% of the cases. In contrast, the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) data showed that the most common poisonings were due to pharmaceutical products and the inquiries related to children less than 1 year old were only 12.1%. The objective of this report was to find out the poison exposure in children in Japan and to compare the data with that of AAPCC.     

Cocaine use in pregnancy in Amsterdam

To study the effects of cocaine use in pregnancy in Amsterdam, clinical data on cocaine-using pregnant women ( n = 21) and their offspring ( n = 23) were obtained retrospectively (1987–1994) at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam. Infants exposed to cocaine had a median gestational age of 39 weeks and a median birth weight of 3090 g. There were six preterm infants, two small-for-gestational-age infants and five infants with a small head circumference. Three infants had a congenital malformation. One infant (Potter's syndrome) died shortly before birth. One infant had congenital syphilis, four had intracerebral abnormalities on ultrasound and four had abnormal neurologic symptoms in the neonatal period. One infant died after 21 days of life. At follow-up four infants showed abnormal development. In 12 of the 23 infants (52%), one or more possible effects of cocaine were found.