血清PSA密度在前列腺活检中的意义

目的 探讨血清ＰＳＡ密度（ＰＳＡＤ）在前列腺活检中的意义。方法 对１７３例血清ＰＳＡ升高，有阳性直肠指诊或异常直肠Ｂ超发现者，进行了前列腺活检。对血清ＰＳＡＤ与前列腺活检的关系进行分析。结果 １７３例活检的前列腺肿瘤阳性率为５０．３％（８７／１７３），其中前列腺癌８４例，肉瘤２例，移行细胞癌１例，当血清ＰＳＡ为４～２０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，ＰＳＡＤ〈０．１５时，其敏感性和特异性分别为１００．０％和０．０％；     

骨髓瘤标与前列腺癌骨转移

为探讨骨髓ＰＳＡ和ＰＡＰ与前列腺癌骨转移的关系，对３１例前列腺癌患者，按同位素骨扫描结果，分为阴性组（１２例）和阳性组（１９例），分别检测骨髓及血清中ＰＳＡ和ＰＡＰ值。结果：两组骨髓ＰＳＡ值、ＰＳＰ值（Ｐ＜００５）差异有显著性，骨扫描阳性组各值高于阴性组。若以骨髓／血清ＰＳＡ比值０７０作阳性参考值，则预测前列腺癌骨转移的敏感性为８９５％，特异性为８３３％，提示骨髓ＰＳＡ、ＰＡＰ与前列腺癌骨转移密切相关，骨髓／血清ＰＳＡ比值可作为骨转移的诊断指标之一。     

PSA诊断前列腺癌骨转移的临床价值

目的 探讨ＰＳＡ诊断前列腺癌骨转移的临床价值。方法 以同位素全身骨扫描为金标准,回顾性分析了放免法测定的５７例前列腺骨转移患者和１４例非骨转移患者血清ＰＳＡ水平与骨转移的关系,结果 ＰＳＡ〈２０μｇ／Ｌ者骨转移的发生率极低,ＰＳＡ≥２０μｇ／Ｌ者有骨转移可能;ＰＳＡ≥４０μｇ／Ｌ者骨转移的要能性极大,结论 对于新诊断而未治疗的前列腺癌患者,ＰＳＡ〈２０μｇ／Ｌ者密切随访ＰＳＡ;ＰＳＡ≥２０μｇ／Ｌ     

血清前列腺特异性抗原与碱性磷酸酶测定在判断前列腺癌骨转移中的价值

目的:探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平与前列腺癌骨转移的关系。方法:回顾性分析96例前列腺癌患者的临床资料(其中29例伴有骨转移,67例不伴有骨转移)及患者血清PSA、ALP水平和骨扫描情况。结果:骨扫描阳性患者的血清PSA和ALP平均浓度均明显高于骨扫描阴性者(P<0.01)。PSA>20μg/L时骨扫描的阳性率明显高于PSA<20μg/L时骨扫描的阳性率(P<0.01)。ALP>90 U/L时骨扫描的阳性率明显高于ALP<90 U/L时骨扫描的阳性率(P<0.01)。结论:伴有骨转移的前列腺癌患者血清PSA和ALP水平均明显高于无骨转移者。当血清PSA>20μg/L和(或)ALP>90 U/L时应行骨扫描检查。     

血清PSA、f-PSAR与前列腺重量相关性研究

目的：探讨前列腺增生症（ＢＰＨ）人群中前列腺重量（ＰＷ）与血清前列划抗原（ＰＳＡ）、血清液离前腺特异抗原百分率（ｆ－ＰＳＡＲ）的相关性,方法：术前测定１４６例ＢＰＨ患者血清ＰＳＡ〈其中５１例测定了血清游离前列腺特异抗原值,对血清ＰＳＡ〉１０μｇ／Ｌ患者行前列腺穿刺活检以排除前列腺癌,术后对前列腺手术标本进行称重,并按〈２５ｇ,２５￣５０ｇ、５１￣７５ｇ、〉７５ｇ分为４组,均经病理证实为ＢＰＨ,对忾     

前列腺增生术后前列腺癌9例报告

目的:探讨BPH切除术后前列腺癌的临床特点。方法:报告9例BPH切除术后前列腺癌患者的临床资料。前列腺癌发病距BPH手术时间为0.5~8年,平均4.6年。患者BPH术后主要因尿频、排尿困难、肉眼血尿或骨痛而再次就诊。血清PSA异常8例,前列腺结节5例,同位素扫描(ECT)骨转移1例。9例均行最大限度雄激素阻断治疗,1例骨痛者行辅助放疗。结果:7例获随访0.5~8年,其中死亡2例,病变稳定4例,病变进展1例。结论:BPH切除术后的病例仍有发生前列腺癌可能,术后应定期随访,及早发现术后前列腺癌。血清PSA、直肠指检及前列腺穿刺活检是BPH术后前列腺癌诊断的主要方法;早期可行前列腺癌根治术,晚期或转移者则以内分泌治疗为主。     

PSAD对筛选TRUS引导前列腺活检病例的价值

自1996年6月至1999年6月,我们对211例怀疑前列腺病变患者实施经直肠超声(ＴＲＵＳ)引导前列腺组织活检,并将血清ＰＳＡ及不同ＰＳＡＤ界值对前列腺癌的诊断指标进行了比较,以探讨ＰＳＡＤ对前列腺病变的鉴别诊断意义及筛选前列腺活检病例的价值。报告如下。材料和方法　本组211例,年龄30～89岁,平均68.3岁。病例选择标准为血清ＰＳＡ水平、ＤＲＥ及经直肠超声(ＴＲＵＳ)三项检查中有一项以上异常者,或原发部位不明的转移癌患者。在7.0ＭＨｚ腔内超声探头引导下,以18Ｇ枪式活检针行前列腺六区(双侧底部、尖部及内腺)组织活检。前列腺体积由超…     

前列腺体积对前列腺特异抗原的影响

目的：研究前列腺特异怕（ＰＳＡ）与前列腺增生腺体体积的关系及其在前列腺癌（ＰＣａ）诊断中的价值。方法：７５例前列腺增生症（ＢＰＨ）患者根据其ＰＳＡ〉或≤４μｇ／Ｌ分为两组,另有２５例ＰＣａ患者,术后用放射免疫法测定血清ＰＳＡ《所有患者经Ｂ超测出前列腺体积,用ｔ检验和相关分析研究各组间的差异及相关性。结果：ＰＳＡ〉４μｇ／Ｌ的ＢＰＨ较之ＰＳＡ≤４μｇ／Ｌ者,腺体体积显著增大且ＰＳＡ和ＰＳＡ密度（ＰＳ     

血清游离前列腺特异性抗原在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

为了明确血清游离前列腺特异性抗原（ｆＰＳＡ）与总ＰＳＡ（ｔＰＳＡ）在鉴别前列腺增生和前列腺癌中的作用，作者进行一项前瞻性研究。对６９例年龄５７～８６岁（平均年龄６８岁），ＰＳＡ大于４μｇ／Ｌ和（或）直肠指诊阳性的患者进行前列腺活检并于活检前检查血清ｆ...     

前列腺特异性抗原普查在诊断前列腺癌中的作用

目的 了解血清叫前列腺特异抗原（Ｔ－ＰＳＡ）、游离ＰＳＡ（Ｆ－ＰＳＡ）、ＰＳＡ密度（ＰＳＡＤ）在诊断前列腺癌中的作用。方法 门诊检查４０岁以上男性病人共３２４例，活检筛查出前列腺癌９例（２．８％），将病人分组进行比较。结果 前列腺癌组Ｔ－ＰＳＡ、Ｆ－ＰＳＡ和ＰＳＡＤ高于前列腺增生和其他疾病组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。血清Ｔ－ＰＳＡ〈４ｎｇ／ｍｌ、４～１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ、〉１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ者发现前列腺癌的比例分别     

Screening for prostate cancer using prostate-specific antigen testing in Japanese men on hemodialysis

Objectives The objectives of this study were to evaluate the usefulness of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in detecting prostate cancer in Japanese men on hemodialysis, and to analyze features of prostate cancer detected in these patients. Materials and methods This study included 115 male hemodialysis patients aged >55 years who agreed to the measurement of serum PSA value (group A) and 7529 men aged >55 years participating in a PSA mass screening test in Kobe City (group B) between April 2005 and March 2006. Prostate biopsy was recommended in men with serum PSA > 4.0 ng/ml in both groups. Seventy-eight patients with normal renal function aged >55 years diagnosed as having prostate cancer during the same time period as groups A and B were also included as a comparison group (group C). Results There was no significant difference in the distribution of serum PSA values between groups A and B. Prostate biopsy was performed in 8 and 205 men in groups A and B, respectively, and prostate cancer was detected in 5 and 68 in groups A and B, respectively; that is, there was no significant difference in the rate of positive prostate biopsy between these two groups (group A, 62.5%; group B, 33.2%), while the cancer detection rate in group A (4.3%) was significantly greater than that in group B (0.90%). In addition, there was no evident metastasis in five patients on hemodialysis who were diagnosed as having prostate cancer, and their serum PSA, clinical T stage and biopsy Gleason score were similar to those in group C. However, the percent of positive biopsy cores in these five was significantly greater than that in group C. All five were treated by maximal androgen blockade therapy, and all are currently alive without emergence of hormone-refractory diseases. Conclusions These findings indicate that hemodialysis patients may have an increased risk of prostate cancer, and that prostate cancer detected in such patients tends to be relatively advanced. Therefore, it would be recommended for hemodialysis patients to undergo PSA testing to screen for prostate cancer.     

Metastases to the penis from carcinoma of the prostate

A 58-year-old man presented with dysuria at the Osaka Medical College Hospital in November 1996. Laboratory examination revealed elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to > 100 ng/mL. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with metastasis to the bone was diagnosed after a biopsy of the prostate and bone scintigraphy; hormonal therapy was administered. Although bone metastasis was well controlled and the serum PSA level declined to within normal levels (2.0 ng/mL), several painless nodules were found on the penile glans. Biopsy of the nodules showed that the penile tumor was a metastasis from the prostate cancer. The patient underwent partial penectomy for relief from penile pain. The serum PSA level showed no elevation 3 months after the partial penectomy, suggesting that careful observation of prostate cancer patients is necessary, even when oseous metastasis is well controlled and serum PSA levels are kept within normal ranges by hormonal therapy. The case also indicates that urologists should consider the possibility of metastasis to the penis from prostate cancer.     

前列腺癌分期方法的临床评价

目的 :探讨临床参数对前列腺癌分期的临床意义。　方法 :通过病理诊断、MRI检查及全身骨扫描对 112例经前列腺活检病理证实的前列腺癌进行分期 ,结合血清前列腺特异抗原 (PSA)、穿刺后Gleason评分、穿刺阳性针数百分率评价其临床意义。　结果 :112例前列腺癌中 ,血清PSA、Gleason评分、穿刺阳性针数百分率对前列腺癌分期有显著相关性 (r=0 .6 98,r=0 .6 74 ,r=0 .6 71,P均 <0 .0 0 1) ,但对B期和C期前列腺癌的诊断差异无显著性 (χ2=2 .6 75 ,P =0 .0 96 ;χ2 =0 .70 4 ,P =0 .4 0 1) ,血清PSA较Gleason评分和穿刺阳性针数百分率对D期的诊断差异有显著性 (χ2 =5 .135 ,P =0 .0 2 3;χ2 =4 .5 93,P =0 .0 32 )。血清PSA、Gleason评分和穿刺阳性针数百分率的敏感性分别为 76 .7%、83.3%和 77.8% ,特异性为 5 0 %、77.3%和 5 4 .5 % ,准确性为 71.4 %、82 .1%和 73.2 %。　结论 :血清PSA、Gleason评分、穿刺阳性针数百分率可预测前列腺癌的分期 ,穿刺后Gleason评分对前列腺癌分期的预测较血清PSA和穿刺阳性针数百分率更准确。血清PSA对远处转移性前列腺癌的预测更有意义     

A case of prostate cancer diagnosed pathologically by bone metastatic site biopsy

A 61-year-old man consulted our hospital complaining of high prostate specific antigen (PSA) value and difficulty to urinate. Prostate biopsy had been performed at another hospital, but did not reveal cancer. PSA was 18.5 ng/ml. Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy was performed, but cancer was not detected. Later, PSA rose rapidly, and findings suggesting bone metastasis at right pubic bone and left sacro-ilial joint were found on computed tomography (CT), bone scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A repeat prostate biopsy was performed, but cancer was not detected from the prostate. On right pubic bone biopsy, poorly to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma was detected. PSA immunohistochemical staining was positive, and the diagnosis was bone metastasis from prostate cancer. After endocrine therapy was started, PSA declined and bone metastasis disappeared on bone scintigraphy.     

Estimation of prostate cancer risk on the basis of total and free prostate-specific antigen,prostate volume and digital rectal examination

Background and Objective: Approximately 70% of the men with an elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) identified in prostate cancer screening do not have prostate cancer. Other available diagnostic variables may be utilized to reduce the number of false positive PSA results, but few algorithms for calculation of the combined impact of multiple variables are available. The objective of this study was to establish nomograms showing the probability of detecting prostate cancer at biopsy on the basis of total PSA, and the percentage of free PSA in serum, prostate volume and digital rectal examination (DRE) findings.Methods: In a randomized, population-based prostate cancer screening trial 10 284 men aged 55–67 years were screened during 1996 and 1997 in two metropolitan areas in Finland. Results for men (n=758) with a serum PSA of 4–20 μg/l were used to establish the risk nomograms. Of these 200 (26%) had prostate cancer at biopsy.Results: Prostate cancer probability depended most strongly on the percentage of free PSA. Total PSA, prostate volume, and DRE also contributed to prostate cancer probability, whereas age and family history of prostate cancer did not. More false positive PSA results could be eliminated by using the multivariate risk model rather than the percentage of free PSA (p<0.001) or PSA density (p=0.003) alone.Conclusions: Wide variation in probability of detecting prostate cancer among screened men with a serum PSA of 4–20 μg/l was observed. The nomograms established can be used to avoid or defer biopsy in men with a low prostate cancer probability in spite of a serum PSA level exceeding 4 μg/l.     

USEFULNESS OF DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION, SERUM PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, TRANSRECTAL ULTRAS ONOGRAPHY AND SYSTEMATIC PROSTATE BIOPSY FOR THE DETECTION OF ORGAN-CONFINED PROSTATE CANCER

The detection rate of organ-confined prostate cancer by digital rectal examination (DRE), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) of the prostate, as well as the value of a directed, guided transrectal core biopsy for the prostate (TRUS-guided biopsy) combined with systematic biopsy, were evaluated. The subjects were 171 patients with urinary symptoms suggestive of prostatic disease excluding those with clinical stage C and D prostate cancer. Twenty-five patients (14.6%) had prostate cancer, 127 (74.2%) had benign prostate hypertrophy, four (2.3%) had prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, eleven (6.4%) had inflammation, and four (2.3%) had normal prostate tissue. The incidence of detection of hypoechoic findings by TRUS in the patients in whom nodules were detected by DRE or who had elevated serum PSA was higher than that in patients with negative diagnostic findings. In 22 of the 25 patients with prostate cancer, the cancer was detected by recognition of a hypoechoic area on TRUS. In 10 of these 22 patients, prostate cancer was also detected by systematic biopsy in isoechoic areas. Prostate cancer was detected by systematic biopsy in three patients without hypoechoic findings. The positive predictive value for patients with abnormal findings on all three tests was 64.3%, which is significantly higher than that for patients with any other combination of findings (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that the combination of DRE, serum PSA and TRUS is useful for the detection of organ-confined prostate cancer, and that TRUS and TRUS-guided prostate biopsy combined with systematic biopsy should be performed in patients with abnormal findings for both DRE and PSA. Our results also demonstrate that systematic biopsy is useful for the detention of prostate cancer from the isoechoic area visualized by TRUS.     

前列腺特异性抗原升高的组织病理学基础

目的 探讨前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)与前列腺结节增生、Ⅳ型前列腺炎及前列腺癌之间的关系,探讨PSA升高的病理学基础.方法 有完整临床病理资料的前列腺疾病504例患者,均无前列腺癌和穿刺活检史,均行PSA、全身骨扫描、MRI和前列腺穿刺活检.直肠B超引导下以18G自动穿刺活检枪行双侧叶6-13点法前列腺穿刺活检.对患者穿刺的病理标本按前列腺结节增生、前列腺癌以及Ⅳ型前列腺炎病理诊断标准进行评价.结果 504例患者经病理证实前列腺癌185例(37%),Ⅳ型前列腺炎109例(21%),前列腺增生210例(42%).3组总PSA(t-PSA)分别为27.6(0.4～7116)、10.6(0.2～168)和9.2(0.3～60)ng/ml,3组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);f-PSA分别为3.5(0.1～3356)、1.7(0.1～42)和1.5(0.06～15.8)ng/ml,3组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);f/t-PSA分别为0.14(0＜0.94)、0.17(0.04～0.91)和0.16(0.02～0.75).3组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.019);3组间年龄、B超、直肠指诊结果比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).前列腺癌分级与f-PSA(r=0.33,P＜0.001)、t-PSA(r=0.27,P＜0.001),f/t-PSA(r=0.22,P=0.003)具有显著相关性;多元线性回归分析发现前列腺癌分级与f-PSA(t=-2.34,P=0.02),t-PSA(t=2.77,P=0.006),f/t-PSA(t=3.97,P＜0.001)具有显著相关性.前列腺癌临床分期间f-PSA和t-PSA差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).210例前列腺增生患者若按腺体增生为主和间质增生为主2类比较,t-PSA和f-PSA差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).多元线性回归分析发现t-PSA足前列腺增生病理结节类型最相关的指标,t-PSA≥2.5 ng/ml,确定腺体增生为主型前列腺增生的敏感性为96%,特异性为20%(P＜0.05).Ⅳ型前列腺炎109例和前列腺增生210例,2组间比较f-PSA,t-PSA,f/t-PSA差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).通过ROC曲线确定前列腺癌敏感指标的界值:f-PSA≥0.85 ng/ml,t-PSA≥4 ng/ml和f/t-PSA≤0.16(P＜0.05).结论 血清PSA升高的病理基础为任何破坏前列腺上皮血屏障的病变;任何形成前列腺上皮增生,分泌更多PSA的病变;其中以破坏前列腺上皮血屏障最重要.     

Predictors of prostate cancer on repeat transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic prostate biopsy

BACKGROUND: We analyzed the outcome of repeated transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided systematic prostate biopsy in Japanese men whose clinical findings were suspected of prostate cancer after previous negative biopsies. METHODS: Between January 1993 and March 2002, 1045 patients underwent TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. Among them, 104 patients underwent repeat biopsy due to indications of persistent elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) or TRUS, increased PSA velocity, and/or previous suspicious biopsy findings. Several clinicopathological factors were evaluated for their ability to predict the detection of prostate cancer on repeat biopsy. RESULTS: Prostate cancer was detected in 22 of 104 patients (21.2%) who underwent repeat biopsies. PSA concentration and PSA density at both the initial and repeat biopsies, and PSA velocity in men with positive repeat biopsy were significantly greater than those in men with negative repeat biopsy. The incidence of abnormal findings in DRE and TRUS at initial biopsy in men with positive repeat biopsy was also significantly higher than that in men with negative repeat biopsy. However, neither the presence of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia nor number of biopsy cores at initial biopsy had a significant association with the results of the repeat biopsy. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that PSA and PSA density at both the initial and repeat biopsies, PSA velocity, and DRE and TRUS findings at initial biopsy were independent predictors of malignant disease on repeat biopsy. CONCLUSION: Despite an initial negative biopsy, repeat TRUS-guided biopsy should be carried out to exclude prostate cancer in cases of suspicious clinical findings, such as elevated PSA or PSA-related parameters, or abnormal findings of DRE or TRUS.     

The clinical potential of pretreatment serum testosterone level to improve the efficiency of prostate cancer screening

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical value of the pretreatment serum testosterone (T) level as a potential predictor of prostate cancer risk in screening for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 420 patients suspected of having prostate cancer who underwent prostate biopsy, and whose pretreatment T levels were recorded. We checked for association between the presence of prostate cancer and the following clinical factors: pretreatment serum T level, age, pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, digital rectal examination findings, ratio of free to total PSA, prostate volume, and PSA density (PSAD). RESULTS: Overall, there was no significant difference in mean pretreatment T level between patients diagnosed with cancer (3.9+/-2.4 ng/ml) and patients diagnosed with benign prostate disease (BPD; 3.7+/-1.7 ng/ml); diagnosis was based on prostate biopsy. However, among patients with PSA <10 ng/ml, the pretreatment T level was significantly higher in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (4.2+/-2.6 ng/ml) than in patients diagnosed with BPD (3.6+/-1.4 ng/ml) (p=0.007); a similar trend was observed among patients with PSAD <0.15 ng/ml/cc. Multivariate analysis indicated that pretreatment T level was an independent significant predictor of positive prostate biopsy (p=0.020). Additionally, the serum T level was significantly lower in patients with a Gleason score >or=7 (3.7+/-2.1 ng/ml) versus a score <7 (4.2+/-1.7 ng/ml) (p=0.030). Also, serum T levels were significantly higher in well-differentiated prostate cancer (4.8+/-2.1 ng/ml) versus moderately differentiated (3.8+/-1.3 ng/ml) or poorly differentiated (3.7+/-1.4 ng/ml) (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Among relatively low-risk patients, serum T level was an independent significant predictor of positive prostate biopsy, suggesting that the efficiency of prostate cancer screening can be improved by including measurement of serum T level.