慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）患者下呼吸道感染中的细菌分布特点及耐药情况.方法 对我院2011年6月～2012年12月住院的152例AECOPD患者进行痰细菌培养、细菌药物敏感试验,根据肺功能第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比（FEV1％pred）,将患者分为3组：Ⅰ组：（50％≤FEV1＜ 80％ pred）、Ⅱ组：（30％≤FEV1＜50％pred）、Ⅲ组：FEV1＜30％ pred;同时根据痰培养结果将感染细菌分为A（G＋菌）、B（除C以外的G-菌）、C（不动杆菌、肠杆菌及假单胞菌）、D（痰菌阴性）4类,比较3组患者痰细菌学分布特点及耐药情况.结果 152患者中70例患者痰培养阳性,阳性率46.1％,共分离出细菌84株,其中革兰氏阳性菌肺炎链球菌22株（26.2％）,金黄色葡萄6株（7.1％）,表皮葡萄球菌4株（4.8％）;革兰阴性菌铜绿假单胞菌10株（11.9％）,大肠埃希菌6株（7..1％）,肺炎克雷伯杆菌6株（7.1％）,部分致病菌呈多重耐药.Ⅰ组患者以痰菌阴性为主,Ⅲ组患者以耐药的A类菌及C类菌为主,各组患者细菌学分布差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 AECOPD患者感染细菌种类以G-杆菌为主,耐药率高,感染细菌种类与COPD严重程度有密切关系,肺功能越差,耐药的G＋球菌、肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌分离率越高.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期痰细菌学与肺功能关系的探讨

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期痰细菌学状况以及细菌感染与肺功能损害的关系。方法对2002年1月-2005年12月128例COPD急性加重病例进行回顾性分析。结果细菌培养结果：假单胞菌13例（10.16%）,肺炎链球菌7例（5.47%）,肠杆菌10例（7.81%）,不动杆菌10例（7.81%）,肺炎克雷伯杆菌7例（5.47%）,葡萄球菌6例（4.69%）,其他细菌8例（6.25%）和无菌生长67例（52.34%）。痰培养阳性者61例,阳性率为47.66%。FEV1占预计值百分比（FEV1%）〈50%时假单胞菌和肠杆菌出现的机会比FEV1%≥50%时多,FEV1%〈50%与假单胞菌和肠杆菌感染有高度相关性（P〈0.05）,其优势比（OR）分别为12.60和9.20。结论引起COPD急性加重的常见细菌为假单胞菌、肠杆菌、不动杆菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌等革兰氏阴性杆菌和肺炎链球及葡萄球菌等革兰氏阳性菌。随着COPD患者肺功能的降低,特别在FEV1%〈50%时,发生急性加重时痰菌以假单胞菌和肠杆菌最常见。FEV1%≥50%时痰培养诊断率较低,大多数无菌生长。     

COPD急性加重期痰病原学与肺功能关系的研究

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者的痰病原学特点及其与肺功能的关系,为经验性选择抗菌素提供依据。方法:对60例AECOPD患者行肺功能测定,痰细菌半定量培养和药物敏感试验。根据肺功能第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%pred),将患者分为三组:Ⅰ组(50%≤FEV1<80%pred)、Ⅱ组(30%≤FEV1<50%pred)和Ⅲ组(FEV1<30%pred);同时根据痰培养结果将感染细菌分为A(G+菌)、B(除C类以外的G-菌)、C(不动杆菌、肠杆菌及假单胞菌)、D(真菌)、E(痰菌阴性)四类。分析三组患者肺功能损伤程度与感染细菌种类之间的关系。结果:(1)60例行痰半定量培养结果阳性者21例,阳性率为35%,其中阳性球菌8例(13.33%),包括肺炎链球菌6例,草绿色链球菌2例;阴性杆菌11例(18.33%),包括肺炎克雷伯杆菌6例,大肠埃希菌2例,阴沟肠杆菌1例,铜绿假单孢菌2例;真菌2例(3.33%),包括烟曲霉菌和白色念珠菌各1例。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组患者以A类菌及B类菌为主,Ⅲ组患者以C类菌及D类菌为主。(2)大部分B、C类菌对氨苄西林的耐药率高,而对碳氢霉烯类、氨基糖甙类及β-内酰胺/β-内酰胺类酶抑制剂抗生素敏感。结论:住院治疗的AECOPD患者感染细菌种类与肺功能损害的严重程度密切相关,肺功能损害越严重,耐药肠杆菌及假单胞菌分离率越高,真菌感染的可能性也增加。     

急性加重期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的 细菌学构成及其与肺功能的关系

目的 探讨急性加重期慢性阻塞性肺疾病（acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AECOPD）患者的细菌学构成及其与肺功能的关系。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年12月海南医学院第二附属医院呼吸内科收治的356例AECOPD患者的临床资料,统计痰培养、肺功能结果,根据肺功能分级分成Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级,分析细菌学与肺功能的相关性。结果 356例AECOPD患者中培养出细菌133株：鲍曼不动杆菌32株、铜绿假单胞菌31株、肺炎克雷伯杆菌25株、肺炎链球菌11株、金黄色葡萄球菌2株。肺功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者痰培养细菌阳性率分别为20.93%、35.14%、42.62%。肺功能Ⅳ级患者革兰阴性菌的感染率较Ⅱ级高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,革兰阳性菌与肺功能差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 AECOPD患者的痰细菌学培养主要是革兰阴性菌,依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌,还有少量革兰阳性菌。AECOPD患者肺功能越差越容易感染致病菌,肺功能Ⅳ级患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌概率更高。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者病原学及耐药分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期患者病原学及其耐药性特点。方法将我院收治的COPD急性加重期患者128例进行肺功能测定、痰细菌培养、细菌药物敏感试验,根据肺功能将患者分为Ⅰ组（FEV1≥50%预测值）、Ⅱ组（30%预测值〈FEV1〈50%预测值）、Ⅲ组（FEV1≤30%预测值）,分析不同肺功能患者病原学特点和细菌耐药性。结果 128例患者中痰菌定量培养阳性患者96例,阳性率为75.0%,共培养阳性菌105株,其中,革兰阴性菌：铜绿假单胞菌28株（26.7%）,大肠埃希菌24株（22.9%）,鲍氏不动杆菌15株（14.3%）;革兰阳性菌：金黄色葡萄球菌11株（10.5%）,表皮葡萄球菌5株（4.8%）,肺炎链球菌5株（4.8%）;另外白假丝酵母菌7株（6.7%）。部分致病菌呈多重耐药。Ⅰ组患者以痰培养阴性为主,Ⅲ组患者以革兰阳性菌、不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌及铜绿假单胞菌为主,各组患者病原学分布差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者细菌感染种类与患者肺功能有一定关系,患者肺功能越差,耐药菌分离率越高,对该类患者应进行细菌培养和药敏试验,应用敏感抗生素治疗。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期病原学研究

目的观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重（AECOPD）患者下呼吸道细菌、真菌和病毒的感染情况。方法对32例AECOPD患者进行诱导痰的细菌、真菌培养,以痰中的下呼吸道病原菌浓度≥10^7CFU／ml作为诊断AECOPD病原菌感染的标准;同时应用间接免疫荧光法和细胞培养病毒分离法检测呼吸道常见的7种病毒：甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒I型、副流感病毒Ⅱ型、副流感病毒Ⅲ型、呼吸道合胞病毒和腺病毒。结果合格痰标本32份,痰培养检出40株菌,其中22株菌量≥10^7CFU／ml,来自16例患者,其中单一菌感染者8例,混合菌感染者8例。G^＋球菌占22.7％（5株）,G^＋球菌占13.6％（3株）,G^＋杆菌占50％（11株）,其中铜绿假单胞菌分离率最高,占22.7％（5株）,真菌占13.7％（3株）。32份痰标本经间接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道7种病毒,全部为阴性。对这32份痰标本进行细胞培养病毒分离,其中1份标本为副流感病毒Ⅲ型阳性,余均为阴性。痰细菌培养阳性率为50.0％,痰病毒检测阳性率为3.1％,细菌和病毒混合感染阳性率为3.1％。结论AECOPD的病原菌以G^＋菌为主,其中铜绿假单胞茵分离率最高。AECOPD的诱导痰病毒检出率较低。     

不同期别慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期病人下气道分泌物细菌种类分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）病人肺通气功能特点及不同水平肺通气功能患者下气道分泌物细菌种类差异性。方法 1.选择2009年1月～2009年9月在郑州人民医院呼吸内科住院的42例AECOPD病人肺功能及用纤维支气管镜导管采集研究下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养;依据AECOPD病人静态肺通气功能（FEV1.0）占预计值百分比大小将患者分为3组,研究每组AECOPD病人下呼吸道分泌物病原菌特征及组间差异性。结果下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养阳性率76.2%（32/42）,共培养出43株细菌。Ⅰ期AECOPD患者以G＋球菌类为主,Ⅲ期患者以肠杆菌及假单胞菌类菌为主。结论 AECOPD患者细菌病因与肺功能损伤的程度密切相关,其中肠杆菌、假单胞菌更易引起肺功能损伤。     

老年人下呼吸道感染致病菌菌群分布特点及其抗生素耐药性分析

目的探讨老年人下呼吸道感染细菌谱及致病菌株对抗生素的耐药性。方法采用Kirby—Bauer琼脂扩散法，按美国临床实验标准委员会2004年标准（NCCLS2004），对2004年1月～2005年12月我院1508例老年下呼吸道细菌感染住院患者痰培养进行分析。结果痰培养阳性2051株细菌中G^＋菌436株，占21．3％，G^-菌1615株，占78．7％。病原菌前3位依次为：假单胞菌437株（21．3％），克雷伯菌属358株（17．5％），葡萄球菌属334株（16．4％）。对金黄色葡萄球菌最敏感的药物为万古霉素、替考拉宁（100％）。β-内酰胺类抗生素和酶抑制剂联合制剂对大肠埃希菌和阴沟杆菌属的耐药性较2032～2003年监测结果上升，达93％～100％。铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药性较2032～2003年监测结果上升。结论近年来假单胞菌、不动杆菌和大肠埃希菌的流行大大增加。假单胞菌属、阴沟杆菌属、不动杆菌对所测药物耐药率有上升趋势。万古霉素、替考拉宁对绝大部分G^＋杆菌及碳青霉烯类和头孢吡肟对绝大部分G^-杆菌具有很强的抗菌作用。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期痰培养及药敏结果分析

目的：了解本地慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期痰培养病原菌及对抗菌药物敏感及耐药情况。方法：对太原市太钢总医院呼吸科2011年10月至2013年10月收治的 COPD 急性加重期患者,随机抽取191例,其中68例痰培养结果阳性,对其进行回顾性分析。结果：68例痰培养结果阳性者中有革兰阴性细菌51例（75．00％）,革兰阳性细菌14例（20．59％）。真菌3例（4．41％）。COPD 患者细菌感染以肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎链球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、普通变形杆菌、白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等高检出率为主。结论：对 COPD 急性加重期患者,呼吸道感染以革兰阴性细菌为主,痰细菌学培养结果与患者病情严重程度关系密切,应合理选择抗菌药物。     

老年患者肺部感染病原菌及其耐药性的分析

目的 探讨老年患者肺部感染病原菌的分布及耐药现状。方法 对236例老年肺部感染患者进行细菌学培养和药物敏感试验。结果 老年社区获得性肺炎患者的病原菌以G^＋球菌为主，占65．38％。以肺炎链球菌（23．08％）和流感嗜血杆菌（15．38％）为主；老年医院获得性肺炎患者的病原菌以G^-杆菌为主，占77．78％。以铜绿假单胞菌（27．78％）、大肠杆菌（14．81％）和肺炎克雷伯菌（11．11％）为主。两组病原菌对多种抗生素耐药性较高，医院获得性组的耐药率明显高于社区获得性组。结论 老年患者社区获得性肺炎和医院获得性肺炎分别以革兰阳性球菌为主和革兰阴性杆菌为主，医院获得性肺炎细菌耐药性明显增高，应合理选用抗生素。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.