荣县2007年麻疹流行病学调查分析

[目的]为掌握荣县麻疹发病与流行趋势,探讨控制对策. [方法]利用全国麻疹监测系统和法定传染病报告系统对2007年麻疹疫情进行描述流行病学分折. [结果]2007年全县共发生麻疹病例114例,其中有暴发疫情4起,34例,占全县麻疹病例数29.8%,暴发点集中在4所小学校.所有病例中有麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)免疫史的30例,占26.32%;无免疫史的49例,占42.98%;免疫史不详的35例,占30.7%. [结论]高质量的MV初免,重点人群的强化免疫以及敏感的麻疹监测系统是控制麻疹暴发的主要措施,同时有待调整对<8个月婴儿与成牟组无免疫力人群的保护措施.     

阳谷县1999～2003年麻疹流行特征分析

[目的 ]分析麻疹发病原因和流行特征 ,为麻疹防治提供科学依据。 [方法 ]对阳谷县 1999～ 2 0 0 3年麻疹疫情与监测资料进行分析。 [结果 ] 1999～ 2 0 0 3年麻疹专报系统和法定传染病报告系统共报告麻疹病例 42例 ,麻疹流行特征有明显的季节性 ,3、4月 ,占全部病例的 76 19% ;7～ 12岁占 47 62 % ;42例患者中有麻疹基础免疫史的 4例 ,无免疫史 15例 ,免疫史不详的 2 3例。 [结论 ]基层儿童基础免疫和加强免疫不及时及免疫空白是造成麻疹暴发和散发的主要原因。今后应切实做好儿童基础免疫和加强免疫工作 ,杜绝免疫空白人群。     

宁德市2000-2003年麻疹监测与流行病学分析

[目的]掌握宁德市麻疹的流行病学特征,为今后控制工作提供科学依据。[方法]用描述流行病学方法,对20002003年麻疹监测资料进行分析。[结果]4年共报告疑似麻疹378例,确诊340例．其中实验室确诊135例。城区发病82例,农村258例。麻疹分布呈高度散发与局部暴发并存的流行病学模式,暴发8起,151例(44．4％);发病年龄2个月至34岁,以7～14岁儿童为主(55．3％)。确诊麻疹病例中有免疫史占45．6％,无免疫史25．0％,免疫史不详29．4％。7～14岁麻疹病例中,有1次免疫史者占64．9％。麻疹发病及时报告率87．7％,暴发及时报告率75％。[结论]预防和控制麻疹暴发是我市目前控制麻疹的基本策略。今后应进一步提高麻疹疫苗免疫覆盖率,减少易感人群,同时要提高监测系统的敏感性和及时性,及时采取有力措施,预防控制麻疹暴发。     

平顶山市2000～2005年麻疹暴发流行病学分析

[目的]为分析和预测平顶山市麻疹发病与流行趋势,判定高危人群,评价加速控制麻疹工作进展.[方法]根据平顶山市法定传染病报告系统和麻疹监测系统料,对2000～2005年麻疹暴发疫情进行描述流行病学分析.[结果]平顶山市2000～2005年共报告麻疹暴发40起,333例.在本市人口暴发中,＜1～6岁和7～15岁分别占33.33%和45.95%.暴发病例中有免疫史的占45.95%,无免疫史和免疫史不详的分别为16.51%和37.54%.[结论]控制暴发的重点在学校和外来人口.高质量的麻疹疫苗常规接种是减少麻疹发病,控制麻疹暴发的重要手段之一.     

阳谷县1999～2003年麻疹流行特征分析

[目的]分析麻疹发病原因和流行特征，为麻疹防治提供科学依据。[方法]对阳谷县1999～2003年麻疹疫情与监测资料进行分析。[结果]1999～2003年麻疹专报系统和法定传染病报告系统共报告麻疹病例42例，麻疹流行特征有明显的季节性，3、4月，占全部病例的76．19％；7～12岁占47．62％；42例患者中有麻疹基础免疫史的4例，无免疫史15例，免疫史不详的23例。[结论]基层儿童基础免疫和加强免疫不及时及免疫空白是造成麻疹暴发和散发的主要原因。今后应切实做好儿童基础免疫和加强免疫工作，杜绝免疫空白人群。     

一起麻疹流行的流行病学分析

[目的]分析平罗县一起麻疹流行的流行病学特征。[方法]对平罗县麻疹流行监测资料、流行病学调查资料及数据进行流行病学分析。[结果]本次麻疹流行波及全县13个乡镇,共报告麻疹疑似病例301例,确诊162例,罹患率为0.51‰。流行模式为散发与暴发并存,以散发为主,局部出现以乡或村(居委会)为单位的暴发;病例主要集中于8月龄以下儿童及15~39岁青壮年,占病例总数的82.72%;人群分布中以散居儿童和农民居多,占病例总数的77.78%;临床症状以典型病例为主,占病例总数的60.50%;162例病例中,有接种史者25例,占15.43%;无接种史者55例,占33.95%;接种史不详者82例,占50.62%。[结论]母体胎传抗体滴度达不到保护水平,以及人群缺乏隐性感染机会,造成易感人群的积累,是8月龄以下儿童和15岁以上大年龄人群发病比例较高及本次麻疹暴发流行的主要原因。建议麻疹疫苗初免起始月龄从8月龄提前到6月龄;适当增加大年龄组人群的强化免疫次数。我县儿童麻疹疫苗接种存在漏种、接种不及时和免疫不成功现象,应提高麻疹疫苗的接种率、接种及时率和免疫成功率。     

2004年湛江市麻疹流行病学分析

目的分析湛江市麻疹流行原因与特征,进一步完善控制措施。方法对湛江市2004年麻疹监测情况进行描述性流行病学分析。结果2004年监测系统共报告87例麻疹,其中实验室确诊37例,临床诊断50例。冬春季流行,4月为发病高峰;9个县(市、区)均有病例,年龄最大17岁,最小1岁,1~8岁共71例,占81.6%;男60例,女27例,男女性别比为2.2:1;有免疫史的仅4人,占4.6%,免疫史不详46例,占52.9%,无免疫史37人,占42.5%;共报告麻疹暴发2起,流行时间均在1周左右。结论免疫空白和没有全程免疫是发病的主要原因,应加强麻疹疫苗基础免疫和强化免疫,提高免疫接种率;进一步完善监测系统,加强麻疹监测工作。     

保定市1999～2007年麻疹病例流行病学分析

[目的]了解保定市1999～2007年麻疹发病情况,分析流行原因,探讨控制策略. [方法]对1999-2007年麻疹监测数据进行描述流行病学分析. [结果]保定市1999～2007年麻疹监测系统共报告麻疹疑似病例4 591例,确诊3 033例,年均发病率为3.17/10万.病例呈散发分布,有明显的季节性高峰,3～5月份病例占全年的68.13%,男性发病高于女性,发病年龄有向大年龄和未到免疫年龄人群转移的趋势,麻疹病例中有免疫史、无免疫史和免疫史不详的分别占24.58%、38.15%、37.27%. [结论]免疫空白和免疫失败人群的积累是麻疹发病的主要原因.应在加强MV初免和复种的同时,在重点地区适时开展强化免疫,提高接种质量,高免疫接种率和高质量的监测是控制麻疹的关键策略.     

一起麻疹暴发疫情的流行病学调查

目的根据2009年4～6月库伦旗麻疹发病情况,分析麻疹疫情暴发的原因。方法用Excle2007软件进行统计分析。结果4月11日～6月10日共报告麻疹实验室确诊病例278例,报告发病率157.41/10万,男女比例为1.48:1,散居及托幼儿童38.13%;学生13.67%;农民42.80%:其它人群8.99%。8月龄以下儿童占9.35%,8月龄～14岁儿童占37.77%,≥15岁病例占52.88%;≥8月龄病例中免疫史不详占60.71%;无免疫史病例占5.56%:有确切免疫史的病例仅占33.73%。结论含麻疹成分疫苗接种率低是造成麻疹暴发流行的主要原因,提高麻疹疫苗常规免疫及强化免疫的接种率,是达到消除及控制麻疹的关键所在。     

周至县2009年麻疹暴发疫情控制措施评价

目的分析周至县2009年麻疹暴发流行特征和控制措施评价,提高疫情控制处理水平。方法疫情资料来自麻疹监测系统,采用ELISA捕捉法检测麻疹IgM抗体,诊断依据《西安市麻疹监测方案》。结果 2009年全县报告麻疹疑似病例61例,其中确诊42例,报告发病率为9.66/10万,散发和暴发并存,发病以〈5岁儿童为主。报告病例中有MV全程免疫史仅占19.67%,无免疫史高达70.49%,免疫史不详者1.64%。暴发主要原因是部分地区MV常规免疫不落实、传染源管理不善。结论采取以常规免疫和强化免疫为主的免疫策略可控制暴发,并注意提高监测系统的敏感性和质量。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.