女性海洛因依赖者性病调查

目的··：了解女性海洛因依赖者中患性病情况,为在该人群中加强性病查治与监测提供依据。方法··：病种以性病中淋病、梅毒和尖锐湿疣为重点,１２８例女性海洛因依赖者为对象,以其住院病历及性病患者个案登记卡为原始资料进行各项分析。结果··：１２８例中检出性病３５例（占２７．３％）,其中淋病３４例（占９７．１％）,梅毒１例（占２．９％）。其中淋病合并尖锐湿疣者１２例（占３４．３％）,既往均未接受正规性病检查及治疗,对性病知识了解甚少。结论··：女性海洛因依赖者是性病中最重要的特殊高危人群,在急性脱毒后应开展性病的查治,将有助于控制性病的传播。     

凉山彝族自治州性病监测10年流行动态

目的：调查分析凉山州近10年来性病传播疾病（STD）的流行趋势。方法：以凉山州STD疫情资料为依据进行回顾性分析。结果：在过去十年间，凉山州STD流行年发病率为24．47／10万，在四川处于中等流行。男性患病较女性高，占65％以上。淋病处于病种首位，非淋菌性尿道炎（宫颈炎）、尖税湿疣、生殖器疱疹、梅毒等呈上升趋势。HIV／AIDS持续上升，78．2％患为20－39岁的性活跃期青壮年。15岁以下和50岁以上的患在10年有所上升。非婚性传播占总患70％以上。结论：加强性病知识及性教育，提倡安全性行为，争取在较短的时间内使STD在凉山得到控制。     

STD在皮肤性病门诊中的检出率调查

目的：了解皮肤性病门诊病人的性传播疾病（STD）的患病情况。方法：对普通皮肤性病门诊病人利用门诊登记表形式。对部分性病专科病人用无记名问卷形式，按自行设计的调查表，逐项填官或由接诊医生询问，并对调查的性病让诊病人的诊断结果作记录。结果：在17014例初诊病人中被检出为STD1667例，检出率为9．8％。其中念珠菌性龟头包皮炎，阴道炎占首位，为57．2％，其次是尖锐湿疣，非淋菌性尿道炎，淋病，梅毒等。对详细调查的224例性病专科病人中，33．9％有性病史和两个以上性伴史，23．2％病例的配偶或性伴有性病史，18．8％病例患过2次以上STD。结论：性病中淋病患病率有所下降，尖锐湿疣，非淋菌性尿道炎成为首位，应加强研究对这两种性病更有效的治疗方法。性传播疾病与不健康的化,地外开放化传播的有一定关系，因此，积极开展扫描活动是必要的，应大力宣传健康的化，遵守性道德，提倡使用避孕套。对STD的性伴要早期，规范的治疗，对减少STD的扩散具有重要的意义。     

5386例海洛因依赖者梅毒检测结果分析

目的：了解海洛因依赖者梅毒感染的原因、发病率，为减少危害提供依据。方法：对5386例海洛因依赖者采用TRUST初筛，阳性者加做TPHA检测确证试验。结果：5386例海洛因依赖者TRUST初筛试验阳性者138例，初筛试验阳性率为2.56％；其中126例TPPA确证试验为阳性；在这126例确证试验阳性患者中95例吸毒方式为静脉注射吸毒（占75.39％），同时在这组病例中有115例患者有不洁性交史（占91.26％）。结论：海洛因依赖者为梅毒高发人群，静脉吸毒和不洁性交为传播梅毒主要途径，应加强对海洛因依赖者的血清学检测，加强对海洛因依赖者进行减少危害的宣传教育。     

梅县2000～2004年性病疫情监测分析

目的分析梅县近5年性传播疾病（STD。）的流行趋势。方法以我县（STD。）监测中心门诊统计资料为依据，进行回顾性分析。结果在过去5年间，我县的（STD。）平均发病率为101．27／10万，低于我省经济发达地区但高于全国发病率平均水平。男性发病率高于女性，分别为55．63／10万和45．64／10万。非淋菌性尿道炎（NGU）、尖锐湿疣（GA）、呈持续上升，淋病（GU）、生殖器疱疹（GH）、梅毒（SYPH）处于波动起伏不定，无下降趋势，AIDS则处于极低的发病状态。20～39岁是性活跃年龄段，占性病患者的64．14％。文化程度偏低患者（中学文化以下）占81．0％。农民占发病者的首位，个体户、工人、司机依次居于第2～4位，学生性病患者明显上升。非婚性传播占性病患者的78．93％。结论疫情势态不容乐观，应加大打击卖淫嫖娼的力度，加强性病防治知识教育，提倡安全性行为。     

1147例STD门诊病人的感染治疗情况分析

目的：通过对1147例STD病人的资料进行综合分析，以了解其感染和接受治疗情况。方法：将确诊的STD病人的资料按年龄，性别，传染来源，就诊症状，复发等情况进行分类整理，用EPI－info软件进行统计。结果：就诊的患中男性占72．98％，79．42％的传染来源为非婚性接触，男性尿路感染症状占就诊症状的39％，引起尿路感染的病原体为支原体（UU),衣原体（CT）和淋病双球菌（GU），以及CT和／或UU与GU 的混合感染，20岁以下的青少年患有100人（8．72％）。间断治疗，未治疗的病例有129例（11．25％）。结论：嫖娼卖淫是性病高发的主要原因，对尿路感染或宫颈炎的治疗应选择联合，足量，早期，规则用药的原则。加强对青少年的性病知识和性健康教育则不容缓。政府应采取有效措施，规范性病治疗市场。     

海洛因依赖者中肺结核患病情况

目的··：了解海洛因依赖者中肺结核患病情况。方法··：分析１０００例海洛因依赖者胸部平片，对肺部有异常改变者辅以透视进行诊断，以国家规定的统一标准分五型，并作结核菌素试验证实。结果··：患肺结核２１例，患病率为２．１％，明显高于普通非药物滥用人群。结论··：海洛因依赖者为肺结核高发人群，肺结核的高发率与毒品滥用有关     

性传播疾病在家庭内传染的调查分析

目的：调查性传播疾病（STD）在家庭成员相互传染的情况。方法：以确诊为淋病（NG）、梅毒（MD）、尖锐湿疣（CA）、非淋菌性尿道炎（NGU）4种性病患者87例为线索,追踪检查（实验室检查）其家庭成员,主要是密切接触的夫妻及子女,调查是否患STD或存在带菌者。结果：调查了87户,306例,查出患STD的105例,患病率为34．31％,其中NG14例,MD5例,CA6例,NGU69例,CA＋NGU11例,带菌者42例（13．72％）患者和带菌者147例（48．03％）。结论：NGU发病占首位,在性病防治工作中应加强对性病患者家属的监测,以便及早发现患者和带菌者,及时治愈,防止性病的蔓延。     

海洛因依赖者梅毒感染临床分析

通过对123例强制戒毒的海洛因依赖者梅毒血清学检查，发现海洛因依赖者快速血浆反就应素试验（RPR）阳性6例，阳性率4．88％，经梅毒螺旋体血凝试验（TPHA）确诊仍为阳性，提示海洛因依赖者为梅毒高发人群，应加强对海洛因依赖者的梅毒血清学检查，并以公众进行减少危害的宣传教育。     

海洛因依赖者性心理和性机能改变及临床意义

著者对１８６例吸注海洛因成瘾者（男９８例，女８８例）性心理和性行为进行了调查研究。结果表明海洛因依赖者性心理和性行为明显障碍，表现为吸注海洛因成瘾后９８．６％性欲减退或丧失、性交次数由吸毒前平均５．６±１１．４次／周减少为０．３±０．１次／周；性行为方式由吸前９４．８％以性交为主改变为８４．６％非性接触为主；其中男性海洛因成瘾者阳萎发生率达３２．２％；女性月经异常率达９５．１％；调查显示：性心理和性机能改变与吸毒水平呈正性相关，因此著者认为吸毒人群性心理和性机能变化在毒品依赖性形成过程中具有重要发病学意义。著者对９０例性功能障碍海洛因依赖者进行性康复治疗，结果表明：性心理和性机能的恢复水平与戒断近期疗效呈正性相关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.