成人管状食管重复畸形一例

1临床资料患者男,37岁.因胸闷、气短、胸骨后疼痛伴吞咽困难1个月,于2011年4月25日收治入院.CT检查提示:胸廓入口处食管旁及后纵隔内见囊实性病变,食管及气管受压,与病变分辨小清,后纵隔病灶与食管并行呈条状;增强后扫描囊壁强化明显,囊内无强化(图1).双肺纹理增强,多发片状磨砂玻璃样改变.胃镜检查见距门齿27 cm、32 cm、36 cm处各一充盈缺损,梭状,前2个在黏膜下相通(图2).贲 门及胃十二指肠未见异常.诊断为后纵隔占位,双肺炎症.患者于2011年5月3日行右侧开胸探查,胸廓入口至膈肌上方,沿胸内全段食管均见包块并行,病变与周围组织界限不清.遂行右胸、腹正中和左颈部切口,行食管大部切除、管状胃颈部吻合术.大体标本显示管状重复食管与主食管外壁共壁,将其剖开显示主、副食管间存在一结缔组织薄膜.     

食管癌合并左位主动脉弓畸形术中主动脉撕裂1例

病人　男 ,6 7岁。进行性吞咽困难 2月余。食管吞钡X线片示食管胸上段 7cm黏膜破坏 ,左侧壁压迹明显。胃镜示距门齿 2 0cm处食管管腔狭窄 ,可见不规则新生物 ,活检报告为鳞癌。X线胸片示上纵隔增宽。胸部CT示食管气管分叉至主动脉弓水平管壁增厚 ,左位主动脉弓 ,自降主动脉近端右壁发出一较大血管于食管胸上段右后方紧贴脊柱右侧走向颈根 (图 1、2 )。心脏彩超示主动脉根部内径偏宽 (32mm) ,其余心脏各房室未见异常。诊断 :食管胸上段癌合并左位主动脉弓迷走右锁骨下动脉畸形。本例病人胸部CT示食管胸上段癌　图 1　合并左位主动脉弓 (白…     

食管恶性神经鞘瘤一例

患者男,43岁.因吞咽不适10d,门诊行胃镜检查提示:距门齿32～35 cm处食管左侧壁2.5 cm×2.5 cm大小黏膜下隆起,表面光滑(图1),临床诊断为食管平滑肌瘤入院.入院后行胸部CT检查示:食管中段占位性病变.入院后诊断同门诊诊断.     

自发性内膜下血肿致急性心肌梗死合并左心室壁瘤1例

<正>患者男,63岁,主因"胸痛3天"入院。心电图:下壁病理性Q波,前壁T波倒置。实验室检查:肌酸激酶同工酶108U/L,肌钙蛋白Ⅰ21.2μg/L,均明显升高。睾酮水平(0.382 8ng/ml)明显下降。予以低分子肝素抗凝、抗血小板等治疗1周后行超声心动图检查,见心尖与下壁交界处室壁明显变薄、回声增强,向外膨出,约34.3mm×16.9 mm,室壁运动几乎消失(图1A)。冠状动脉造影:左前降支内膜光滑,中远段管状狭窄,最重处狭     

多层螺旋CT双期增强扫描结合仿真内镜成像在膀胱癌术前分期中的诊断价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT双期增强扫描结合仿真内镜成像在膀胱癌术前分期中的诊断价值.方法 经纤维膀胱镜或手术病理证实为膀胱癌患者75例.对患者术前螺旋CT双期增强扫描图像和仿真内镜图像进行分析,比较多层螺旋CT分期与病理分期的准确率.结果 75例患者共发现病灶94个.螺旋CT分期:T1 26例、T2a 27例、T2b 13例、T3 12例、T4 16例;病理分期:pT1 28例、pT2a 24例、pT2b 14例、pT3 12例、pT4 16例.螺旋CT双期增强扫描诊断膀胱癌准确率为89.4%(84/94);腔内息肉样病变,仿真内镜诊断敏感性96.6%(84/87);膀胱壁无蒂隆起性病变诊断敏感性为90.9%(10/11).螺旋CT双期增强扫描结合仿真内镜诊断膀胱癌分期准确率为94.5%(91/94),当肿瘤局限于膀胱壁内(≤T2b)时,诊断准确率为91.2%(51/56);肿瘤侵犯膀胱壁外结构时(≥T3),诊断准确率达100.0%(28/28).结论 多层螺旋CT双期增强扫描结合仿真内镜成像对膀胱癌术前临床分期具有重要价值.     

Chiari畸形伴颈部巨大脊膜脊髓膨出1例报告

患儿女,11岁。因颈后部发现肿块11年入院。查体:颈后部可见一约15×13cm大小的包块,质软,无压痛,边界清,表面散在数处皮肤呈青紫色,皮温无增高,听诊无血管杂音。神经系统检查未见异常。颈椎正位X线片可见一巨大软组织影,颈椎各椎体排列有序,C6、C7及T1、T2椎板裂(图1)。CT示C6、C7椎体棘突不连,其后方为囊样低密度影,其内有分隔,约2.7×7cm大小,CT值为12~16H u(图2、3)。M RI示下颈椎脊膜、脊髓膨出,小脑扁桃体下疝(图4、5)。诊断:(1)C6~C7脊膜、脊髓膨出。(2)Chiari畸形。入院后在全麻下行膨出脊膜切除、脊髓松解、硬脊膜成形、枕…     

食管气管瘘合并贲门失弛缓症一例

患者男,51岁。反复咳嗽、咳痰,发热及肺部感染10年,进流质饮食后出现呛咳,无明显吞咽困难。CT检查发现食管下段扩张,怀疑食管病变引起的肺部感染入院。查体:体温39.5℃,右下肺可闻及湿口罗音,血白细胞(WBC)18×109/L,中性粒细胞0.88。胸部CT示:右下肺炎性病变。食管X线钡餐造影示:有钡剂自右肺支气管进入右下肺(图1),咽食管连接处有Zenker憩室,食管呈弥漫性扩张,直径达5cm,食管下端贲门处梗阻,呈鸟嘴状;诊断为食管上段食管气管瘘,贲门失弛缓症,食管Zenker憩室。食管动力学检查示食管下段静止压力不高。气管镜见距门齿22cm、隆突上2cm、…     

巨大椎旁神经节细胞瘤伴发脊柱侧凸一例报告

患者女,14岁,发现背部畸形10余年,加重2年,以特发性脊柱侧凸入院。查体:剃刀背畸形45°,双肩、双髂嵴不等高,躯干左倾。X线片显示:胸椎右侧凸,上端椎T8,下端椎T12,顶椎T10,Cobb角105°;椎体旋转Ⅲ度,Risser征+++(图1);椎旁未见异常影像学改变。M RI见T1～L1椎体前方及右侧大块低密度软组织影(图2)。体检无神经纤维瘤病体征,神经系统检查未发现明显异常。准备充分后在全麻下行前路松解手术,术中见T1～L1凸侧脊柱被大量肿瘤组织潜行包裹、覆盖,肿瘤组织约24.5cm×9cm×4cm,不规则条索状,色红、质韧(图3),切除时出血少,予以尽量完整切除,…     

经右胸胸腔镜下食管癌伴主动脉右反位根治术一例

<正>临床资料患者,男,70岁。入院前1+月无明显诱因出现吞咽梗阻感,胃镜示:距齿29~32 cm,见食管右后壁有约3.0 cm×2.0 cm新生物隆起呈半环状生长。病理检查示食管鳞状细胞癌。胸部平扫+增强CT示:食管胸下段管壁稍厚,欠均匀轻度强化,较厚处约0.5 cm,局部管腔稍窄,周围脂肪间隙清晰。主动脉弓在气管食管右侧。术前诊断食管胸中段癌伴主动脉右反位(图1)。     

强直性脊柱炎伴脊髓疝一例报告

患者男,56岁,因腰背部疼痛伴胸腰椎后凸畸形进行性加重20年余,不能行走1.5年入院.患者既往无外伤及手术病史.体格检查:强迫性软椅状态,胸腰椎后凸畸形.右下肢近端肌力3级,远端肌力0级;左下肢近端肌力4级,远端肌力0级.双下肢肌张力增高,腱反射及浅感觉减退.Babinski征阳性.红细胞沉降率和C反应蛋白均正常.X线片示:方形椎体,椎间盘纤维环及椎旁韧带广泛钙化和骨化,在椎体两侧形成骨桥连接,表现为竹节状脊柱.矢状面MRI示:T_(11,12)椎体后缘脊髓向腹侧疝出,腹侧蛛网膜下腔消失,继发出现背侧蛛网膜下腔增大(图la),T_(11,12)椎体后缘有一个"C"形缺损,伴脊髓和脑脊液疝出突人缺损的椎体(图1b,1c).人院诊断:强直性脊柱炎,脊髓疝伴不全瘫. 肢近端肌力3级,远端肌力0级;左下肢近端肌力4级,远端肌力0级.双下肢肌张力增高,腱反射及浅感觉减退.Babinski征阳性.红细胞沉降率和C反应蛋白均正常.X线片示:方形椎体,椎间盘纤维环及椎旁韧带广泛钙化和骨化,在椎体两侧形成骨桥连接,表现为竹节状脊柱.矢状面MRI示:T_(11,12)椎体后缘脊髓向腹侧疝出,腹侧蛛网膜下腔消失,继发出现背侧 网膜下腔增大(图la),T_(11-12)椎体后缘有一个"C"形缺损,伴脊髓和脑脊液疝出突人缺损的椎体(图1b,1c).人院诊断:强直性脊柱炎,     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.