原位旁路术治疗下肢动脉缺血症

提高动脉缺血下肢的救治率，作者采用彻底切除静脉移植物瓣膜，定位结扎静脉属支的方法，并应用“生物复合移植物”和“共同流出道”技术，对２８例３７条肢体行原位动脉旁路术。手术肢体救治率为３４／３７肢；２～１８个月随访表明３４肢的吻合口均通畅；踝压由术前３．５±０．２ｋＰａ上升为术后的５．４±０．１ｋＰａ；趾压由２．０±０．１ｋＰａ升为３．８±０．２ｋＰａ。结果表明，本方法减轻了全程游离大隐静脉所造成的移植物的热缺血损伤，提高了静脉移植物的使用率，扩大了流出道的吻合口径和血流量，提高了吻合口通畅率和肢体救治率。     

下肢动脉旁路移植术后再狭窄与闭塞的处理

自1948年Kunlin和Lerlche用自体静脉行旁路移植术获得成功、1965年Connlg开展原位大隐静脉旁路术及上世纪70年代William Gore的膨体聚四氟乙烯（ePTFE）人工血管广泛使用以来,动脉旁路移植术已成为目前治疗肢体缺血性疾病的主要手术方封”。然而无论是白体静脉还是人工血管,随着术后时间的延长,移植血管的通畅率逐年降低,而最易发生狭窄与闭塞的是下肢动脉旁路移植术,尤以移植至膝下者多见,使病人再次出现更为严重的肢体缺血的临床症状。     

原位大隐静脉动脉旁路术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症

作者对１９８９年～１９９４年运用自制瓣膜切除器开展原位大隐静脉动脉旁路术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症２８例共３０条肢体的方法、疗效和治疗体会进行了总结。患者术前踝肱指数（ＡＢＩ）为０～０．５７（平均０．４１），均经动脉造影证实。术后移植物均可扪及搏动，有１８条肢体恢复足背或胫后动脉搏动。１７例同时行输入或输出道动脉重建术。溃疡清创术６例。３例于术后３天内出现移植物搏动消失，行第二次重建术。治疗结果，ＡＢＩ平均值由术前的０．４１上升至０．８４，严重缺血肢体挽救率为１００％。术后随访，经寿命表统计分析，１～５年的血管累积通畅率分别为９２％、８８％、８６％、７８％和７１％。作者认为，原位大隐静脉动脉旁路术是治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的理想方法之一，同时行输入或输出道动脉重建术，对保证移植血管的通畅有着重要的意义。     

应用显微外科技术治疗广泛性下肢动脉硬化性闭塞

目的 探讨下肢广泛动脉硬化性闭塞造成的肢体缺血显微外科治疗的临床效果。方法 1998年5月～2003年1月，应用显微外科技术，采用自体长段大隐静脉逆转移植重建血供12例。结果 术后随访3个月～4年，术前的肢体冷与麻木、静息痛和间歇性跛行消失。结论 应用显微外科技术，进行大隐静脉逆转移植及动脉搭桥或静脉动脉化治疗下肢动脉硬化性闭塞，术后可获得良好的远期通畅率及较好的临床效果。     

静脉动脉化治疗严重下肢缺血的远期疗效分析

目的：探索静脉动脉化治疗严重下肢缺血的新术式。方法：在对大隐静脉、胫后静脉瓣膜进行解剖学和生物力学研究的基础上，设计静脉瓣膜切除或破坏、原位一期静脉动脉化两种新术式，治疗动脉广泛闭塞所致严重下肢缺血患者７１例（７４条肢体）。结果：随访１～８年（其中随访５年以上３２例），静息痛消失率９６．５％，间隙性跛行消失率９３．７％，截肢率降至２．７％，获得满意效果。结论：两种新术式通过静脉通道，逆行灌注动脉血，确能改善或重建严重缺血下肢的血循环，具有满意的远期疗效。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术动脉材料的选择

目的 为了克服大陷静脉长期通畅率不佳的问题,在冠状动脉旁路移植术中寻求多动脉材料做旁路移植术。方法 从１９９４年１０月￣２０００年４月,４５６例冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的患者使用乳内动脉和桡动脉做冠状动脉旁路移植术,采用不接触血管技术妈材,减少损伤及应用钙拮抗剂防止桡动脉痉挛。结果 共取乳内动脉４４８根,桡动脉２１９根,平均移植血管３．２支,死亡８例,死亡率１．８％。结论 使用动脉材料做旁路移植术是安全有效的,预计能保持移植血管的远期通畅。     

大隐静脉动脉化治疗下肢慢性缺血88例

目的探讨静脉动脉化治疗下肢广泛动脉闭塞的疗效.方法对广泛动脉闭塞无流出道的慢性缺血患者88例（104条肢体）施行大隐静脉原位一期静脉动脉化加腰交感神经节切除.结果104条肢体中,随访82条,随访6个月至6年,平均3年.所有患者间歇性跛行明显减轻,夜间疼痛好转,创面愈合良好,下肢无肿胀.结论本术式可使动脉血流通过大隐静脉通道,改善或重建缺血下肢的血液循环.     

复合移植物股-远端动脉旁路术(附8例报道)

目的：初步报道和评价复合材料移植物行膝下动脉旁路术挽救缺血肢体的结果。方法：８例缺乏合适自体静脉的病人应用复合移植物行膝下动脉旁路术,复合移植物近侧段为人造血管（ＰＴＦＥ）,远侧段为自体静脉,自体静脉跨越膝关节,术后应用节段性动脉压测定（踝／肱指数）、双功彩超和动脉ＤＳＡ检查进行随访。结果：所有病人术后症状明显改善,静息痛消失,平均踝肱指数由术前的０．２１提高到０．６７,术后平均随访时间约１年,随访期间双功彩超和动脉造影检查显示移植物通畅,１例病人术后２个月因移植物血栓形成,经再次手术后症状缓解。结论：当肢体面临严重缺血需行膝下动脉旁路术而又缺乏可供移植的自体静脉时,复合移植物旁路术提供了一种有效的方法。     

股腘动脉闭塞症的手术治疗

目的 探讨股腘动脉旁路移植术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(C、D级病变)的近中期疗效.方法 2005年1月至2009年2月,170例患者(191条肢体)行股动脉以远血管重建术.其中男性108例,女性62例;年龄45～85岁,平均67岁.症状包括间歇性跛行78例,静息痛62例,下肢缺血性溃疡19例,远端组织坏死11例.所有患者术前均行动脉造影检查,根据TASC Ⅱ分级:C级病变127条肢体,D级病变64条肢体.手术方法包括大隐静脉原位旁路移植术15条肢体,大隐静脉转位20条肢体,人工血管旁路移植术128条肢体,大隐静脉与人工血管组合旁路移植术28条肢体.结果 围手术期无死亡病例.术后随访6～36个月,平均(24±6)个月;76例失访,随访率57%(109/191).一期通畅率84.4%(92/109),其中人工血管旁路移植通畅率88.2%(75/85),大隐静脉(原位、转位、组合)旁路移植通畅率70.8%(17/24).二期通畅率89.9%(98/109).结论 人工血管旁路移植术是治疗严重股腘动脉闭塞症(TASC C和D级病变)的主要方法,手术疗效满意.     

自体大隐静脉移植修复四肢主干动脉损伤

目的总结自体大隐静脉移植修复四肢主干动脉损伤经验。方法采用自体大隐静脉移植修复96例四肢主干动脉损伤患者。结果大隐静脉移植2～18 cm。96例肢体主干动脉损伤患者中,3例因合并其他重要脏器损害死亡,2例截肢,91例肢体保留。91例随访时间6个月～3年。91例肢体血液循环正常,84例功能恢复正常,5例遗留下肢跛行及髋部活动度下降等功能障碍,2例肘关节活动受限。结论早期诊断、及时手术对保存肢体至关重要。采用自体大隐静脉移植修复四肢主干动脉损伤手术方便,成本低,血管吻合通畅率高,治疗效果好,有助于降低截肢率。     

大隐静脉原位转流术重建下肢血液循环

目的:评价大隐静脉原位转流术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的疗效.方法:运用自制瓣膜切除器开展大隐静脉原位转流术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症38例共40例肢体.患者术前踝肱指数(ABI)为0-0.58(平均0.29),均经动脉造影证实.术后移植物均可扪及搏动,有28条肢体足背或胫后动脉搏动恢复,17例同时行输入输出道动脉重建术,溃疡清创术6例,4例于术后3天内出现移植物搏动消失,行第2次重建术,结果:ABI平均值同术前0.29上升至0.84,严惩缺血肢体挽救率为100%,经寿命表统计分析,1-5年的血管累积通畅率分别为92%,87%,82%,72%和65%,结论:大隐静脉原位转流术是治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的理想方法之一,同时行输入功输出道动脉重建术,对保证移植血管的通畅有着重要的意义.     

复合静脉动脉化治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的临床研究

作者将２７例动脉三分支以下闭塞的患者随机分为三组，分别采用三种动静脉转流的术式进行治疗。经临床观察表明股两个平面原位静脉动脉化重建缺血肢体循环，近期症状改善和远期供血能力均明显优于深组低位转流，优于大隐静脉原位动脉化。为血栓闭塞性脉管炎，动脉粥样硬化，以及其它原因引起的动脉三分支以下闭塞的患者提供了一种新的治疗方法。     

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??Clinical application of autogenous sapheneous vein in lower limb ischemic disease AIZEZI Abudureyimu, TIAN Ye, SAILIKE Magaoweiya, et al. Department of Digestive & Vascular Surgery, First Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
Corresponding author: WEN Hao, E-mail:dr.wenhao@163.com
Abstract Objective To explore the clinical application and effectiveness of autogenous sapheneous vein in the treatment of lower limb ischemic disease. Methods Thirty two arteries of 32 patients (27 male, 5 female) with arteriosclerosis obliterans, thromboangitis obliterans and Fontaine stage ?? and ?? lower limb with ischemic manifestation of segmental artery occlusion disorder caused by arterial injury were operated by artery bypass grafting after with inside-out autogenous great saphenous vein graft, endarterectomy with artery angioplasty by using great saphenous vein patch from October 2010 to April 2012 in Department of Vascular Surgery, First Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. Results The ischemic symptoms and life quality of 32 patients were improved to various degree. Resting pain was disappeared post-operatively and the foot ulcer was cured at 1-2 month. The mean follow-up was 9.5 months (2-17 months). Intermittent claudication in most patients was improved significantly. There is no amputation performed with limb salvage rate 100%. Conclusion The clinical application of autogenous sapheneous vein in the treatment of lower limb ischemic disease according to pathological position and degree is a cheap, effective method.     

Distal polytetrafluoroethylene bypasses in patients older than 75 years

HYPOTHESIS: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) alone is justified for infrapopliteal arterial grafting in elderly patients with critical ischemia of the lower limbs who lack a suitable, autogenous saphenous vein. DESIGN: A consecutive sample clinical study with a mean follow-up of 16 months. SETTING: The surgical department of an academic tertiary care center and an affiliated secondary care center. PATIENTS: Thirty-one patients older than 75 years with critical ischemia of the lower limbs received 34 PTFE bypass grafts to the infrapopliteal arteries: 12 patients to the anterior tibial, 8 to the peroneal, 8 to the posterior tibial, and 2 to the dorsalis pedis artery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative survival, primary graft patency, and limb salvage rates expressed by standard life-table analysis. RESULTS: Operative mortality rate was 3%. Cumulative survival rate was 80% at 2 years (SE, 9.2%) and 43% at 3 years (SE, 11.4%). Cumulative primary patency rate was 67% at 2 years (SE 9.1%), and 61% at 3 years (SE, 12.7%). Cumulative limb salvage rate was 77% at 2 years (SE, 8.7%) and 70% at 3 years (SE, 12.8%). CONCLUSION: Polytetrafluoroethylene alone is justified as graft material for infrapopliteal bypass grafts in elderly patients with critical ischemia of the lower limbs and without a suitable autogenous saphenous vein.     

一期大隐静脉动脉化治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎

目的：通过一期大隐静脉动脉化治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎。方法：通过利用自体头静脉在患肢大隐静脉与患肢股动脉或髂外动脉之间搭桥，为６６例９１侧下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者实施手术。结果：术后下肢缺血性疼痛消失，皮温皮色恢复正常，足趾及跖部创面愈合，多普勒超声探测及动脉造影提示患足血供良好。结论：本术式不影响静脉血回流，简易、经济，效果良好，使用头静脉搭桥可使本术式应用范围更广。     

New technique for construction of coposite Dacron vein grafts for femoro-distal popliteal bypass in the severely ischemic leg.

Vascular surgeons are in agreement that autogenous saphenous veins are best suited for bypasses from the common femoral artery to the distal popliteal artery in the management of femoropopliteal occlusive disease associated with the severely ischemic foot. Such a graft should be of adequate size (more than 3 mm in diameter) throughout its length for a successful outcome. In some patients the vein is of good size for 15 or 20 cm then branches into several small veins. Reports by most surgeons are unfavorable concerning the use of prostheses and bovine heterografts for anastomosis to the distal popliteal artery or to one of its branches. Our experience with composite dacron vein graft bypasses employing a fluted end-to-end anastomosis had been unfavorable and was similar to the experience of Dale (1962). In July 1973 we were forced to improvise the technique of end-to-side anastomosis joining the end of a dacron prosthesis to the side of the vein graft for a femorodistal popliteal bypass. During the ensuing 15 months we have carried out this composite graft only when the greater saphenous vein was not of adequate size throughout. In 17 limbs the composite graft was placed between the common femoral artery and the distal popliteal artery and on 6 occasions to the posterior tibial and peroneal arteries. Nineteen limbs exhibited either gangrene, impending gangrene, ischemic ulceration or severe rest pain. In four extremities intermittent claudication of a progressive and disabling degree was the indication for operation. Eleven of the 22 patients were diabetic. Run-off beyond the popliteal artery was poor in 16 of the 23 limbs and inflow was subnormal in three patients. During the followup period, 10 grafts have occluded, one day to 6 1/2 months postoperatively, two due to inflow deficiency, 5 due to poor outflow, one to an error in technique, and two occluded without known cause. Two patients came to major amputation following closure of their grafts, 3 and 7 months postoperatively. Results with the composite graft are compared with the bovine heterograft and the homologous vein graft.     

Technical modifications in endoscopic vein harvest techniques facilitate their use in lower extremity limb salvage procedures

OBJECTIVE: We describe and report our results using endoscopic vein harvest (EVH) for lower extremity arterial bypass procedures, following the implementation of technical modifications specific to patients undergoing limb salvage procedures. METHODS: We underwent training in EVH, followed by implementation of the technique in patients requiring limb salvage for lower extremity ischemia and aneurysms. After technical modifications in the technique were developed for limb salvage, we reviewed our experience in all patients who underwent minimally invasive distal bypass with EVH. RESULTS: Technical modifications include limited arterial dissection before vein harvest, the use of proximal and distal leg incisions for both exposure of arterial vessels and saphenous vein harvest, improved hemostasis techniques in the vein graft tunnel, avoidance of compression wraps to the ipsilateral harvest tunnel, complete removal of the vein with either reversed or nonreversed graft placement, and use of the endoscopic tunnel for conduit placement. Thirteen patients (14 limbs) have undergone minimally invasive distal bypass since technical modifications were implemented. Indications for EVH were rest pain (n = 12; 85.7%) and tissue loss (n = 8; 57.1%). Veins harvested were the ipsilateral great saphenous vein (n = 10; 71.4%), contralateral great saphenous vein (n = 2; 14.3%), and short saphenous vein (n = 2; 14.3%). No venous injuries occurred during endoscopic harvest, and all were used for bypass. Thirty-day primary and primary assisted patency rates were 85.7% and 92.9%, respectively. The limb salvage rate was 100%. Two patients developed postoperative hematomas, one early and one late, as a result of anticoagulation for cardiac comorbidities. Both patients required reoperation for successful re-establishment of patency. There were no perioperative deaths and no postoperative wound infections or complications. Two patients required a later prosthetic bypass, and two required a vein graft angioplasty. Complete wound healing was achieved in 75% of patients with preoperative tissue loss. CONCLUSIONS: Technical modifications in endoscopic saphenous vein harvest techniques facilitate their use in lower extremity limb salvage procedures. Vascular surgeons should become familiar with these techniques to minimize vein harvest wound complications and extend the options for limb salvage conduits, including use of both the ipsilateral and contralateral saphenous vein and the short saphenous vein. Meticulous hemostasis within the tunnel after endoscopic conduit harvest and avoidance of postoperative anticoagulation should help to prevent postoperative hematoma formation and early graft occlusion.     

In situ distal saphenous vein bypass using the intraluminal valve-disruption technique

In the last few years there has been a resurgence of interest in in situ saphenous vein bypass for lower extremity revascularization because of improved patency rates. We performed 28 in situ bypass operations in 26 patients with threatened limbs using the intraluminal Hall valve disrupter. Seventy-five percent of these bypasses were to tibial vessels and had a 93% early patency rate. Three late failures were salvaged before thrombosis of the bypass, resulting in a cumulative patency rate of 93% with a mean follow-up of 17 months. In situ saphenous vein bypass has become our procedure of choice for distal reconstruction in severely ischemic limbs because of improved long-term patency compared with reversed-saphenous vein bypass.     

In situ saphenous vein bypass grafts for limb salvage: A current fad or a viable alternative to reversed vein bypass grafts?

Revascularization of the lower extremity using the in situ saphenous vein bypass graft has resurfaced as a clinical alternative to reversal of the saphenous vein. Early patency rates have been excellent, however, concern has been raised about the durability of the in situ technique. Our total experience with this technique has been reviewed to evaluate its effectiveness on a teaching vascular service. Seventy-six limbs in 71 patients were revascularized using the in situ technique. The distal anastomosis was created at the below-the-knee popliteal level in 26 limbs and at the infrapopliteal level in 50 limbs. Operative assessment of the vein quality showed 42 percent to be phlebitic or less than 4 mm in diameter. Hospital mortality was 0 and late mortality was 8 percent. Cumulative life table analysis showed the graft patency rate to be 89 percent 1 month postoperatively, 82 percent at 1 year, 77 percent at 2 years, and 72 percent up to 4 year postoperatively. Patency was independent of runoff to the pedal arch and the level of the distal anastomosis. Limb salvage at 4 years was 83 percent for distal popliteal grafts and 79 percent for infrapopliteal reconstructions. Our results indicate that the long-term durability of the in situ saphenous vein graft is excellent despite suboptimal veins and poor runoff. When performed properly, it is the preferred technique for arterial reconstruction below the knee joint.