肝内胆管结石76例死亡病例分析

目的探讨肝内胆管结石病例死亡的主要原因。方法回顾总结肝内胆管结石76例死亡病例，分别分析其中62例死于肝内胆管结石及其并发症和14例死于其它疾病病例的主要死亡原因。结果死于肝内胆管结石及其并发症的病例，其死亡的主要原因为胆道残余结石和狭窄等胆道上游病变未得到彻底处理，从而导致的急性重症胆管炎(acute cholangitis severe type，ACST)和感染中毒性休克(91．9％，57／62)；而死于其它疾病的病例，其死亡的主要原因是恶性肿瘤(71.4％，10／14)。结论肝内胆管结石的手术治疗应彻底清除胆道上游的结石和狭窄等病变；肝内胆管结石病人可能是恶性肿瘤的高发人群。     

做好肝胆管结石症的外科治疗

肝胆管结石是原发性胆管结石的组成部分,它不同于胆囊结石病,也不同于单纯的肝外胆管结石。在我国,它在结石性胆道病中占有较高的发病率(20～80%,甚至更高)。由于所处解剖位置特殊、病理变化复杂、对肝脏乃至对全身损害大,给临床上带来了两个有别于腹内其它外科病的突出问题:(一) 是非肿瘤性胆道疾病死亡率的关键性因素。其中绝大多数是由于肝胆管(或结石同时降至胆总管)结石(或合并狭窄)梗阻所引起的急性化脓性胆道感染。这种病变不仅涉及胆道本身,而且造成一系列严重的肝脏和全身性损害。分析我院46个胆道死亡病例,38例死于急性化脓性胆道感染所造成的并发症。这种情况在外科急腹症中占有显要的位置。(二) 是胆道再次手术的最主要的原因。总结我院1975年1月至1982年12月间702例次结石性胆道手术,胆道残留结石156例,残石率为22%。其中肝外胆道手术后残留结石20/333例(占6%),肝内胆管手术后残留结石136/369例(占36.85%)。残留结石及并存的肝胆管狭窄是导致急性化脓性胆道感染复发的重要因索,增加了外科治     

肝切除术治疗肝内胆管结石98例临床分析

目的 探索肝内胆管结石经肝切除治疗患者的疗效和预后情况.方法 回顾性分析1984年4月至2009年3月北京协和医院经肝切除治疗的98例肝内胆管结石患者的临床资料.结果 本组98例患者中男女比例1:1.7,中位年龄55岁.58例(59.2%)既往接受过治疗,其中手术治疗50例.单纯左肝结石88例(89.8%),单纯右肝结石2例(2.0%),左右均受累8例(8.2%);51例(52.0%)合并肝外胆道结石,30例(30.6%)合并胆道狭窄,28例(28.6%)有既往胆道蛔虫病病史,5例(5.1%)合并胆道恶性肿瘤.全部病例均根据结石部位行肝脏部分切除术,8例双侧受累者,行左半肝切除、右肝管取石术.术后出现并发症14例(14.3%),围手术期死亡2例(2.0%).随访超过1年且未合并肿瘤者78例(79.6%),疗效优良率为91.0%,结石残存率和复发率均为2.0%.结论 肝切除术治疗既能清除结石,又能切除病变的胆道,具有结石残存率低和复发率低的优点,同时能对胆道恶性肿瘤早诊早治,是治疗肝内胆管结石的重要手段.     

肝胆管结石病的诊治进展

正肝胆管结石病,即原发性肝内胆管结石,是指始发于肝内胆道系统的结石疾病,并不包括胆囊内排出并上行至肝内胆管的结石,也不包括继发于损伤性胆管狭窄、胆管囊肿、胆道结构变异等其他胆道系统所致胆汁淤滞和胆道炎症后形成的肝内胆管结石[1]。该疾病可单独存在,也可与肝外胆管结石同时存在。肝胆管结石常伴有不同程度的胆管系统和肝细胞损伤,且可引起严重的并发症,该疾病是我国良性胆道疾病死亡的重要原因[2]。虽然,目前肝     

ԭλ����ֲ���󵨵�����֢��Ԥ���봦��

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生原因及防治措施。方法 回顾性研究110例原位肝移植的临床资料。结果 110例病人术后共发生胆道并发症15例(13．6％)。其中单纯胆癌5例，迟发性弥漫性肝内胆管损伤3例，拔除T管后胆瘘2例，胆管空肠吻合口狭窄、肝内胆管结石、胆道狭窄合并胆泥形成、胆瘘后继发胆道狭窄、胆道狭窄合并肝内胆汁瘤形成各1例。除3例弥漫性肝内胆管损伤外，12例中2例死于严重胆道感染，其余10例经治疗痊愈。结论 原位肝移植术后胆道并发症病因复杂，治疗相对困难，因此首先应该注重预防，其次尽量做到早期诊断，针对不同的情况采取相应的治疗措施；重视ERCP和PTC等辅助性介入治疗方法。     

术后胆道镜治疗肝内胆管狭窄并结石的价值

目的总结胆道镜在术后治疗肝内胆管结石的经验,探讨肝内胆管结石治疗的合理模式。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2012年12月应用胆道镜在术后经T管瘘道治疗肝内胆管结石病人697例的病例资料,统计疗效指标。结果 672例病人取净结石,结石取净率为96.4%。胆道镜共发现1306支肝内胆管狭窄,其中1 297支狭窄得到解除,狭窄解除率为99.3%。胆管上皮细胞自身具有良好的修复功能,狭窄解除、结石取净后胆管壁能恢复光滑。9例病人出现严重并发症,均经治疗后痊愈,其中7例通过后续胆道镜治疗取净结石。结论术后胆道镜治疗能有效地解除肝内胆管狭窄,取净结石;尤其在处理肝段胆管开口狭窄上胆道镜具有明显优势(发现和解除)。因此,术后规范的胆道镜治疗结合术中萎缩肝段切除、取出肝外胆管结石构成肝内胆管结石治疗的完整模式。     

手术结合纤维胆道镜治疗肝内胆管狭窄及肝内胆管结石的疗效分析

目的探讨手术结合纤维胆道镜治疗肝内胆管狭窄及肝内结石的疗效。方法通过T管窦道胆道镜球囊扩张治疗肝内胆管狭窄、取净肝内结石。结果81例肝内胆管结石患者合并肝内胆管狭窄43例，占53．09％；利用胆道球囊反复扩张，解除狭窄的成功率88．37％；取净结石的成功率100％。术后所有病例无严重并发症。结论纤维胆道镜治疗肝内胆管狭窄克服了外科手术的盲区，具有创伤小，治愈率高，并发症少，疗效确切的优点。内镜与手术的结合使肝内胆管狭窄的治疗取得了十分满意的疗效。     

胆道手术中常规应用胆道镜的临床意义

目的探讨胆道手术中常规应用胆道镜的临床意义。方法对我院2003年10月至2009年7月期间使用术中胆道镜处理的136例胆道疾病患者的临床资料进行分析和总结。结果116例肝内、外胆管结石,经术中纤维胆道镜检查、取石和针对性手术治疗,肝外胆管结石取净率为100%(85/85);肝外胆管和肝内胆管残留结石的发生率(简称残石率)分别为0(0/85)和22.6%(7/31),总残石率为6.0%(7/116)。经胆道镜探查发现良性肝内胆管狭窄13例,恶性肝内、外胆管狭窄8例;通过胆道镜取活检,确诊肝门部胆管癌4例,胆总管癌4例,胆总管下段息肉2例,肝胆管结石合并左肝胆管内胆管癌3例;16例梗阻性黄疸的病因得以证实。全部病例均无胆管撕裂、膈下脓肿、急性胆管炎等严重并发症发生。结论胆道镜可大大降低胆管残石率,提高胆道疾病的确诊率,对其治疗方案起到合理的指导作用,术中胆道镜对明确黄疸病因有其独特的优势,胆道镜在胆道疾病诊治中作用显著,值得推广应用。     

联合肝部分切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄

目的：探讨联合肝部分切除的胆道手术在肝内胆管结石狭窄治疗中的临床应用。方法：回顾总结九年来联舍肝部分切除的胆道手术治疗肝内胆管结石及狭窄58例，其中肝段、肝叶切除加胆管狭窄矫形胆道重建术31例(占53．45％)，肝段、肝叶切除27例(占46．5％)以及术中纤维胆道镜取石等。结果：手术后结石取净53例(占91．4％)，纤维胆道镜取石3例，1例结石取净，总的结石取净率为94．7％(54／57)，手术并发症9例(占15．5％)，死亡1例(占1．7％)。随访1—9年57例，肝内结石复发2例(占3．5％)。结论：联合肝段、肝叶切除的胆道手术是治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的有效方法。术后纤维胆道镜检查与治疗对诊治残余结石有重要意义。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗左肝内胆管结石合并肝外胆管结石6例

探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗左肝内胆管结石合并肝外胆管结石的可行性。对6例符合手术指征的左肝内胆管结石合并肝外胆管结石病例,行腹腔镜规则性左半肝切除术+胆囊切除术,并应用纤维胆道镜行肝外胆管探查。6例患者手术均获得成功,手术时间(217.5±89.4)min,术中出血(108.3±102.1)m L。术后2例出现并发症,住院时间(12.7±4.8)d,残石率0(0/6)。腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗左肝内胆管结石合并肝外胆管结石安全、可行、微创。     

胆道再手术的原因及对策

目的：探讨胆道再手术的原因和对策。方法：对1994年12月－20000年12月间胆道再手术102例进行回顾性分析。结果：75例行胆管切开取石,其中12例同时行肝叶切除,5例胆总管十二指肠合改行胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合或再做其他术式,12例胆道恶性肿瘤分别行根治术,内外引流和PTCD,4例行胆管整形和胆肠吻合术,4例行囊肿切除胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合,2例行残余胆囊和胆囊残株炎切除,胆道再手术主要原因是结石复发（52．0％）,残石（21．6％）,恶性肿瘤（11．8％）,术式选择或操作不当（8．8％）,及胆管狭窄（3．9％）,续集：为降低胆道再手术率,强调应明确术前诊断,采用正确的术式,术中胆道镜,胆道造和B超检查,审真操作,积极进行根治性手术,尽量避免急诊手术和术后经T管窦道取石。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的处理(附40例次报道)

探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的有效治疗方法 .方法 回顾分析2004年4月至2009年12月施行的382例次原位肝移植(其中10例次为二次肝移植)的临床资料,对40例次胆道并发症的治疗经验进行总结分析.结果 382例次原位肝移植中恶性肿瘤占150例次,良性肝病232例次,其中40例次发生胆道并发症,发生率为10.5%,分别为缺血性胆道损伤25例次(轻度5例次,中、重度20例次)、吻合口狭窄8例次、胆漏4例次、返流性胆道炎2例次、Oddis括约肌失弛缓1例次.40例次患者中行胆道手术探查处理25例次(63%),治愈及好转28例次,10例次需行二次肝移植(其中3例次死亡),共死亡5例次(13%).结论 部分轻度胆道并发症可经非手术治疗取得满意疗效,而中、重度病例及非手术治疗效果不佳的患者,再次手术胆道探查是较为确实可靠的治疗手段,对于部分严重缺血性胆道损伤导致移植物失功的病例,二次肝移植是唯一的选择.     

Long-Term Results of Hepatic Resection for Hepatolithiasis

Long-term results of hepatic resection for hepatolithiasis in 34 patients having intrahepatic biliary strictures were studied. The left lateral and the right posterior segmental ducts were commonly and often simultaneously involved. Fourteen patients had multiple segmental involvement. Hepatic resection included left sided resection (n=27), right sided resection (n=6), and repeated bilateral resection (n=1). Seven patients had biliary tumors: 3 cholangiocarcinomas, 2 gall bladder cancers, cystadenocarcinoma, and dysplasia of intrahepatic ducts. Nineteen patients received bilioenteric anastomosis. Retained stones and recurrent stones developed in 3 and 4 patients, respectively. Twenty-six patients had no remaining symptoms; 2 died of operative complication or cholangiocarcinoma; 6 presented symptoms caused by retained stones (n=2), recurrent stones (n=2), bile stasis (n=1), or neuralgia (n=1). In 4 of the 6 patients, unrelieved posterior duct strictures caused the symptoms. With a mean follow-up period of 4.5 years, 30 patients are symptoms free, and 27 are stone free. In patients with right lobar or bilobar type, intra- and extrahepatic type, and confluence strictures, bilioenteric anastomosis is required. Hepatic resection is a rational treatment for hepatolithiasis, however, meticulous management of biliary tract abnormalities, particularly the posterior duct stricture, is mandatory.     

皮下通道型肝胆管狭窄成形术治疗肝内胆管结石的疗效评价

目的探讨皮下通道型肝胆管狭窄成形术治疗肝内胆管结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析1993年1月至2006年8月99例接受皮下通道型肝胆管狭窄成形术患者的临床疗效。其中结石局限于左肝28例（28．3％）,右肝24例（24．2％）,两肝均有47例（47．5％）。肝内胆管结石合并狭窄66例（66．7％）。手术方式为胆囊切除、肝内胆管结石取出、病肝切除、肝管狭窄纠正、肝门部胆管成形、与带蒂游离空肠吻合、盲襻皮下埋置。其中27例（27．3％）胆囊不切除,行成形肝管-胆囊颈部吻合,胆囊底皮下埋置。结果95例获得随访,随访率96．0％。随访时间1个月-13．5年,平均4．2年。术后残石率为23．2％（23／99）,结石复发率20．0％（19／95）,术后胆管炎发生率14．7％（14／95）。其中34例经皮下通道引流或胆道镜取石,结石取净率为91．2％（31／34）。结论皮下通道型肝胆管狭窄成形术可有效降低结石及胆管炎复发,并可简单有效地处理再发结石。     

Long-term results after laparoscopic transverse choledochotomy for common bile duct stones

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of laparoscopic transverse choledochotomy (TC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).Methods Ductal stones were present in 344 of 3,212 patients (10.7%) who underwent LC. The procedure was completed laparoscopically in 329 cases (95.6%), with a TC in 138 cases (41.9%) (the subjects of this study), and with a transcystic duct approach in 191 cases (58.1%).Results Biliary drainage was used in 131 of 138 cases (94.9%). There were major complications in eight patients (5.7%), and one patient died (0.7%). Retained stones were seen in 11 cases (8%). None of the patients was lost to follow-up (mean, 72.3 months; range, 11–145). Ductal stones recurred in five patients (3.6%). No signs of bile stasis and no biliary strictures were observed. In all, 121 patients are alive with no biliary symptoms; 16 have died from unrelated causes.Conclusion Long-term follow-up after laparoscopic TC during LC proved its safety and efficacy.     

Are expandable metallic stents better than conventional methods for treating difficult intrahepatic biliary strictures with recurrent hepatolithiasis?

BACKGROUND: Conventional methods for treating patients with recurrent hepatolithiasis associated with complicated intrahepatic biliary strictures include balloon dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary strictures, lithotripsy, and the clearance of difficult stones as completely as possible, with the placement of an external-internal stent for at least 6 months. After these modalities are used, symptomatic refractory strictures remain. Recently we used internal Gianturco-Rosch metallic Z stents to treat patients who had refractory strictures. OBJECTIVE: To compare therapeutic results and complications of an internal expandable metallic Z stent with those of repeated external-internal stent placement. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: A referral center. PATIENTS: From January 1992 to December 1996, 18 patients with recurrent hepatolithiasis and complicated intrahepatic biliary strictures underwent percutaneous dilatation of stricture and transhepatic percutaneous cholangioscopic lithotomy for recurrent stones. After their stones were completely cleared, their biliary strictures failed to dilate satisfactorily. The patients were randomly enrolled into 2 groups: group A (7 patients), who received an expandable metallic Z stent, and group B (11 patients), who had repeated placement of external-internal stents. INTERVENTIONS: Percutaneous stricture dilatation, electrohydraulic lithotripsy, balloon dilatation, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy, and biliary stenting by a Silastic external-internal catheter or a modified Gianturco-Rosch expandable metallic Z stent (for an internal stent). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of procedures, days in hospital, procedure-related complications, incidents of stone recurrence and recurrence of cholangitis, readmissions to the hospital, treatment sessions required, and mortality rate. Patients' limitations in ordinary activities were also compared. RESULTS: The follow-up period ranged from 28 to 60 (40.7+/-12.7 [mean +/- SD]) months in group A and from 28 to 49 (36.0+/-7.2) months in group B. Fewer group A patients (3 [43%]) than group B patients (8 [73%]) tended to have recurrent cholangitis and to require readmission to the hospital, but this was not statistically significant (P = .33). When their cumulative probability of a first episode of cholangitis during follow-up was compared, however, it was significantly lower in patients treated with a metallic stent (P = .04). Compared with group B patients, group A patients had less frequent recurrence of stones (0% vs 64%; P = .01), fewer procedures for the clearance of biliary stones or sludge (1.7+/-2.2 vs 6.4+/-4.3; P = .03), and shorter hospital stays (8.0+/-11.5 days vs 17.0+/-12.0 days; P = .07). No patients in group A experienced limitation in ordinary activities, whereas 7 patients in group B did (P<.02). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the repeated placement of external-internal stents, the use of a metallic internal stent effectively decreases stone recurrence, simplifies further procedures, and is more convenient. Its use is suggested as an alternative choice in the treatment of recurrent hepatolithiasis with refractory intrahepatic biliary strictures.     

肝胆管结石再手术原因及处理:附81例报告

目的　探讨肝胆管结石再手术的原因及手术处理方法。方法　回顾性分析 81例肝胆管结石患者的临床资料。再手术的方法主要包括肝叶切除、肝肠Roux en Y盆式内引流、肝叶切除加肝胆管Roux en Y盆式内引流。结果　肝胆管结石再手术的主要原因包括胆管狭窄和结石残留、胆管变异、合并胆管细胞癌等 ,再次手术后经胆道造影证实残留率为 6.2 % ,随访术后病人优良率为93 .8%。结论　清除结石、解除狭窄、矫正崎形、切除病肝、通畅引流系肝胆管结石的治疗原则。     

�ε��ܽ�ʯ����ʱ����ѡ��

目的：探讨肝胆管结石手术时机的选择对术后并发症及其治疗效果的影响。方法：回顾性分析1992～2002年因肝胆管结石行手术治疗457例的胆管炎发作史，再手术史，手术方式，术后并发症及结石残留等情况。结果：457例中急症期内行手术治疗213例，出现术后并发症47例(22．1％)，死亡3例，术后结石残留率37．3％；择期行手术治疗244例，出现术后并发症31例(12．7％)，死亡2例，术后结石残留率21．7％。结论：严格掌握肝胆管结石手术时机，避免急症期内被动手术和减少再次手术率，可减少术后并发症和残留结石发生，提高治疗效果。     

Unusual cases of acute cholecystitis and cholangitis: Tokyo Guidelines

Unusual cases of acute cholecystitis and cholangitis include (1) pediatric biliary tract infections, (2) geriatric biliary tract infections, (3) acalculous cholecystitis, (4) acute and intrahepatic cholangitis accompanying hepatolithiasis (5) acute biliary tract infection accompanying malignant pancreatic-biliary tumor, (6) postoperative biliary tract infection, (7) acute biliary tract infection accompanying congenital biliary dilatation and pancreaticobiliary maljunction, and (8) primary sclerosing cholangitis. Pediatric biliary tract infection is characterized by great differences in causes from those of adult acute biliary tract infection, and severe cases should be immediately referred to a specialist pediatric surgical unit. Because biliary tract infection in elderly patients, who often have serious systemic conditions and complications, is likely to progress to a serious form, early surgery or biliary drainage is necessary. Acalculous cholangitis, which often occurs in patients with serious concomitant conditions, such as those in intensive care units (ICUs) and those with disturbed cardiac, pulmonary, and nephric function, has a high mortality and poor prognosis. Cholangitis accompanying hepatolithiasis includes recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, an epidemic disease in Southeast Asia. Biliary tract infections, which often occur after a biliary tract operation and treatment of the biliary tract, may have a fatal outcome, and should be carefully observed. The causes of acute cholangitis associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction differ before and after operation. Direct cholangiography is most useful in the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. If cholangiography visualizes a typical bile duct, differentiation from acute pyogenic cholangitis is easy. This article discusses the individual characteristics, diagnostic criteria, treatment guidelines, and prognosis of these unusual types of biliary tract infection.