新型冠状病毒肺炎抗病毒药物的治疗现状

目的:探究新型冠状病毒肺炎抗病毒药物的治疗现状。方法:2019年12月开始,新型冠状病毒(以下简称2019-nCoV)感染引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)病例在国内陆续被发现,并呈暴发趋势;2020年3月3日,国家卫生健康委员会发布的《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第7版)》中,治疗COVID-19患者的抗病毒药物主要有干扰素-α2b、洛匹那韦/利托那韦、利巴韦林、磷酸氯喹和阿比多尔。结果与结论:通过检索相关文献并结合现有临床治疗证据,评价与分析了抗病毒药物的治疗现状和优缺点,以及药学监护。     

α干扰素雾化治疗在新型冠状病毒肺炎中的合理使用及药学监护

由新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）引发的传染性肺炎，其传染性强，目前尚无特效抗病毒药物。对于新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的治疗，现多个诊疗指南中均推荐包括α干扰素在内的抗病毒方案。本文对α干扰素可能的抗COVID-19机制、静脉制剂雾化给药的空气动力学特点、特殊人群的给药方案、常见不良反应以及雾化产生的气溶胶潜在传播风险进行简要综述，旨在为新冠肺炎患者α干扰素雾化的合理使用提供参考。     

抗病毒药物在新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗中的合理使用与药学监护

在抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情的关键时期,国家连续颁布了7版诊疗方案,每一新版诊疗方案对治疗药物都有补充、完善。α-干扰素、磷酸氯喹、阿比多尔、洛匹那韦/利托那韦、利巴韦林等抗病毒药物得到了临床专家的广泛认可与推荐。本文从药物不良反应、药物禁忌、药物相互作用、注意事项等多个方面对《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案（试行第七版）》涉及的抗病毒药物进行归纳与总结,对抗病毒药物的合理使用与药学监护提出建议,旨在为临床治疗药物选择提供参考,提高药物治疗效果。     

51例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者抗病毒药应用分析

目的:探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者抗病毒药使用情况,为临床COVID-19患者合理使用抗病毒药提供参考。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,分析2020年2月4日至2020年3月16日黑龙江省传染病防治院(以下简称"我院")治愈出院的51例COVID-19患者的基本信息和抗病毒药使用情况。结果:51例COVID-19患者中,男性患者27例(占52.94%),女性患者24例(占47.06%),男女比例相近;年龄为2~81岁,各年龄段均有发病,以中老年居多;平均住院时间(20.76±7.46)d;严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)核酸检测转阴时间为5~35 d,平均(18.00±7.07)d;51例患者全部使用了抗病毒药,其中,使用阿比多尔的有49例,使用洛匹那韦/利托那韦的有37例,使用α干扰素的有50例,使用利巴韦林注射液的有11例,使用磷酸奥司他韦胶囊的有2例,使用硫酸羟氯喹的有17例;用药方案主要为阿比多尔、洛匹那韦/利托那韦和α干扰素3种抗病毒药联合应用,极少数患者联合应用4种抗病毒药。结论:我院COVID-19患者抗病毒药的使用基本合理,诊疗方案个体化,但也存在个别患者联合应用3种以上抗病毒药的情况,其安全性和合理性应引起关注。     

2019新型冠状病毒感染潜在抗病毒治疗药物

2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus,2019-nCoV)感染是一种新发、突发传染性疾病,传染性强[1],2019-nCoV与严重急性呼吸综合征相关冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征相关冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)近缘,均可引起重症肺炎、呼吸衰竭和多器官功能障碍。由该病毒感染引起的疾病被称为2019冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19),目前针对2019-nCoV尚无特异抗病毒药物。基因组研究表明,2019-nCoV与SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV分别有79%和50%的基因序列相似性[2],推测SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV中的抗病毒治疗经验及证据对于2019-nCoV有一定借鉴意义。为更好地协助一线临床医师开展救治工作,本文针对2019-nCoV的防控方案及既往SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV的诊疗方案、专家共识和指南,对目前6种可供选择的抗病毒药物(干扰素α、利巴韦林、洛匹那韦/利托那韦、瑞德西韦、阿比多尔及氯喹/羟氯喹)研究进行综述,其中瑞德西韦在我国正展开Ⅲ期临床试验,另外5种已在国内上市的药物针对2019-nCoV的抗病毒疗效尚未明确。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者抗病毒用药监护的研究进展

为提高抗病毒药物在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者尤其是需要多药联合患者中的合理性和安全性,结合《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第七版)》提到的抗病毒药物,通过查阅文献、搜集各抗病毒药物说明书和MCDEX合理用药信息支持系统的相关信息,总结这些抗病毒药物的临床药动学特征、药物相互作用及不良反应信息,提出合理的用药监护建议。从药动学和药物相互作用角度加强抗病毒药物在COVID-19患者中的用药监护,可提高药物使用安全性,保障患者的合理用药。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎抗病毒药物的安全应用

国家卫生健康委员会和国家中医药管理局联合印发的《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版修正版)》推荐了3种抗病毒药物,包括干扰素α(雾化吸入)、洛匹那韦/利托那韦(口服)和利巴韦林(静脉输注)。另外,一种尚未上市的抗病毒药物瑞德西韦也在我国展开了临床试验。本文主要就干扰素、洛匹那韦/利托那韦和利巴韦林在SARS冠状病毒、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒、人类免疫缺陷病毒感染等治疗中的安全性数据以及瑞德西韦在动物实验、Ⅰ期临床试验、治疗埃博拉病毒感染临床试验中的安全性数据及用于1例新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗的初步数据进行简要综述,为临床安全用药提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的治疗及不良反应监护

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎患者药物治疗与药物不良反应监护。方法隔离收治明确诊断的15例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎患者,分轻型、普通型、重型及危重型,使用重组人干扰素α-2a、洛匹那韦/利托那韦片、盐酸阿比多尔片、磷酸氯喹、利巴韦林注射液等抗病毒药物治疗,联合抗病毒用药≤3种,同时进行对症支持治疗,在药物治疗过程中实施药学监护,及时发现药物不良反应并对症处理。结果截至2020年3月5日,治愈出院患者9例,在院患者6例,3例患者临床症状及胸部CT均好转,核酸检测为阳性,1例重型患者转为普通型,2例危重型患者转为重型;治疗过程中11例患者出现不同症状、不同程度的不良反应,不良反应发生率达73.33%,8例患者出现消化系统症状,2例患者出现皮疹伴瘙痒,1例患者治疗过程中肝酶轻微升高,根据国家不良反应监测中心分级,2例为新的不良反应,9例为一般的不良反应。结论目前没有经过临床验证有效的治疗方法治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎,在有限的诊疗方案推荐下需要摸索相关的药物治疗,包括药物选择、用法用量及疗程,药物在临床治疗时需进行不良反应监护,及时发现并对症处理,避免因药物引起的机体损害。     

甘草酸制剂抗病毒活性探讨

自新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情暴发至今,国家先后制定更新了八版COVID-19诊疗方案.目前没有确认有效的COVID-19治疗方法,可试用α干扰素、利巴韦林、阿比多尔和磷酸氯喹等.甘草酸制剂在各类肝病中应用广泛,且具有多种抗病毒活性.本文通过对甘草酸制剂相关文献进行综述,阐述甘草酸制剂在COVID-19治疗中可能的...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎合并肿瘤患者使用抗病毒药物的药学监护策略

摘要：为探讨治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的抗病毒药物在肿瘤患者中应用的药学监护策略,临床药师查阅相关文献资料,深度分析《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第七版)》中推荐的抗病毒药物与抗肿瘤药物之间的药品不良反应(ADR)和药动学相互作用,提出了在COVID-19合并肿瘤患者中合理使用抗病毒药物的建议,旨在确保特殊人群的用药安全。     

Role of the liver in the disposition of intravenous nitroglycerin in the rat

Previous studies have indicated that the liver is the main site of nitroglycerin (NTG) elimination when the drug is systematically infused. To examine this hypothesis, we measured the apparent systemic clearance (Cls) of nitroglycerin in anesthesized rats receiving a constant intravenous infusion at a dose of 100 micrograms per kg per min. Animals were divided into shunt and sham groups; the former had undergone a portal vein ligation 10 days prior to the study, while the latter was subjected to a sham operation. On the study day, half of the animals of each group also received probenecid at 200 mg/kg, i.v., a drug previously reported to inhibit organic nitrate ester reductase (ONER) activity in rat liver. Arterial NTG samples were obtained at 41, 43 and 45 min of infusion in all four experimental groups; Cls was 439 +/- 32 ml per kg per min (mean +/- S.E.) in sham, 460 +/- 44 in sham and probenecid, 477 +/- 39 in shunt, and 461 +/- 34 in shunt and probenecid animals. During NTG infusion, hepatic blood flow (measured with a constant infusion of indocyanine green) was decreased markedly in shunted rats as was liver/body weight, indicating hepatic atrophy. The specific activity of hepatic ONER was similar in all four groups. In spite of marked differences in hepatic blood flow and hepatic mass, the Cls was similar in all four groups. The liver does not appear to be a major site for the elimination of systemic nitroglycerin as hitherto assumed.     

HACCP在学校集体食堂卫生管理中的应用研究

目的 通过HACCP在学校集体食堂管理中的应用,提高食品卫生水平,保障学生的身体健康。方法 HACCP原则。结果 食品卫生达到较高水平,极大地减少了食物中毒的发生。结论 提示HACCP原则可在学校集体食堂的卫生管理中发挥有效作用。     

半导体激光治疗老年人压疮疗效观察

目的探讨半导体激光局部照射治疗老年人压疮疗效.方法:收集2012年1月-2015年6月48例压疮患者,分为半导体组和常规组各24例.常规组采用常规治疗,半导体组采用半导体激光加常规治疗,10 d为1个疗程,不超过3个疗程.疗程结束后比较两组疗效.结果:半导体组压疮愈显率为83.33％,创面愈合时间为(12.75±5.51)d,常规组分别为54.17％和(19.63±8.65)d,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组均未见不良反应.结论:半导体激光加常规治疗压疮效果肯定,无明显不良反应,且操作简便.     

脑卒中恢复期患者社区综合康复的疗效观察

目的：探讨社区开展康复活动对于脑卒中患者肢体功能康复的影响。方法：选取2014年4至10月参与社区“陈睿健康工作室”康复活动的脑卒中恢复期患者50例作为观察组,选取同期延吉社区卫生服务中心门诊的50例脑卒中恢复期患者作为对照组（进行门诊随访、服药、自我康复）。采用知识、信念、行为（KAP）量表对观察组患者进行问卷调查。采用简化Fugl-Meyer肢体运动功能评分表（Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor function,FAM）比较两组患者入组时和入组6个月时的肢体功能恢复情况及对家庭医生（门诊医师）的满意度。结果：入组6个月时,两组患者的FAM均有所改善,观察组FAM得分[上肢（50.92±7.05）分,下肢（33.01±1.37）分]较对照组[上肢（34.85±6.55）分,下肢（25.20±4.88）分]更高,差异有统计学意义（t上肢=11.8215,t下肢=10.8595,P均＜0.01）。观察组患者的满意率为92%（46/50）,明显高于对照组的30%（15/50,P＜0.05）。结论：在社区开展康复活动可以促进脑卒中患者肢体功能的康复,提高患者的满意度。     

Evaluation of the safety of enalapril in the treatment of heart failure in the very old

Summary We have introduced enalapril, in doses equal to or less than the 2.5 mg currently recommended, as an adjuvant to digoxin and diuretics in 17 patients of mean (SD) age 83 (5) years with severe heart failure. Only eleven patients tolerated its introduction. Unlike those reported in younger patients, all but one of the adverse drug reactions occurred 8 h or more after the first dose. Aged patients started on ACE inhibitors should be observed in hospital until stabilized on a maintenance dose. Three patients had an adverse reaction which differed in nature from those previously reported: acute confusional state, ataxia and mesenteric ischaemia.Ten patients were discharged on 5 mg or 10 mg maintenance doses of enalapril. In nine of them improvement on triple therapy was sustained for a minimum of three months. ACE inhibition was lost in the other patient when her compliance with enalapril therapy fell to around 75%: monitoring compliance is essential when ACE inhibitors are used in low dosages.Enalapril was withdrawn during follow up in three patients because of symptoms of mesenteric ischaemia and in four because of dramatic deterioration of renal function. One of the latter was found subsequently to have severe bilateral atheromatous renal artery stenosis. When isosorbide dinitrate was substituted for enalapril, symptoms of mesenteric ischaemia resolved and renal function returned to baseline. Continuing surveillance for adverse effects is essential in patients of this age group with severe heart failure, and the risk of occult renal artery stenosis requires regular biochemical screening during follow up.The benefit to cost ratio of ACE inhibitors might be improved in aged patients by their use at an earlier stage in the natural history of heart failure, when perfusion of essential organs is not grossly impaired, but carefully monitored trials would be necessary to establish this.     

Effect of the Immunomodulator Tilorone on the in Vivo Acetylation of Procainamide in the Rat

Interferon and interferon inducers have been found to inhibit cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism in animals and man. The effect of these agents on the acetylation of drugs has not been previously reported. Since these agents stimulate the reticuloendothelial system, together with the abundance of N-acetyltransferase in the reticuloendothelial system, it was hypothesized that these immunomodulators may affect drug acetylation. To test this hypothesis, the effect of tilorone (a synthetic interferon inducer) on the in vivo acetylation of procainamide was examined in the rat. Pretreatment with tilorone hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) 48 hr prior to the administration of procainamide hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) resulted in a 32% increase in the urinary recovery of N-acetylprocainamide and a 35% increase in the metabolic clearance of procainamide to N-acetylprocainamide. These data indicate that interferon inducers increase the N-acetylation of drugs in vivo.     

药物经济学成本-效果分析应用的相关问题探讨

目的探讨药物经济学成本-效果分析(CEA)应用的相关问题。方法运用文献计量学方法、数学证明方法等。结果与结论在运用CEA进行药品的经济性评价时,尤其需要重视临床治疗指标的选择、成本的确定、增量分析的使用和与最小成本分析的比较。     

替普瑞酮治疗老年慢性浅表性胃炎的疗效分析

目的分析替普瑞酮治疗老年慢性浅表性胃炎的疗效。方法100例老年慢性浅表性胃炎患者,通过计算机随机表数字法分为对照组和实验组,每组50例。对照组患者选择西咪替丁作为本次治疗药物,实验组患者选择替普瑞酮作为本次治疗药物。比较两组患者临床疗效、不良反应发生情况以及生活质量。结果实验组治疗总有效率92.00%高于对照组的76.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组不良反应发生率6.00%低于对照组的20.00%,差异具有统计学意义(χ^2=4.332,P=0.037<0.05)。实验组患者治疗后的生活质量评分(68.68±4.11)分高于对照组的(57.73±3.48)分,差异具有统计学意义(t=14.377,P=0.000<0.05)。结论对于老年慢性浅表性胃炎疾病患者,选择替普瑞酮进行治疗不仅疗效更为理想,而且还不易增加患者的用药不良反应,有利于提高患者的生活质量,建议进一步推广。     

Adenosine mechanisms in the regulation of breathing in the rat

The central respiratory effects of various adenosine (A) analogues were studied in halothane-anesthetized rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the A analogues (2-Cla, L-PIA, CHA and NECA) reduced minute ventilation (VE) due to decreases in respiratory frequency (f) as well as tidal volume (VT). Dose-dependent effects were seen after i.c.v. L-PIA in both normal and vagotomized rats. Analysis of the A-induced changes using the occluded breath technique revealed an increase in expiratory time (TE) as well as a decrease in inspiratory drive. NECA, a relatively specific A2 agonist seemed to be somewhat more potent in eliciting respiratory depression than a relatively specific A1 agonist like L-PIA. Pretreatment with the methylxanthine theophylline completely antagonized the respiratory depression induced by L-PIA. It is concluded that central A receptors are involved in the central regulation of breathing and that A interacts with the respiratory control system mainly by decreasing inspiratory neural drive and prolonging expiratory time.     

Nifedipine in the treatment of hypertension in the elderly

The effect of nifedipine monotherapy, retard tablets, 20 mg bid, was evaluated in 23 hypertensive patients, mean age, 79 +/- 2 years. Twenty-one patients completed an eight-week study. Blood pressure (BP) decreased to 160/90 mm Hg in 15 patients; in four additional patients diastolic BP dropped by 15% to 28%. In a subset of five patients with isolated systolic hypertension, a significant reduction in systolic BP was noted. Side effects were relatively mild and only two patients discontinued the study. The results suggest that nifedipine monotherapy offers an alternative, logic, therapeutic approach to hypertension in the elderly.