Neonatal hypoglycaemia in infants of diabetic mothers

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether umbilical cord blood glucose correlates with subsequent hypoglycaemia after birth in infants of well-controlled diabetic mothers. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-eight term infants of well-controlled diabetic mothers were enrolled. Five mothers had pre-existing diabetes. Of the 33 gestational diabetic mothers, 16 were managed on insulin and 17 on diet. Maternal blood glucose was maintained between 4 and 8 mmol/L during labour and delivery. Infants' plasma glucose levels were measured from venous cord blood and serially, at less than 30 min, 1 h and 2 h of life by glucose hexokinase method. Blood glucose levels were further monitored by bedside Dextrostix for 24 h. RESULTS: Eighteen (47%) infants developed hypoglycaemia (blood glucose level less than 2 mmol/L) during the first 2 h of life. There was no difference in the cord blood glucose levels between infants with or without hypoglycaemia (3.7 +/- 1.1 vs 4.5 +/- 1.1 mmol/L, respectively). Infants of mothers with diabetes diagnosed prior to 28 weeks gestation were at a higher risk of developing hypoglycaemia (8 of 10 vs 10 of 28, OR 7.2, 95%CI 1.3-40.7). Hypoglycaemic infants were of significantly higher birthweight, and were more likely to be born to Caucasian mothers and by Caesarean section. Raised maternal fructosamine blood level, the need for insulin treatment or the infant's haematocrit were not different between infants with or without hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS: In well-controlled diabetic mothers, the incidence of early hypoglycaemia in infants is still high, particularly in those mothers who had a longer duration of diabetes. Cord blood glucose level did not identify the infants with hypoglycaemia.     

Cyclopic malformation in infants of diabetic mothers

Two cases of cyclopic malformations are described among 450 infants of diabetic mothers during a period of four years. Both died within 30 min. of birth. Both belonged to unrelated Libyan families with absent consanguinity and family history. No chromosomal defect was found in either. A possible etiological association with uncontrolled maternal diabetes is discussed.     

小于胎龄儿脑岛的测量

目的：探讨小于胎龄儿脑岛发育的状况。方法：通过颅脑超声测量92例小于胎龄儿脑岛面积、周长,并与109例同胎龄正常适于胎龄儿相比较。结果：小于胎龄儿脑岛面积、周长与出生体重、胎龄呈正相关;小于胎龄儿脑岛面积（＞37周：451±92 mm2;≤34周：248±78 mm2）、周长（＞37周：92±11 mm）与正常同胎龄适于胎龄儿脑岛面积（＞37周：516±116 mm2;≤34周：314±80 mm2）、周长（＞37周：97±11 mm）比较,差异有显著性意义（P<0.05）。结论：小于胎龄儿脑岛发育成熟欠佳;脑岛的发育可通过颅脑超声测量新生儿脑岛面积、周长予以评价。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（9）：733-735］     

Body composition in appropriate and in small for gestational age infants

The body composition of 70 appropriate for gestational age newborn infants whose gestational age ranged from 32 to 41 weeks was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry during the first 48 h of life. The evolution of the bone mineral content, fat and lean mass was well correlated with gestational age ( r = 0.66, r = 0.66 and r = 0.82. respectively) but even more closely with birthweight ( r = 0.85, r = 0.91 and r = 0.97. respectively). The body composition of 20 symmetric small for gestational age infants (mean gestational age ± SD = 38.1 ± 1.2 weeks: mean birthweight ± SD = 2117 ± 183 g) was also studied. The total body fat, the lean mass and the bone mineral content of small for gestational age infants were decreased significantly in comparison with those of appropriate for gestational age infants with the same gestational age ( p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.0001 and p ≤ 0.05) but was not significantly different from those observed in appropriate for gestational age infants of the same birthweight.     

34 周以下适于胎龄及小于胎龄早产儿出生 2 周内 蛋白质、能量摄入及体质量变化

目的了解34周以下早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)和小于胎龄儿(SGA)生后蛋白质、能量摄入量以及体质量z评分的变化情况。方法回顾收集2012年1月至2014年12月入院的314例早产儿,比较268例AGA和46例SGA早产儿生后2周内蛋白质、能量摄入情况和体质量变化。结果 SGA组住院时间、肠外联合肠内营养时间、全肠内营养时间、达足量喂养时间均较AGA早产儿长,差异有统计学意义(P??0.05);SGA组生后第4、8、12天能量摄入量明显低于AGA组,SGA组生后第6、8天总蛋白质摄入量明显低于AGA组,差异均有统计学意义(P??0.05);SGA组日平均体质量增长量大于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P??0.05);AGA组与SGA组生后2周内体质量z评分均逐渐远离中位水平,且SGA组2周时体质量z评分低于AGA组(P??0.05)。结论胎龄??34周的SGA早产儿恢复出生体质量后的生长速率快于AGA早产儿,存在一定的追赶生长;但SGA、AGA早产儿的生长均有待提高。     

早产儿及小于胎龄儿喂养困难研究进展

早产儿及小于胎龄儿喂养困难是普遍存在的问题,发病率高。影响早产儿及小于胎龄儿喂养困难的因素有很多,包括窒息、原发疾病、胎龄、开奶时间、孕期因素、环境因素、激素水平等,该文就早产儿及小于胎龄儿喂养困难病因、治疗进行综述,旨在为早产儿及小于胎龄儿喂养困难的防治及进一步研究提供基础。     

小于胎龄儿临床分型标准的探讨

目的 观察小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age infants,SGA)的临床分型情况,并评价我国现行的SGA分型方法与SGA定义分型的相关性。方法 采用回顾性调查方法,根据“试行草案”中重量指数(ponderal index,PI)及身长／头围比值分型标准对417例SGA进行临床分型,并以SGA的定义分型为“金标准”,评价PI及身长／头围比值的分型结果。结果 (1)按PI、身长／头围比值及定义的标准,417例SGA中匀称型分别为376例(90．17％)、376例(90．17％)和187例(44．84％)。PI与身长／头围比值的诊断符合率为80．82％,但反映诊断结果一致性的指标Kappa值为-0．093。(2)PI和身长／头围比值分型与SGA定义分型的符合率分别为49．88％和50．84％。与定义标准相比,PI及身长／头围比值的敏感性为91．84％～96．38％,特异性为9．30％～25．86％,假阳性为74．14％～90．70％,诊断指数为4．95％～17．70％,Kappa值为0．070～0．167。(3)ROC曲线分析显示,足月儿和早产儿PI值的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．635和0．698;身长／头围比值法的ROC曲线下面积为0．673。结论 我国目前“试行草案”中PI及身长／头围比值两种分型标准不够合理,有进一步探讨的必要。ROC结果亦提示此两种分型方法总体上诊断价值偏低。     

小于胎龄儿青春前期女孩硫化脱氢表雄酮和胰岛素水平的研究

目的探讨小于胎龄儿(SGA)青春前期女孩肾上腺机能初现及是否具有肾上腺机能早现、高肾上腺雄激素血症、高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗现象。方法以符合纳入标准的SGA 39例为研究对象,年龄(7.4±1.7)岁,42例适于胎龄儿(AGA)为对照组,年龄(7.4±1.7)岁。在隔夜空腹12 h后,行身体检查,并抽血检测空腹血糖、胰岛素、硫化脱氢表雄酮(DHEAS)、皮质醇和雌二醇。胰岛素敏感性用空腹血糖与胰岛素乘积的倒数再取自然对数来评价。结果两组中未发现肾上腺机能早现的临床表现,两组间孕母孕龄、年龄、体重指数、空腹血糖、皮质醇、雌二醇和胰岛素敏感性指数差异无统计学意义。SGA组出生体重、研究时的身高和体重均低于AGA组,SGA血清胰岛素和DHEAS水平均高于AGA组(对数转换值:1.076±0.041vs.1.050±0.051,P<0.05;2.637±0.271vs.2.514±0.250,P<0.05)。AGA组DHEAS值在7岁以后出现明显增加,SGA组DHEAS值出现增加的趋势与AGA组比较有所提前。结论AGA女孩肾上腺机能初现的年龄约为7岁,而SGA女孩肾上腺机能初现有始动提前的趋势,青春前期SGA女孩有高肾上腺雄激素血症和胰岛素水平升高的现象,但以胰岛素敏感性指数来评价,尚未发现胰岛素抵抗现象。     

小于胎龄儿血生化营养指标研究

为提高小于胎龄儿今后的生活质量,探讨其出生后即刻血生化指标的变化,以正确评价小于胎龄儿出生时营养状况,对我科2000年1月～2005年5月出生的早产小于胎龄儿、足月小于胎龄儿、足月适于胎龄儿的血生化营养指标进行比较,现将结果总结如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料早产小于胎龄儿(A组)27例,胎龄30～36(33.04±1.51)周,体重1020～1565(1235.67±145.57)g;足月小于胎龄儿(B组)35例,胎龄37～41(38.33±1.06)周,体重1500～2000(1801.67±123.99)g;足月适于胎龄儿(C组)30例,胎龄37～41(38.87±1.31)周,体重2595～3885(3331.94±363.20)g。出生时…     

Breastfeeding and catch-up growth in infants born small for gestational age

Postnatal growth was prospectively measured from birth to 1 y in 54 term infants born small for gestational age (SGA), fed either breast milk or a standard term infant formula. Breastfeeding was associated with a 0.36 and 0.64 standard deviation (SD) increase in weight at 2 weeks and 3 months of age. respectively, which persisted beyond the breastfeeding period (0.64 SD at 1 y). Breastfed infants also showed greater catch-up growth in head circumference [SD score (SDS) 0.53 higher at 3 months], and greater body length gain (SDS 0.68 higher at 6 months). This increased growth was independent of potentially confounding obstetric, social and demographic factors. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding may promote faster growth in infants compromised by poor growth in utero. SGA infants may be programmed for a number of adverse outcomes; the possibility that such events are altered by choice of postnatal diet is a key issue for future research.     

Ponderal index as a predictor of neonatal morbidity in small for gestational age infants

Seventy four consecutively born small for gestational age infants (birth weight<10th centile) were classified into two groups based on the nutritional status at birth as determined by the ponderal index (weight gm/length cm³×100). All the infants had a ponderal index below the 50th centile. The disproportionately grown infants (52·7%) (PI<3rd centile) were more frequently affected by birth asphyxia, polycythemia and hypothermia than their more proportionately grown (47·3%) (PI>10th centile) counterparts. Thus the identification of disproportionately grown small-for-gestational age infants, which constitute a high risk group among the small-for-gestational age infants, is important at birth.     

早产小于胎龄儿生长代谢的临床研究

目的 探讨早产小于胎龄儿（SGA）与适于胎龄儿（AGA）在住院期间生长代谢的差异,为临床对早产SGA进行营养干预提供依据。方法 1 370例早产儿纳入研究,根据胎龄与出生体重的关系分为SGA组（675例）与AGA组（695例）,比较两组早产儿住院期间的一般情况、体格增长及血生化指标等情况。结果 SGA组住院天数长于AGA组（P < 0.05）。与AGA组相比,SGA组出院体重、出院体重Z评分及出院身长均较低,宫外生长迟缓发生率较高（P < 0.05）,头围增长速率大于AGA组。与AGA组相比,SGA组达全肠内喂养时间及需肠外营养时间均较长（P < 0.05）。SGA组入院时白蛋白、前白蛋白、血清磷、出院前总胆汁酸高于AGA组,白蛋白低于AGA组（P < 0.05）。SGA组窒息、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、心肌损伤、喂养不耐受、肺炎、败血症、低血糖、低甲状腺素血症的发生率高于AGA组（P < 0.05）。结论 早产SGA住院期间体格发育明显落后于AGA,宫外生长迟缓发生率较高,更易出现并发症。     

糖尿病母亲婴儿的神经发育结局

随着孕前糖尿病及妊娠糖尿病发生率的增高,糖尿病母亲婴儿(infants of diabetic mothers,IDMs)也呈逐年增多的趋势,IDMs易发生不良围生期结局,并可能对IDMs神经发育造成负面影响,但目前关于IDMs神经发育结局的研究还相对较少.该文查阅相关文献,从感知觉、运动、语言、智力发育、神经精神疾病...     

小于胎龄儿幼儿期生活质量及其影响因素的研究

目的 了解小于胎龄儿(SGA)幼儿期的生活质量与适于胎龄儿(AGA)比较是否存在差异,并调查影响SGA 生活质量的因素.方法 采用婴幼儿生活质量问卷表(ITQOL SF-47)对儿保门诊就诊的出生时为SGA 和AGA 的1~3 岁幼儿进行生活质量调查,分别比较SGA 组(n=203)与AGA 组(n=130)、SGA 追赶组(n=119)与无追赶组(n=84)、SGA 首次儿保随访组(n=144)与多次儿保随访组(n=59)的生活质量.采用广义线性模型分析法调查影响SGA 生活质量的因素.结果 SGA 组ITQOL 总分低于AGA 组(630±99 vs 716±84,PPPP结论 SGA 幼儿期的生活质量低于同龄正常儿童.适当促进追赶生长及定期儿童保健对提高SGA 的生活质量有益;儿童性别、居住地、母亲文化程度对SGA 幼儿期的生活质量也有影响.     

晚期早产儿与足月小于胎龄儿生长发育状况比较

目的比较均为低出生体质量的晚期早产与足月小于胎龄(SGA)儿童的生长和发育状况。方法随机选取100例出生体质量<2 500 g的3岁儿童,其中50例为晚期早产儿童,50例为足月SGA儿童,对其进行体格测量及盖赛尔(Gesell)发育量表评估。结果晚期早产和足月SGA儿童的出生体质量、出生身长相近,但3岁时晚期早产儿童的身高、体质量、头围明显优于足月SGA儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Gesell发育评估显示,晚期早产儿童的动作能、应物能、语言能、应人能均高于足月SGA儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论同为低出生体质量,晚期早产儿童的长期生长和发育状况优于足月SGA儿童。     

Longitudinal follow-up of height up to five years of age in infants born preterm small for gestational age; comparison to full-term small for gestational age infants

OBJECTIVE: This aims to conduct a comparative study of the height catch-up rate in preterm small for gestational age (SGA) infants during early childhood by gestational age and identify the factors affecting short stature in comparison to full-term SGA infants. METHODS: 449 SGA infants (214 full-term infants, 73 infants with gestation of less than 32 weeks, and 162 infants with gestation of more than 32 weeks but less than 37 weeks) from 25 institutions in Japan were assessed for catch-up (> or = -2SD) rate in growth by measuring for length/height at 1 year, 3 years and 5 years of age and the risk factors for no catch-up (< -2SD) at 5 years. RESULTS: The overall length/height catch-up rate was 68% at 1 year, 89% at 3 years and 88% at 5 years. The catch-up rate at 3 and 5 years of age in the group with gestation of less than 32 weeks had a rate of 74%, which was significantly less than the other two groups (approximately 90%). A significant factor associated with short stature at 5 years in the group with gestation of less than 32 weeks was the lower length SD score at time of birth, and for preterm infants born more than 32 weeks of gestation and full-term infants, significant factors were the lower maternal height and head circumference at birth. CONCLUSION: SGA infants born less than 32 weeks of gestation had a higher risk of no catch-up and different factors affecting catch-up compared to preterm SGA infants of gestation more than 32 weeks and full-term SGA infants.     

Serum copper in newborns and their mothers

Serum copper levels in the cord blood of 100 newborns and the respective maternal serum copper at the time of delivery was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The cases were classified into term AGA, term SGA, term LGA, preterm AGA and preterm SGA. The mean maternal serum copper level 152.42 ± 2.06 μg/Jdl) was significantly higher than the mean cord serum copper level (39.84 ±1.19 μg/dl). There was positive correlation between the maternal serum copper level and cord serum copper level. The mean serum copper level of term neonates was (44.42 ± 1.26 μgJdl) significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of preterm neonates (30.30 ± 1.14 μg/dl). There was a positive correlation between cord serum cooper level and gestational age. The mean cord serum copper levels of term AGA, term SGA, preterm AGA and preterm SGA neonates was 45.42 ± 1.44 μg/dl, 39.22 ± 2.45 μg/dl, 31.00 ± 2.11 udJdl and 29.47 ± 2.08 μg/dl respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean serum copper level, of AGA and SGA group of both term and preterm noenates. The difference amongst mean maternal serum copper level of various neonatal groups was not significant.