饲料脂肪酸组成对大鼠胃肠等肿瘤生成的影响

目的：　研究脂肪酸组成对甲基亚硝基脲（ Ｍ Ｎ Ｕ） 诱导的大鼠结肠等肿瘤生成的影响。方法：　雄性 Ｓ Ｄ 大鼠喂以用牛油、豆油、紫草油、玉米油和鱼油按不同比例调配，含脂肪量为１５ ％ 的半合成饲料，分５ 组。各组脂肪酸组成为：１ 组以牛油为主富含饱和脂肪酸；２ 组以豆油为主富含亚油酸，１ 组和２ 组基本不含有ｎ ３ 系列多不饱和脂肪酸；３ 组以紫草油为主富含亚油酸，α和γ亚麻酸，ｎ ６／ｎ ３ 脂肪酸之比为４ ．５３ ；４ 组以鱼油为主富含ｎ ３ 系列多不饱和脂肪酸，ｎ ６／ｎ ３ 脂肪酸之比为０ ．７３ ；５ 组为混合油组，ｎ ６／ｎ ３ 脂肪酸之比为１ ．９５ 。对照组和实验组分别经腹腔注射磷酸盐生理盐水缓冲液和３０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ ．ｂｗ 的 Ｍ Ｎ Ｕ，每周一次，共６ 次，喂养１８０ 天。实验期控制了影响肿瘤产生的因素。结果：１ 、２ 和３ 组产生的结肠肿瘤均显著高于４组（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ，也相对高于５ 组（ Ｐ＞ ０ ．０５） ；１ 、２ 、３ 和５ 组产生的胃肿瘤也相对地高于４ 组，但是，各组之间无显著的统计学差异。除了４ 组和１ 组外，其它各组在其它部位也产生了肿瘤。结论：　 Ｍ Ｎ Ｕ 能诱导喂以不同脂肪酸组成的大鼠产生以结肠癌为主的癌症；饲?     

高脂摄入对大鼠肝血脂及红细胞膜的影响

为探讨脂肪酸(FA)对机体肝,血脂及红细胞膜的影响,给Wistar雄性大鼠饲以三种不同饲料35天和63天,三种饲料及动物分组为:23％(w/w)猪油作为饱和脂肪酸(SFA)组,23％(w/w)玉米油作为多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)组,5％(w/w)玉米油作为低脂(LFA)对照组。结果发现:大鼠肝脂FA组分可反映摄入脂FA组分;与SFA组相比,PUFA组极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显降低,但PUFA组红细胞渗透脆性高、溶血速率快,膜流动性趋于增大;高脂(SFA、PUFA)组大鼠红细胞C_(3b)受体免疫粘附活性降低。本研究表明:高脂尤其是高多不饱和脂对红细胞膜结构及免疫功能有不良影响,既往认为多食用高不饱和脂对机体有利的观点似过于简单化。     

Mineral elements content in smoked fish

The content of macroelements (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium potassium and sodium) and microelements (copper, zinc, iron, manganese, chromium, selenium, fluorine and iodine) in the following smoked fish: sprat, mackerel, salmon, smoked herring and trout were determined. The most of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper and manganese contain smoked sprat. The amount of calcium in fish's remaining species is considerably lower, and phosphorus approximated to his content in sprat. The selenium and the fluorine occur on approximate level in all examined fish, however the amount of iodine was diverse but high. Smoked salmon and trout contain the most iodine, and the least smoked herring, sprat and mackerel. Contribution of fish in the recommended daily intake for mineral elements was estimated.     

Proximate, unsaponifiable lipid and fatty acid composition of bogue (Boops boops) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) from the Italian trawl fishery

This study was aimed at evaluating the nutritional properties of bogue (Boops boops) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), fish species present throughout the Mediterranean and highly represented in the catch of the Italian trawl fishery. In Italy such fish species are scarcely known by consumers and are not sought-after on the market, especially when the fish are small. Proximates, unsaponifiables and fatty acid profile of bogue and horse mackerel caught by trawlers in different seasons of the year along the southern Adriatic coast of Italy were evaluated. Results showed that both species were characterised by good protein contents (18–20 g/100 g) and low lipid (1–2 g/100 g) and cholesterol (50–70 mg/100 g) levels at any season considered. Along with α-tocopherol (0.45–0.70 mg/100 g), δ-tocopherol was found at a lower level (0.04–0.09 mg/100 g) while no detectable amounts of the γ-isomer were observed in either species. The fatty acid profiles of horse mackerel and bogue exhibited a seasonal fluctuation. They were characterised by high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ranging from about 30% of total fatty acids in summer to more than 40% of total fatty acids in spring and winter, and by high n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio values (4.4–6.8 for bogue, 7.4–8.2 for horse mackerel). On a quantitative basis, in bogue total n-3 PUFA amounted to 0.29–0.43 g out of 0.33–0.54 g of total PUFA per 100 g wet fillet. In horse mackerel total n-3 PUFA ranged between 0.37 g and 0.43 g/100 g and total PUFA between 0.41 and 0.49 g/100 g wet fillet. The atherogenic (0.46–0.63) and thrombogenic (0.22–0.38) indexes calculated on bogue and horse mackerel were comparable to those of fish species of higher commercial value. The nutritional properties of these underutilised species may be considered comparable to those of other low-fat fish species from the wild and also from aquaculture present on the Italian market and meeting consumers’ preferences.     

Analyses and Declarations of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Canned Seafood May Help to Quantify Their Dietary Intake

The American Heart Association (AHA) recently confirmed common recommendations of one to two fish dishes per week in order to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, the natural fluctuations of lipids and fatty acids (FA) in processed seafood caught little public attention. Moreover, consumers of unprocessed seafood in general do not know how much omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) within servings they actually ingest. The few studies published until today considering this aspect have been re-evaluated in today’s context. They included four observational studies with canned fatty coldwater fish (mackerel and herring from the same region, season, producer and research group). Their outcomes were similar to those conducted in the following years using supplements. Cans containing seafood (especially fatty coldwater fish) with declared content of omega-3 FA are ready-to-use products. Human studies have shown a higher bioavailability of omega-3 FA by joint uptake of fat. Canned fatty coldwater fish contain omega-3 FA plus plenty of fat in one and the same foodstuff. That suggests a new dietary paradigm with mixed concepts including several sources with declared content of omega-3 FA for reducing the cardiovascular risk and other acknowledged indications.     

Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary recommendations are moderately efficient in optimizing their status in healthy middle-aged subjects with low fish consumption: a cross-over study

Several dietary recommendations have been made for marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake; however, the effectiveness of these fatty acids has not been thoroughly examined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether public-aimed dietary recommendations for long-chain n-3 PUFA from oily fish or fish oil supplements are efficient in optimizing their status in red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets of healthy middle-aged subjects with low customary fish consumption. In a randomized, cross-over trial conducted over an 8-week period and separated by a 6-month washout period, 33 participants received an oily fish (salmon), providing 274 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + 671 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day, or a commercial fish oil supplement, providing 396 mg EPA + 250 mg DHA per day. Blood samples were collected before and after each intervention period, and RBCs and platelets were used for analysis of fatty acids. After 8 weeks, there were significant increases in EPA and DHA content in RBCs and platelets with both salmon and fish oil capsules. The increase in EPA in both RBCs and platelets was higher with capsules, whereas the increase in DHA in both RBCs and platelets was higher with salmon. In spite of the quantitative and qualitative differences between n-3 fatty acid profiles in salmon and the fish oil supplement, the overall incorporation of these fatty acids into RBCs and platelets did not differ in our short-term study (P > .05). The sum of EPA + DHA significantly increased in both compartments following dietary recommendations for oily fish and fish oil supplements intake in middle-aged healthy subjects with low baseline long-chain n-3 PUFA status, although targeted values with optimal cardioprotective effect of more than 8% were not achieved.     

Effect of dietary salmon oil feeding on rat heart lipid status

For 2 mo rats were fed a salmon oil diet (12.5%, wt/wt) supplemented with 4.5% (wt/wt) corn oil, a corn oil diet (17%, wt/wt) or a low fat diet (4.4%, wt/wt). Cardiac lipids were analyzed and fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was determined. Ventricular biopsies were taken for ultramicroscopic examination. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid and vitamin E concentrations were significantly lower in rats fed salmon oil than in those fed the other two diets, whereas serum transaminases and vitamin A were not significantly affected. Cardiac protein, phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were unaffected by diet. Cardiac phospholipid composition remained unchanged and no significant changes in lyso-PC or lyso-PE levels were observed. However, the salmon oil diet produced a markedly lower n-6/n-3 ratio in both PE and PC than in the other two diets. This was the result of replacement of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), primarily 20:4n-6 with n-3 PUFA, primarily 22:6n-3. The unsaturation index of PC and PE was higher with the salmon oil diet than with the other two diets. Ventricular biopsies of rats fed salmon oil showed mild lipid accumulation associated with some lipofuscin-like material. It is suggested that, in rat heart, fish oil led to a moderate accumulation of lipids, the composition of which may include long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and a degradative form of peroxidized lipids.     

Short-term effect of two cholesterol-lowering diets on sterol excretion in ileostomy patients

The effect of two cholesterol-lowering diets (PUFA, LO) on the excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols, measured by GLC, was studied in six healthy ileostomates. The reference diet contained 100 g of fat and 13 g of dietary fiber. PUFA was increased in polyunsaturated fatty acids but fat level remained the same. LO was reduced in total fat with a concomitant increase in dietary fiber. Bile acid, net cholesterol, and net sterol excretion increased by 22%, 28%, and 24% (p less than 0.01), respectively, on PUFA. On LO, net cholesterol and net sterol excretion increased by 27% and 18% (p less than 0.01), respectively. Results support the concept of changes in sterol excretion as a mechanism for changes in blood-lipid levels induced by cholesterol-lowering diets.     

两种刺鳅肌肉营养成分分析及评价

目的对两种野生刺鳅属鱼类(大刺鳅和刺鳅)肌肉的营养组成进行分析与评价。方法采用常规的生化分析方法对两种野生刺鳅肌肉的营养组成进行了测定。结果两种刺鳅肌肉中均含有18种氨基酸、17种脂肪酸、9种矿物元素。在大刺鳅与刺鳅肌肉鲜样中,蛋白质含量为17.72%、21.42%;脂肪含量为1.63%、2.66%;氨基酸总量为17.47%、21.25%;鲜味氨基酸总量为7.14%、8.76%;EPA与DHA总量为4.17%、7.92%;人体必需脂肪酸总量为9.53%、9.65%;必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为62.52、66.28;第一限制性氨基酸为(甲硫氨酸﹢半胱氨酸)、色氨酸。结论两种刺鳅肌肉含高蛋白和低脂肪,氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸、EPA与DHA含量均较高,矿物元素含量丰富,有较佳的食用口感和较好的营养价值。     

Development of food groupings to guide dietary advice for people with diabetes

Objective: To describe the development and characteristics of a food categorisation system and its application to guide advice for diabetes treatment. Design and methods: Foods commonly consumed by 16 adults with diabetes were grouped by macronutrient content and type of fat to form a set of reference food groups for dietary advice. Means for energy and macronutrients from individual food groups were then used to construct an overall intake pattern targeting 8000 kJ and relative amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat (saturated fatty acids (SFA) < 10%E and (polyunsaturated fatty acids) PUFA ～ 10%E). Variation in energy and macronutrients contributed by all foods partitioned into each food group was assessed by the coefficient of variation of data on the whole diet. Results: To differentiate between sources of fat, 13 food groups emerged and 10 were deemed acceptable to nutritional guidelines for diabetes treatment. The food group pattern was judged adequate for the achievement of dietary recommendations with low‐potential variation in total energy (5%) and macronutrient proportions (protein 6%, fat 6%, carbohydrate 3%), but higher for fat types (SFA 22%, (monounsaturated fatty acids) MUFA 11%, PUFA 12%). Targeted proportions for fat types were achieved only when daily servings of PUFA‐rich, oils, nuts and oily fish or soy were included in an ideal intake pattern. Conclusions: In theory, a dietary pattern constructed from food group sources of macronutrients and individual fat types results in low‐potential variation from recommended nutrient targets and, therefore, is appropriate to guide advice for the treatment of diabetes.     

Dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish reduces CVD risk markers in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women

Dietary intervention studies to assess the cardioprotective effects of oily fish are scarce in China. The present study aimed to examine the effects of the oily fish, Norwegian salmon, herring and local farmed pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) on CVD risk markers when included in the Chinese diet. In this 8-week, parallel-arm, randomised intervention study, 126 Chinese women with hypertriacylglycerolaemia, aged 35-70 years, were assigned to four groups to consume an experimental lunch containing 80?g fillets of either one of three oily fish or a mix of commonly eaten meats (pork/chicken/beef/lean fish) for 5?d/week. The results showed that inclusion of the three oily fish significantly increased the intake of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) while decreasing the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Compared to the control group, significant increases of DHA, EPA+DHA and total n-3 PUFA in plasma choline phosphoglyceride were observed in the three oily fish groups. Plasma TAG levels were significantly reduced only in the salmon and herring groups. When compared to the baseline level, the three oily fish diets significantly decreased serum concentrations of TAG, apoB, apoCII and apoCIII, but only the salmon and herring diets significantly lowered TNF-α and raised adiponectin levels in serum. The salmon diet additionally decreased the serum concentration of IL-6. To conclude, dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish can effectively increase serum n-3 LC-PUFA content and are associated with favourable biochemical changes in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women, and these beneficial effects are mainly associated with n-3 LC-PUFA contents.     

Dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids alter avian metabolism: metabolism and abdominal fat deposition

The effects of dietary saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the n-3 and n-6 series on weight gain, body composition and substrate oxidation were investigated in broiler chickens. At 3 weeks of age three groups of chickens (n 30; ten birds per group) were fed the fat-enriched experimental diets for 5 weeks. These diets were isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and contained 208 g protein/kg and 80 g edible tallow, fish oil or sunflower oil/kg; the dietary fatty acid profiles were thus dominated by saturated fatty acids, n-3 PUFA or n-6 PUFA respectively. Resting RQ was measured in five birds from each treatment group during weeks 4 and 5 of the experiment. There were no significant differences between treatments in total feed intake or final body mass. Birds fed the PUFA diets had lower RQ and significantly reduced abdominal fat pad weights (P<0.01) compared with those fed tallow. The dietary lipid profile changes resulted in significantly greater partitioning of energy into lean tissue than into fat tissue (calculated as breast lean tissue weight:abdominal fat mass) in the PUFA groups compared with the saturated fat group (P<0.01; with no difference between the n-3 and n-6 PUFA groups). In addition, the PUFA-rich diets lowered plasma concentrations of serum triacylglycerols and cholesterol. The findings indicate that dietary fatty acid profile influences nutrient partitioning in broiler chickens.     

Fatty acids in confectionery products

The content of fat and fatty acids in 144 different confectionery products purchased on the market in Warsaw region during 1997-1999 have been investigated. In examined confectionery products considerable variability of both fat and fatty acids content have been found. The content of fat varied from 6.6% (coconut cookies) up to 40% (chocolate wafers). Saturated fatty acids were present in both cis and trans form. Especially trans fatty acids reach (above 50%) were fats extracted from nut wafers, coconuts wafers.     

An acute intake of a walnut-enriched meal improves postprandial adiponectin response in healthy young adults

A deficit in adiponectin plays an important causal role in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that as seen during the fasting state, the intake of a walnut-enriched meal increased postprandial adiponectin. Twenty-one healthy white men followed a 4-week baseline diet and then consumed 3 fat-loaded meals that included 1 g fat/kg body weight (65% fat) according to a randomized crossover design: olive oil–enriched meal (22% saturated fatty acids [SFA], 38% monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFA], 4% polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA]), butter-enriched meal (35% SFA, 22% MUFA, 4% PUFA), and walnut-enriched meal (20% SFA, 24% MUFA, 16% PUFA, and 4% α-linolenic acid). Leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and free fatty acids were determined at 0, 3, 6, and 8.5 hours after the fat load. After the walnut-enriched meal, plasma adiponectin concentrations were higher at 3 and 6 hours (P = .011, P = .046, respectively) compared with the butter-enriched meal and higher at 6 hours compared with the olive oil–enriched meal (P = .036). Free fatty acid levels decreased from baseline at 3 hours after the walnut-enriched meal (P = .001). No differences were observed between the 3 meals for leptin and resistin responses. Our data confirmed a beneficial profile in the postprandial response to walnuts, source of omega-3 PUFA with an increased postprandial adiponectin and lower postprandial free fatty acid responses. These findings suggest that the postprandial state is important for understanding the possible cardioprotective effects associated with omega-3 PUFA dietary fat.     

Salmon consumption during pregnancy alters fatty acid composition and secretory IgA concentration in human breast milk

Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy alters breast milk composition, but there is little information about the impact of oily fish consumption. We determined whether increased salmon consumption during pregnancy alters breast milk fatty acid composition and immune factors. Women (n = 123) who rarely ate oily fish were randomly assigned to consume their habitual diet or to consume 2 portions of farmed salmon per week from 20 wk of pregnancy until delivery. The salmon provided 3.45 g long-chain (LC) (n-3) PUFA/wk. Breast milk fatty acid composition and immune factors [soluble CD14, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)1, TGFβ2, and secretory IgA] were analyzed at 1, 5, 14, and 28 d postpartum (PP). Breast milk from the salmon group had higher proportions of EPA (80%), docosapentaenoic acid (30%), and DHA (90%) on d 5 PP compared with controls (P < 0.01). The LC (n-6) PUFA:LC (n-3) PUFA ratio was lower for the salmon group on all days of PP sampling (P ≤ 0.004), although individual (n-6) PUFA proportions, including arachidonic acid, did not differ. All breast milk immune factors decreased between d 1 and 28 PP (P < 0.001). Breast milk secretory IgA (sIgA) was lower in the salmon group (d 1-28 PP; P = 0.006). Salmon consumption during pregnancy, at the current recommended intakes, increases the LC (n-3) PUFA concentration of breast milk in early lactation, thus improving the supply of these important fatty acids to the breast-fed neonate. The consequence of the lower breast milk concentration of sIgA in the salmon group is not clear.     

Fat content, energy value and fatty acid profile of donkey milk during lactation and implications for human nutrition

ABSTRACT: Background and AimsMilk contains numerous nutrients. The content of n-3 fatty acids, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and short- and medium-chain fatty acids may promote positive health effects. In Western societies, cow's milk fat is perceived as a risk factor for health because it is a source of a high fraction of saturated fatty acids. Recently, there has been increasing interest in donkey's milk. In this work, the fat and energetic value and acidic composition of donkey's milk, with reference to human nutrition, and their variations during lactation, were investigated. We also discuss the implications of the acidic profile of donkey's milk on human nutrition. METHODS: Individual milk samples from lactating jennies were collected 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210days after foaling, for the analysis of fat, proteins and lactose, which was achieved using an infrared milk analyser, and fatty acids composition by gas chromatography. RESULTS: The donkey's milk was characterised by low fat and energetic (1719.2kJ.kg-1) values, a high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of mainly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), a low n-6 to n-3 FA ratio or LA/ALA ratio, and advantageous values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Among the minor PUFA, docosahesaenoic (DHA), eicosapentanoic (EPA), and arachidonic (AA) acids were present in very small amounts (<1%). In addition, the AA/EPA ratio was low (0.18). The fat and energetic values decreased (P<0.01) during lactation.The fatty acid patterns were affected by the lactation stage and showed a decrease (P<0.01) in saturated fatty acids content and an increase (P<0.01) in the unsaturated fatty acids content. The n-6 to n-3 ratio and the LA/ALA ratio were approximately 2:1, with values <1 during the last period of lactation, suggesting the more optimal use of milk during this period. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and PUFA-n3 content and the low n-6/n-3 ratio suggest the use of donkey's milk as a functional food for human nutrition and its potential utilisation for infant nutrition as well as adult diets, particular for the elderly.     

Fat content and fatty acid compositions of 34 marine water fish species from the Mediterranean Sea

Fish is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), specifically n-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The objective of the present study was to determine the fat content and fatty acid compositions of 34 marine water fish species from the Mediterranean Sea. The fatty acid compositions of fish consisted of 30.10-46.88% saturated fatty acids, 11.83-38.17% monounsaturated fatty acids and 20.49-49.31% PUFA. In most species, the following fatty acids were identified: mystiric acid (C14:0, 0.72-8.09%), pentadecanoic acid (15:0, 0.05-2.35%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 15.97-31.04%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 1.48-19.61%), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0, 0.31-1.84%), cis-10-heptadecenoic acid (C17:1, 0.17-2.01%), stearic acid (C18:0, 2.79-11.20%), oleic acid (C18:1n9, 2.44-28.97%), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, 0.06-3.48%), arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6, 0.12-10.72%), cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, 1.94-10%) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, 3.31-31.03%). The proportions of n-3 PUFA ranged from 12.66% for annular seabream to 36.54% for European hake, whereas the proportions of PUFA n-6 were between 1.24% for oceanic puffer and 12.76% for flathead mullet. The results of this study show that these fish species were rich in n-3 PUFA, especially, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.     

Coconut fat and serum lipoproteins: effects of partial replacement with unsaturated fats

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of reducing saturated fat in the diet, or partly replacing it with unsaturated fat, on the serum lipoprotein profile of human subjects. The study had two intervention periods, 8 weeks (phase 1) and 52 weeks (phase 2). In phase 1, total fat was reduced from 31 to 25% energy (polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA):saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio increased from 0.2 to 0.4) by reducing the quantity of coconut fat (CF) in the diet from 17.8 to 9.3% energy intake. In phase 2, subjects were randomised to groups A and B. In group A total fat was reduced from 25 to 20% energy (PUFA:SFA ratio increased from 0.4 to 0.7) by reducing the quantity of CF in the diet from 9.3 to 4.7% total energy intake. In group B, the saturated fat content in the diet was similar to group A. In addition a test fat (a mixture of soyabean oil and sesame oil, PUFA:monosaturated fatty acids ratio 2) contributed 3.3% total energy intake and total fat contributed 24% energy intake (PUFA:SFA ratio increased from 0.7 to 1.1). At the end of phase 1, there was a 7.7% reduction in cholesterol (95% CI -3.6, -12.2) and 10.8% reduction in LDL (95% CI -4.9, -16.5) and no significant change in HDL and triacylglycerol. At the end of phase 2, the reduction in cholesterol in both groups was only about 4% (95% CI -12, 3.2) partly due the concomitant rise in HDL. The reduction in LDL at 52 weeks was significantly higher in group B (group A mean reduction 11%, 95% CI -20.1, -2.0 and group B mean reduction 16.2% 95% CI -23.5, -8.9). In phase 2, triacylglycerol levels showed a mean reduction of 6.5% in group 2A and a mean increase of 8.2% in group 2B. The reduction of saturated fat in the diet is associated with a lipoprotein profile that would be expected to reduce cardiovascular risk. The reduction of dietary saturated fat with partial replacement of unsaturated fat brings about changes in total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol that are associated with a lower cardiovascular risk.