盐酸克林沙星在大鼠体内药代动力学的研究

目的：了解盐酸克林沙星（clinafloxacin,CF)在大鼠体内的吸收,分布,排泄过程。方法：用高效液相色谱－紫外可见分光光度法,给大鼠灌胃5,10,20mg.kg^-1CF后,测定在不同时间各组织和体液中CF含量。结果和结论：CF在大鼠体内药代动力学的一室模型,t1/2为2．03－2．17h,达峰时间tmax为1．0h,Cmax和曲线下积分面积AUC均随剂量的升高线性增大。给药后CF在组织中广泛分布,但几乎不存在于脑和脂肪组织,尿、粪及胆汁中原形药物总排出量约为给药量的22．1％,其中给药72h从尿排泄的原形药累积量相当于给药量的20．6％,在0．2－5．0mg/L^-1浓度范围内,CF血浆蛋白结合率为90．2％－97．0％。     

~(14)C-赛诺吉宁在大鼠体内的组织分布和排泄

目的 :研究赛诺吉宁 ( Suanordrin,SR)在大鼠体内过程和药代动力学 ,为临床合理用药提供科学依据。　 方法 :取大鼠 12只 ,雌雄各半 ,经胃灌给 14 C标记的 SR[( 14 C- SR)为 3.7MBq/( 10 mg/ kg) ]后 ,每 2只同性大鼠饲养同一代谢笼中 ,待 12、2 4、72 h及 1、2、3周后 ,采用整体放射自显影等技术测定 SR在大鼠体内组织中的分布和尿、粪、胆汁中的排泄。　 结果 :胃灌药后不同时相的放射自显影图中可见 14 C- SR在胃肠道中的动态分布 ,3周时已消除 ,各时相组织中放射性分布 ,以肝脏为最高 ,依次是肾、心、肺、肾上腺、脾等脏器 ,体内消除较缓慢 ,2 1d内尿粪排泄占给药量的 98.8% ,以尿排泄为主 (占 77.6% ) ,2 4 h内胆汁排泄为 2 8.6% ,以药物原形排泄为主。　 结论 :所测 14 C- SR的层析板上 Rf值其放射性与标准品 14 C- SR相当 Rf值的放射性相符 ,表明该方法灵敏、稳定、特异性好 ;14 C- SR在组织中分布结果与液体闪烁仪测定结果相吻合 ,提示在短时间内多次给药 ,可能会产生蓄积     

新抗肿瘤化合物8-氯腺苷代谢物在大鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的 :全面了解一次静注 8 氯腺苷后其代谢产物在大鼠体内药代动力学的规律及特点 ,为临床实验提供理论依据。方法 :给大鼠单次静注 4种剂量 8 氯腺苷后 ,应用HPLC方法测定在体液和组织中 8 氯腺苷代谢产物8 氯肌苷和 8 氯嘌呤的含量。结果 :8 氯腺苷在大鼠体内迅速转化为代谢产物 8 氯肌苷和 8 氯嘌呤。代谢产物之一 8 氯嘌呤半衰期 (t1/2 )有随用药剂量的增加而延长的趋势 ,为 10 .15～ 32 .84min。药时曲线下面积 (areaunderthecurve ,AUC)在 8 氯腺苷剂量增加至 15 0mg·kg-1时不成比例地增高 ,呈非线性动力学消除的特点。另一代谢产物 8 氯肌苷的t1/2 约为 10 0min ,在剂量增加至 10 0mg·kg-1时 ,其AUC不成比例地增加 ,呈非线性动力学消除的特点。除脂肪、脑、睾丸组织外 ,8 氯肌苷和 8 氯嘌呤在体内分布广泛 ,其中肝、肾等代谢和排泄器官的含量较高。药物主要以代谢物形式从尿及胆汁中排泄 ,排泄量占总给药量的 39.81%。结论 :静注 8 氯腺苷后 8 氯嘌呤在大鼠血中迅速生成 ,消除也比较迅速 ,8 氯肌苷在大鼠血中出现较晚 ,消除也比较缓慢 ,两种代谢物在用药剂量 2 5～ 10 0mg·kg-1范围内呈线性动力学消除 ,当剂量增加至 10 0～ 15 0mg·kg-1有非线性动力学消除的趋势。两代谢物广泛分布于各组织     

洛伐他汀在巴马香猪体内的分布和排泄

目的研究洛伐他汀在巴马香猪体内的分布和排泄特点。方法以抗动脉粥样硬化药物洛伐他汀为模型药,选择健康6月龄雄性巴马香猪为实验对象,经灌胃途径给药(45 mg/kg或2.4 mg/kg),采用RP-HPLC方法测定各组织及体液中的药物浓度,并对其分布和排泄过程进行研究。血浆蛋白结合率通过透析法测定。结果给药后,洛伐他汀快速分布到贲门、胃、小肠、肝、大肠、胰、前列腺、肺、肾、心、肌肉、睾丸、肾上腺、膀胱、脑和脾。以胃、肠、肝组织中药物浓度较高。单次给药4h后,贲门、胃、小肠、肝、心、肾上腺、膀胱药物浓度同给药后1h相比略有下降,其余组织均高于1 h。血浆蛋白结合率为95%以上,同正常人血浆非常一致。96 h尿中累积排泄量为给药量的7.4%,原形药经胆汁及粪排泄量达到80%以上。结论洛伐他汀在巴马香猪体内同人的分布排泄和血浆蛋白结合率相似,均在组织中广泛分布,血浆结合率达到95%以上,主要经胆汁和粪排泄。     

~3H-DL-四氢巴马汀在大鼠体内的分布和排泄

本文用~3H-DL-四氢巴马汀作示踪剂,研究了四氢巴马汀在大鼠体内的分布和排泄。实验结果表明,静注给药后,药物广泛分布于肾、肝、肺、心和脑组织中。而且脑组织内的放射性活性高于血液,证明此药可以透过血脑屏障。药物通过尿和粪便排泄,给药后136h,经尿排出的放射性活性为给药量的70%,而从粪便中排出的放射性活性则为15%。     

重组人内皮抑素的大鼠药代动力学研究

目的研究大鼠静脉注射重组人内皮抑素(recombinant human endostatin,rhEndostatin)药代动力学、组织分布及排泄。方法采用125I标记rhEndostatin示踪法,测定生物样品总放射性(radioactivity,RA法)和三氯醋酸沉淀蛋白后的放射性(trichloroacetic acid-radioactivity,TCA-RA法)以研究药物代谢过程。结果大鼠静脉注射rhEndostatin 5、10和20 mg/kg后,血药浓度和药物时间曲线下面积(area under the serum concentration-time curve,AUC)均随剂量增加而增大;TCA-RA法测定3个剂量的平均消除半衰期(elimination half-life,t1/2β)和平均清除率(systemic clearance,CL)变化不大,t1/2β为(243～265 min)、CL为(2.4～2.6 mL.kg-1.min-1)。大鼠静脉注射rhEndostatin 10 mg/kg后,以肾脏含药量最高,脑、肌肉和脂肪的含药量最低。96 h内由尿累积排泄量占给药总量的86.9%,粪中可回收到给药量的5.8%,尿和粪的总回收率达到92.7%;24 h内由胆汁排出的药量占给药量的1.3%。结论大鼠静脉注射rhEndostatin不同剂量后,药物消除基本符合线性动力学特征;组织分布呈特异性靶向分布(以肾脏含药量最高),也基本反映了rhEndostatin主要经肾由尿排泄的途径消除。     

安托可金(0325k_(1-1)在大鼠体内的药代动力学

以原子吸收法测定了大鼠血浆、组织与胆汁、尿、粪便中安托可金的浓度。大鼠静注安托可金后符合二房室模型处置特征 ,分布半衰期平均为 0 .2 5± 0 .0 2h ,消除半衰期平均为 1 1 .4± 0 .57h ,中央室分布容积为 0 .1 6± 0 .0 5L/kg。静注安托可金后该药可很快向机体的各组织分布 ,大多数组织在 6min即达到较高浓度 ;其中以肾脏浓度最高 ,肝、肺、子宫、皮肤、瘤体等组织也有较高的浓度。静注给药后 ,2 4h的累积尿排泄率平均为 (77.6± 1 0 .3 ) % ,1 2 0h的累积排泄率平均为 (90 .7± 3 .80 ) % ,说明肾脏是该药的主要排泄途径 ;安托可金在粪中的排泄较少 ,1 2 0h的累积排泄率平均为 (2 .87± 0 .4 6) % ,2 4h的胆汁累积排泄率平均为(1 .0 1± 0 .2 9) % ,说明粪和胆汁不是该药的主要排泄途径。安托可金与大鼠的血浆蛋白结合率平均为 (4 0 .7± 3 .4 9) %。     

苦参碱的代谢动力学研究

家兔实验表明:iv苦参碱,血药浓度—时间曲线呈双指数型,符合开放式二室模型。T1/2α为1.37min,T1/2β为76.58min,CI为23.59ml/min/kg,Vd为2.61L/kg。12h尿及胆汁的原形药累积排出量分别为给药量的9.39％及0.37％。大鼠实验表明:ig苦参碱,组织中含量多少,依次为肾、肝、肺、脑、心及血。48h尿、24h粪及12h胆汁的原形药累积排出量分别为给药量的53.7％、0.36％和0.27％。     

速尿对整体大鼠肾11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶活性的影响

目的　研究速尿对整体大鼠肾 11β -羟基类固醇脱氢酶活性的影响 ,探讨速尿引起低血钾可能的新生化机制。方法　大鼠给予速尿单次和多次 (bid× 2 0d)灌胃 ,HPLC法测定大鼠尿中脱氢皮质酮 (A)与皮质酮 (B)的比值。全自动生化分析仪测定给药后血K+ 、Na+ 、Cl-浓度。结果　速尿 (40、10 0、2 5 0mg·kg-1)单次和 (10、2 0、10 0mg·kg-1)多次给药后 ,尿中A/B比值分别下降了 2 9.0 %、5 8.6 %、6 0 .9%和 14 .4 %、36 .0 %、4 4 .9%。速尿 (2 0、10 0mg·kg-1)连续给药 2 0d ,血钾较对照组显著降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,血钾降低与A/B的降低呈正相关 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　速尿在体给药可抑制肾 11β-HSD活性。此抑制作用可能是速尿引起低血钾的一个新的生化机制     

牡荆素在大鼠体内的药代动力学

目的:研究牡荆素在大鼠体内的药代动力学。方法:大鼠静注牡荆素后,采用HPLC法测定大鼠血浆、组织、粪便、胆汁及尿液中的牡荆素。色谱系统:C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-10mmol/L磷酸氢二钾溶液(22∶78,含10mmol/L四丁基溴化铵,pH7.8),检测波长340nm。结果:血浆样品中,牡荆素的线性范围为0.2～25.0μg/mL(r=0.9996);各浓度的提取回收率均大于80%;最低定量限为0.2μg/mL。牡荆素在大鼠体内的平均t1/2约为25min。AUC与给药剂量呈现良好的线性相关性。静脉注射给药后牡荆素广泛分布于各组织,其中肝和肾组织中浓度最高。牡荆素主要通过肝脏和肾脏代谢排泄,在大鼠尿、粪和胆汁中的总排泄量约为给药量的30%。牡荆素平均血浆蛋白结合率为64.8%。结论:静注给药后,牡荆素迅速从大鼠体内消除,并可在体内广泛分布,有约30%的以原型形式从胆汁和尿液排泄。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.