四种中段尿道吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁的比较

目的比较4种中段尿道吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁（stress urinary incontinence,SUI）的疗效。方法回顾分析80例行中段尿道吊带术的女性SUI患者的临床资料,其中改良Stamey法14例、In-fast法12例、TVT法42例及TVT-O法12例。结果组间比较,手术时间有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,其中TVT-O组时间最短,为（18.8±4.3）min,改良Stamey组时间最长,达（52.1±5.4）min。80例患者随访3~100个月,70例（87.5%）治愈,尿失禁症状完全消失;7例（8.75%）改善;3例（3.75%）失败。改良Stamey组、In-fast组、TVT组及TVT-O组治愈率分别为78.6%、75.0%、92.9%及91.7%,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。改良Stamey组2例患者术后出现排尿困难,经多次下压式尿道扩张无效而剪断悬吊线;In-fast吊带组1例患者因阴道吊带外露而拆除,TVT组及TVT-O组术后各有1例患者出现排尿困难,经下压式尿道扩张后解除梗阻。结论4种尿道吊带术疗效相似,均为治疗女性压力性尿失禁安全、有效的方法;其中TVT-O因操作简单手术时间最短。     

TVT术治疗女性压力性尿失禁疗效观察(附11例报告)

目的观察经阴道无张力尿道悬吊术（tension-free vaginal tape procedure,TVT）对女性压力性尿失禁的临床治疗效果。方法采用TVT术对11例女性单纯性真性压力性尿失禁患者进行矫治。结果 11例均一次治愈,手术时间平均29（23~40）min,术后住院时间2~3 d。术后24 h拔除尿管后均可排尿,1例排尿费力1 d后自行缓解;1例下腹疼痛、腹胀,经对症处理后缓解。术后随访4年,无膀胱损伤、排尿困难、吊带感染、耻骨炎、伤口感染等并发症。术后1年有尿不尽感1例,B超检查无残余尿;术后18个月尿流分叉1例,经尿道扩张1次后缓解;有异物感3例。术后4年最大尿流率平均23.3（16.3~29.8）ml/s,均未再发生尿失禁。结论 TVT术是治疗女性压力性尿失禁的一种简单、安全、有效方法 ,长期疗效有待进一步观察。     

经阴道无张力吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁的体会

目的探讨经阴道无张力吊带术(TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的疗效及安全性。方法对2002年5月至2004年12月施行TVT的114例女性SUI患者资料进行回顾性研究。根据Stamey尿失禁分级系统评价TVT手术的有效性。术后较术前尿失禁等级评分改善2级或2级以上为显著改善,1级为改善,无改善甚至加重为无效。术后尿失禁等级为0~1级为完全控尿,2级为有效控尿,3~4级为无效。评估术前、术后的24h尿垫试验及尿动力学检查结果。并对并发症进行统计和分析。结果随访110例(96.5%),随访时间6~30个月。24h尿垫试验术前(38.3±10.4)g,术后(8.8±7.4)g;尿失禁症状评分从术前42.3±11.4,术后20.4±9.2;尿失禁等级评分显著改善者94例(85.5%),改善者12例(10.9%),无效者4例(3.6%)。术后完全控尿者89例(80.9%),有效控尿者14例(12.7%),无效者7例(6.4%)。术中发生膀胱穿孔2例(1.8%),出血14例(12.7%)。术后1个月内有排尿不畅者9例(8.2%),尿频、尿急者12例(10.9%),尿潴留者1例(0.9%);术后6个月后有耻骨上不适者8例(7.3%),排尿不尽者2例(1.8%),尿频、尿急者3例(2.7%)。1例反复尿潴留患者经保守治疗无效,最终将吊带切断。术后未出现吊带处阴道黏膜糜烂和明显盆腔血肿。结论TVT术是目前治疗女性SUI的一种有效、安全的微创手术。     

改良的无张力尿道中段悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁疗效观察

目的：观察改良的无张力尿道中段悬吊术（Tensionfree viginaI tape,TVT）治疗女性压力性尿失禁的效果。方法：采用改良的TVT治疗女性压力性尿失禁患者26例。结果：26例患者术后压力性尿失禁完全消失,平均手术时间36min,平均出血量45ml,术中未见膀胱损伤、大出血、血肿及神经损伤。结论：改良的TVT手术创伤小,悬吊疗效可靠,且价格低廉,易为患者接受。     

TVT和腹腔镜下膀胱颈悬吊术治疗女性单纯压力性尿失禁疗效的Meta分析

目的 系统评价经阴道无张力性尿道中段悬吊术(TVT)和腹腔镜下膀胱颈悬吊术(LB)治疗女性压力性尿失禁的客观成功率和并发症发生率.方法 计算机配合手工检索1994年至2006年6月PubMed、EMBASE及中国生物医学文献数据库和灰色文献中TVT、无张力性尿道悬吊术、膀胱颈悬吊术、压力性尿失禁等检索词.比较TVT和LB疗效的随机对照试验,采用Revman 4.2软件进行Meta分析,对TVT和LB术式的客观成功率、并发症发生率合并分析.结果 共纳入8个随机对照试验.TVT术式组259例,成功233例;LB组247例,成功189例.TVT组客观成功率高于LB组(RR为1.19,95%可信区间1.10～1.29,P<0.01),并发症发生率低于LB组(RR为0.48,95%可信区间0.32～0.71,P<0.05).结论 TVT术式客观成功率高于LB术式,而并发症低于LB术式.     

Stamey膀胱颈悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁远期疗效观察

目的　评价Stamey膀胱颈悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁的远期疗效。　方法　 5 2例接受Stamey手术患者 ,平均年龄 46岁 ,平均尿失禁 7.5年 ,Ⅰ°尿失禁 18例、Ⅱ°2 1例、Ⅲ°13例。　结果　 1994年以前手术 3 2例因并发症失败 3例 ,随访 3 .6年时治愈率 87.5 %、改善率 6.2 %、失败率 6.2 % ,随访 9.6年时治愈率 68.8%、改善率 9.3 %、失败率 2 1.9% ;1994年以后手术 2 0例随访 4.3年 ,治愈率 90 .0 %、改善率 10 .0 % ,无失败病例。　结论　Stamey手术治疗压力性尿失禁疗效随时间延长而下降 ,术前准确区分尿失禁类型和发病机制、降低并发症是提高疗效的关键     

无张力阴道吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁(附20例报告)

目的 评价无张力阴道吊带术(tension-free vaginal tape，TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁的疗效。方法 总结采用TVT术治疗女性压力性尿失禁20例的临床资料。结果 平均手术时间26.5min。拔除尿管后，19例病人控尿满意，1例仍有轻微尿失禁。术后平均随访12(3-24)个月，20例病人均无尿失禁。合并症有1例膀胱穿孔，1例术后轻度排尿不畅，2例尿频尿急。结论 TVT术操作简便快捷，创伤小，合并症少，术后康复快，是一种治疗女性压力性尿失禁的理想方法。     

自制可调吊带治疗女性压力性尿失禁16例临床观察

目的:探讨应用自制吊带在经阴道无张力性尿道中段悬吊术(TVT)中的临床价值。方法:采用美国强生公司生产的prolene材料的网状疝气补片,自制成TVT吊带,对16例平均年龄为59.2岁、病程4-11年的压力性尿失禁患者施行TVT手术。结果:16例患者术后随访6个月-2年,9例压力试验和尿垫试验<2 g/h,生活质量评分改善90%以上;7例尿失禁量减少80%以上,尿垫试验<10 g/h,生活质量评分改善达到75%以上。均无伤口感染,2例出现尿潴留,2例穿透膀胱颈。结论:自制TVT吊带过程简单,价格便宜,手术疗效确切,创伤小,患者恢复快,易于推广。     

女性压力性尿失禁的微创治疗

目的探讨女性压力性尿失禁的发病机制和微创治疗方法。方法女性压力性尿失禁患者25例,经临床、尿动力学检查或膀胱尿道造影确诊,均为稳定性膀胱,无膀胱出口梗阻。采用无张力阴道吊带术(TVT),将吊带无张力置于尿道中段。结果手术时间平均(40±5)min;术中出血量平均(43±10)mL;术后平均留置导尿1.5 d;术后平均住院3 d。23例患者术后尿失禁症状均消失,其中2例患者术后出现尿潴留,留置导尿1周后好转,尿潴留症状消失,尿失禁未复发;2例尿失禁症状显著改善。结论TVT等微创术式因简单、微创、疗效好、并发症少等,目前是女性压力性尿失禁外科手术治疗的发展方向。     

改良Stamey术治疗女性压力性尿失禁（附18例报告）

目的探讨膀胱颈悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁（SUI）的效果。方法应用改良Stamey术治疗18例SUI患者,并对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 18例手术成功,平均手术时间（38±7）min,无严重并发症。15例治愈,3例症状改善。结论改良Stamey术治疗女性SUI损伤小、治愈率高,值得在基层医院推广。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.