Ozonated Water Improves Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Responses of an Odontoblast-like Cell Line

IntroductionIt is important to develop an antimicrobial agent without any damage on dental pulp. In the present study, we examined whether pretreatment of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with ozonated water (O₃aq) improves LPS-induced responses of rat odontoblastic cell line, KN-3.MethodsAfter the pretreatment of LPS with O₃aq, effects of LPS and O₃aq-treated LPS on cell viability; calcification ability; expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); and activation of p38 of KN-3 cells were examined.ResultsThe formation of mineralized nodules by KN-3 cells was suppressed by LPS, whereas that suppression was inhibited by the pretreatment of LPS with ozonated water. We also found that LPS-induced expression of COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and p38 activation were markedly suppressed when LPS was pretreated with ozonated water. Furthermore, expression of COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α by LPS were mainly induced through p38 activation.ConclusionThese results suggest that odontoblastic cells exhibit inflammatory responses against LPS and that ozonated water has the ability to improve LPS-induced inflammatory responses and suppression of odontoblastic properties of KN-3 cells through direct inhibition of LPS.     

Influence of Bacterial Profiles in Cytokine and Clinical Features of Endodontic Disease

IntroductionWe verified the association between selected bacterial profiles and levels of cytokines, chemokines, and the expression of signs and symptoms of primary endodontic infection with apical periodontitis.MethodsSamples were collected from 21 root canals, and macrophages were stimulated for 24 hours. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, interferon gamma, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) were measured using cytometric bead array. We investigated the overlapping networks between cytokines and chemokines with regression analysis. Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization was used to assess 40 target bacteria species. Using factor analysis, bacterial species aggregated in 2 factors. The association of bacteria species–based factors on cytokine and chemokine levels and clinical features was estimated with regression analysis.ResultsA negative relationship between IL-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine) and CCL2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (proinflammatory cytokines) (all P < .05) was observed. CCL2 was positively correlated with TNF-α (P < .01). Thirty-eight bacteria species were detected in primary endodontic infection with apical periodontitis. The first bacteria species–based factor was associated with the size of the radiolucent area (coefficient = 15.42) and tenderness to percussion/pain on palpation (coefficient = 20.79). The second factor was associated with CCL2 levels (coefficient = 1.28).ConclusionsDifferent bacterial profiles can be differentially related to the expression of inflammatory proteins and the experience of clinical features.     

Toll-like Receptor Expression Profile of Human Stem/Progenitor Cells Form the Apical Papilla

IntroductionStem/progenitor cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) demonstrate remarkable regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. During their regenerative events, SCAPs, similar to other stem/progenitor cells, could interact with their local inflammatory microenvironment via their expressed toll-like receptors (TLRs). The present study aimed to describe for the first time the unique TLR expression profile of SCAPs.MethodsCells were isolated from the apical papilla of extracted wisdom teeth (n = 8), STRO-1 immunomagnetically sorted, and cultured to obtain single colony-forming units. The expression of CD14, 34, 45, 73, 90, and 105 were characterized on the SCAPs, and their multilineage differentiation potential was examined to prove their multipotent aptitude. After their incubation in basic or inflammatory medium (25 ng/mL interleukin 1 beta, 10³ U/mL interferon gamma, 50 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor alpha, and 3 × 10³ U/mL interferon alpha), a TLR expression profile for SCAPs under uninflamed as well as inflamed conditions was respectively generated.ResultsSCAPs demonstrated all predefined stem/progenitor cell characteristics. In basic medium, SCAPs expressed TLRs 1–10. The inflammatory microenvironment up-regulated the expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR9 and down-regulated the expression of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR10 in SCAPs under the inflamed condition.ConclusionsThe present study defines for the first time a distinctive TLR expression profile for SCAPs under uninflamed and inflamed conditions. This profile could greatly impact SCAP responsiveness to their inflammatory microenvironmental agents under regenerative conditions in vivo.     

Comparative Effects of Concentrated Growth Factors on the Biological Characteristics of Periodontal Ligament Cells and Stem Cells from Apical Papilla

IntroductionDuring cell-free regenerative endodontic therapy, both stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) and periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) are possible cell sources because of their proximity. Nonetheless, the regenerative ability of PDLCs and SCAPs under the induction of concentrated growth factors (CGFs) remains unclear.MethodsPDLCs and SCAPs were treated with various concentrations of CGF-conditioned medium (CCM). The effects of CCM with or without Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on cell migration, odonto/osteogenic differentiation, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Dentin matrix transplants composed of PDLCs or SCAPs cell sheets coupled with CGF were put subcutaneously in immunocompromised mice for 8 weeks to explore their regenerative characteristics in vivo.ResultsCCM dose dependently enhanced the migration, proliferation, and odonto/osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs and SCAPs. CCM alleviated LPS-inhibited odonto/osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs and SCAPs as well as the LPS-induced up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines. In vivo, the newly regenerated tissue and microvessels formed by PDLCs and SCAPs were significantly increased under the induction of CGF. SCAPs mainly regenerated pulp/dentinlike tissues and a large number of microvessels, whereas PDLCs mainly formed bone/cementumlike structures.ConclusionsOverall, PDLCs excelled in cell proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation, whereas SCAPs outperformed PDLCs in terms of angiogenic and odontogenic differentiation. The biological differences between PDLCs and SCAPs provided a possible theoretical basis for the formation of bone/cementum/periodontal ligament–like tissues after cell-free regenerative endodontic therapy.     

Interferon-γ stimulates CD14, TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression in gingival fibroblasts increasing responsiveness to bacterial challenge

ObjectiveTo investigate the potential effects of IFN-03A5 on the responsiveness of human gingival fibroblasts to bacterial challenge.DesignmRNA and protein expression of CD14, TLR2 and TLR4 in human gingival fibroblasts was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and flow cytometry. The effect of preincubation with IFN-03A5 on subsequent bacterial LPS-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 by gingival fibroblasts was determined by ELISA. Bacterial LPS-induced IκBα degradation in human gingival fibroblasts was investigated by western blot.ResultsHuman gingival fibroblasts express CD14, TLR2 and TLR4 mRNAs. IFN-03A5, but not IL-103B2, induced mRNA expression of all three receptors and the expression of membrane bound CD14 protein. Pre-incubation of fibroblasts with IFN-03A5 and subsequent stimulation with Escherichia coli LPS or Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS led to increased production of IL-6 and IL-8. LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production was abrogated by a blocking antibody to CD14. Both E. coli LPS and P. gingivalis LPS induced IκBα degradation in human gingival fibroblasts.ConclusionOur data indicate that IFN-03A5 primes human gingival fibroblasts, through the upregulation of CD14 expression, which results in increased responsiveness to bacterial LPS challenge, as determined by pro-inflammatory cytokine production.     

Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla

Introduction

Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) were suggested as the stem cell source in regenerative endodontic procedures. However, bone and/or cementum-like structure were observed in root canals. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in infected root canals might alter SCAPs' osteogenic differentiation pattern. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of LPS on SCAPs' proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.

白藜芦醇对高糖环境下牙龈上皮细胞TLR4表达及炎症因子分泌的影响

目的:研究白藜芦醇对高糖环境下牙龈上皮细胞TLR4表达及炎症因子分泌的影响,探讨白藜芦醇对伴糖尿病牙周炎患者的治疗作用及相关分子机制.方法:体外培养牙龈上皮细胞,按照作用方式不同分为正常对照组、高糖组和高糖+白藜芦醇组.荧光定量PCR检测TLR4表达情况;取第3代牙龈上皮细胞,高糖环境下采用或不采用白藜芦醇处理24 h,随后用100 ng/mL LPS处理2 h,ELISA检测IL-1β 、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α分泌;Western印迹法检测TLR4信号通路下游分子NF-κB p65、p38MAPK和STAT3磷酸化.采用SPSS 17.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析.结果:白藜芦醇可以逆转高糖环境下牙龈上皮细胞TLR4水平的升高,同时抑制高糖环境下LPS诱导的IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α表达.Western印迹结果显示,白藜芦醇也可抑制TLR4信号通路下游分子NF-κB p65、p38MAPK和STAT3磷酸化.结论:白藜芦醇通过负向调控TLR4信号通路减轻高糖环境下牙龈上皮细胞炎症因子的分泌.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of cannabinoid receptor 2 ligands in primary hPDL fibroblasts

ObjectivesApproximately 65 million adults in the US have periodontitis, causing tooth loss and decreased quality of life. Cannabinoids modulate immune responses, and endocannabinoids are prevalent during oral cavity inflammation. Targets for intervention in periodontal inflammation are cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors (CB1R, CB2R), particularly CB2R because its levels increase during inflammation. We previously demonstrated that SMM-189 (CB2R inverse agonist) decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production in primary microglial cells. The hypothesis of this study was that cannabinoids anandamide (AEA), HU-308 (CB2R selective agonist), and SMM-189 decrease pro-inflammatory IL-6 and MCP-1 production by primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS, TNF-α, or IL-1β.DesignCytotoxic effects of cannabinoid compounds (10⁻⁴–10^−6.5 M), LPS (1–1000 ng/ml), TNFα (10 ng/ml) and IL-1β (1 ng/ml) were assessed by measuring effects on cellular dehydrogenase activity. IL-6 and MCP-1 production were measured using Mesoscale Discovery (MSD) Human Pro-Inflammatory IL-6 and MSD Human Chemokine MCP-1 kits and analyzed using MSD Sector 2400 machine.ResultsEC₅₀ values for AEA, SMM-189, and HU-308 were 16 μM, 13 μM, and 7.3 μM respectively. LPS (1 μg/ml), TNF-α (10 ng/ml), and IL-1β (1 ng/ml) increased IL-6 and MCP-1 production, which were inhibited by AEA, SMM-189, and HU-308. AEA alone significantly increased IL-6, but not MCP-1 levels, but the other cannabinoids alone had no effect.ConclusionThe effective inhibition of LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β stimulated IL-6 and MCP-1 production by CB2R ligands in hPDLFs suggests that targeting the endocannabinoid system may lead to development of novel drugs for periodontal therapy, aiding strategies to improve oral health.     

Mangiferin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced production of interleukin-6 in human oral epithelial cells by suppressing toll-like receptor signaling

ObjectiveOral epithelial cells have currently been found to play an important role in inflammatory modulation in periodontitis. Mangiferin is a natural glucosylxanthone with anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of mangiferin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in oral epithelial cells and the underlying mechanisms.DesignThe levels of LPS-induced IL-6 production in OKF6/TERT-2 oral keratinocytes were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 was determined using western blot analysis. And the phosphorylation of TLR downstream nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was examined using cell-based protein phosphorylation ELISA kits.ResultsWe found that mangiferin reduced LPS-upregulated IL-6 production in OKF6/TERT-2 cells. Additionally, mangiferin inhibited LPS-induced TLR2 and TLR4 overexpression, and suppressed the phosphorylation of NF-κB, p38 MAPK and JNK. Moreover, mangiferin repressed IL-6 production and TLR signaling activation in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h treatment.ConclusionsMangiferin decreases LPS-induced production of IL-6 in human oral epithelial cells by suppressing TLR signaling, and this glucosylxanthone may have potential for the treatment of periodontitis.     

Effect of implant surface material and roughness to the susceptibility of primary gingival fibroblasts to inflammatory stimuli

ObjectivesThe impact of the implant surface material and roughness on inflammatory processes in peri-implantitis is not entirely clear. Hence, we investigated how titanium and zirconia surfaces with different roughness influence the susceptibility of primary human gingival fibroblasts to different inflammatory stimuli.MethodsPrimary human gingival fibroblasts were isolated from 8 healthy individuals and cultured on following surfaces: smooth titanium machined surface (TiM), smooth zirconia machined surface (ZrM), moderately rough titanium surface (SLA), or moderately rough zirconia surface (ZLA). Subsequently, stimulation with one of the following stimuli was performed: Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β. The resulting production of IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was measured by qPCR and ELISA.ResultsP. gingivalis LPS induced IL-6 and MCP-1 production was slightly higher on titanium surfaces compared to zirconia surfaces. IL-1β induced IL-6 production was not affected by any surface characteristic. The production of MCP-1 in response to IL-1β was higher on smooth compared to rough surfaces and was not affected by the material. The production of IL-6 and MCP-1 in response to TNF-α was most strongly affected by surface characteristics. Higher production of these cytokine was observed on smooth compared to rough surfaces and on titanium compared to zirconia surfaces. Surface characteristics had only minor effects on IL-8 production.SignificanceThe susceptibility of primary gingival fibroblasts to inflammation depends on various factors, such as surface material, surface roughness and the nature of inflammatory stimuli. All these factors might determine susceptibility to peri-implantitis.     

Maresin 1 regulates autophagy and inflammation in human periodontal ligament cells through glycogen synthase kinase–3β/β-catenin pathway under inflammatory conditions

ObjectiveAccumulating lines of evidence suggest that maresin 1 (MaR-1) exerts anti-inflammatory effects in many cell types and plays beneficial roles in inflammatory disease, such as peritonitis and colitis. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that MaR-1 play protective roles against localized aggressive periodontitis. However, the function and mechanism of MaR-1 in human periodontal ligament cells (PDL) cells from periodontitis are poorly understood. The present study aimed to clarify the effects and molecular mechanism of MaR-1 in PDL cell survival and inflammation.MethodsPDL cells were isolated from the middle third of the root surface of premolars from four healthy humans; MTT assay and cell death detection ELISA assay were used to detect cell survival and apoptosis; Inflammatory cytokines level was measured by ELISA assay; RT-PCR and western blot was used to measure the mRNA and protein expression in this study.ResultsHere we found that MaR-1 treatment markedly promotes survival and inhibits apoptosis in PDL cell treated by LPS. MaR-1 treatment strikingly suppressed the production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β. MaR-1 also promotes autophagy by increasing the ratio of LC3II/LC3I, the level of beclin-1 and reduced the expression of p62 in LPS treated PDL cells, which is beneficial to cell survival. Moreover, the results showed that MaR-1-mediated autophagy is dependent on the glycogen synthase kinase–3β(GSK-3β)/β-catenin signal pathway. The inhibitor of autophagy 3-MA and the inhibitor of the GSK-3β/β-catenin signal pathway LiCL both reverse the effects of MaR-1 on LPS-treated PDL cell survival and inflammation.ConclusionMaR-1 promotes cell survival and alleviates cell inflammation by activating GSK-3β/β-catenin-dependent autophagy. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of chronic periodontitis.     

Green tea catechins inhibit Porphyromonas gulae LPS-induced inflammatory responses in human gingival epithelial cells

ObjectivesTo determine the anti-inflammatory effects of green tea catechins in immortalized human gingival epithelial cells (Ca9-22) stimulated with Porphyromonas gulae lipopolysaccharide (LPS).MethodsCa9-22 cells were incubated with P. gulae LPS (10 μg/ml) with or without green tea catechins, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC) (each at 50 μM), for 6 or 24 h. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to determine the induction of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ɑ), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8. Furthermore, the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 was examined using real-time PCR and western blotting analysis, and phosphorylation of the p38 and ERK1/2 was examined using western blotting analysis.ResultsAt the mRNA and protein levels, EGCg, EGC, ECG, and EC were found to significantly inhibit COX2, TNF-ɑ, IL-6, and IL-8. Furthermore, the levels of ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation induced by P. gulae LPS were decreased following the addition of each of the catechins, as well as TLR2 and 4 mRNA and protein.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that green tea catechins are potent inhibitors of in?ammatory responses induced by P. gulae LPS, and may also be useful for prevention and/or attenuation of periodontitis.     

白藜芦醇减轻LPS诱导的牙周膜细胞损伤并抑制TLR4/NF-κB活化

目的:探究白藜芦醇(RES)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的人牙周膜细胞(hPDLCs)损伤的保护作用.方法:体外培养并鉴定hPDLCs,将培养的hPDLCs随机分为5组:对照组、LPS(10 μg/ml)+RES(0、30、60、90tμmol/L)组,MTT法检测各组细胞增殖能力,ELISA检测各组细胞分泌TNF-α/IL-6水平,PCR和Western blot检测各组细胞TLR4/NF-κB mRNA和蛋白表达.结果:分离培养的hPDLCs抗波丝蛋白表达阳性,抗角蛋白表达阴性.与对照组比,LPS处理后细胞增殖能力明显降低,细胞分泌TNF-α/IL-6水平和TLR4/NF-κB mRNA和蛋白表达明显增加;30～90 μmol/L白藜芦醇预处理后,细胞增殖能力增加(P＜0.05),细胞分泌TNF-α/IL-6水平、TLR4/NF-κB mRNA以及蛋白表达则下调(P＜0.05),均呈现一定的浓度依赖性.结论:白藜芦醇可抑制TLR4/NF-κB活化并减轻LPS诱导的牙周膜细胞损伤.     

Different effects of P. gingivalis LPS and E. coli LPS on the expression of interleukin-6 in human gingival fibroblasts

Objective. Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is thought to be mediated by activation of toll-like receptors (TLR)2 and TLR4. The present study investigated the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, TLR2, and TLR4 in GFs of seven different donors upon stimulation with P. gingivalis LPS. The effects of P. gingivalis LPS were compared with those of TLR4 agonist Escherichia coli LPS and TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4. Materials and methods. GFs were stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS, E. coli LPS or Pam3CSK4 and the expression of IL-6, TLR2 and TLR4 was measured by qPCR. The surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was measured by flow cytometry. Results. In GFs from three donors, P. gingivalis LPS and Pam3CSK4 induced a markedly lower increase in IL-6 expression than E. coli LPS. This was accompanied by significant down-regulation of the TLR2 and TLR4 expression. In GFs from another four donors, an increase in IL-6 expression upon stimulation with P. gingivalis LPS and Pam3CSK4 was similar or even higher than that induced by E. coli LPS. In GFs of these donors, all stimuli induced an up-regulation of both mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and did not influence that of TLR4. Conclusions. This study suggests that P. gingivalis LPS and E. coli LPS differently regulate cytokine production in human gingival fibroblasts. Regulation of the expression level of TLR2 and TLR4 by periodontal pathogens might be an important factor controlling the inflammatory response in GFs.     

The effect of restorative materials on cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid

ObjectiveComposition of the restorative materials may cause inflammatory responses by monocyte activation and changes in the levels of cytokine released from different cells. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are important cytokine for evaluating of the inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different restorative materials used in class V cavities effect on gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory cytokine levels.Design60 individuals having Class V carious cavities participated in the study. Cavities were restored with FiltekZ250, DyractXP, Fuji IX, Cavex avalloy restorative materials. Changes in clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated before restorations, seven and 21 days after restorations. Contralateral tooth intact enamel surface was determined as control side. Periotron8000 device was used for detection of GCF volume. Cytokine level of GCF was evaluated by Human ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The correlations between clinical parameters and biochemical parameters were examined by Spearman's rank correlation analysis.ResultsAfter restorative treatments PI and GI scores were decreased compared with baseline evaluations. There was a significant difference in GCF levels between experimental and control sites in all groups. GCF IL-6 levels in all groups except Filtek Z250, GCF IL-8 levels in all groups except Fuji IX, GCF TNF-α level in only Fuji IX showed significant differences between experimental and control sites.ConclusionsThe obtained data supported that all of the tested materials caused changes in GCF cytokine levels.     

Cytokine levels in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic treatment with aligners compared to conventional labial fixed appliances: a 3-week clinical study

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α increased more and IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 increased less, after 3 weeks of treatment with conventional labial fixed appliance and with aligners.

Material and methods: Forty patients who were treated either with labial brackets (n?=?20) or aligners (n?=?20). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected at baseline and after 21 days. Cytokine levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (POB) were also examined.

Results: The levels of IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in the GCF were significantly increased in both groups. The levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 increased more in patients treated with aligners compared to those treated by labial fixed appliances. There was a statistically significant difference in change of the mean cytokine levels of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α compared to labial fixed appliances and aligners.

Conclusions: The levels of the six studied cytokines in GCF (IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) increased after 3 weeks both after treatment with conventional labial fixed appliance and with aligners. IL-1ß and TNF-α showed a prominent increase compared to the other cytokines in the GCF of teeth by both the labial fixed appliance and aligners. However, there were only minor differences in the changes of the cytokine levels from baseline to 3 weeks between the two groups. There were no differences between the groups regarding PI, GI or POB.     

Extracellular HSP72 induces proinflammatory cytokines in human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells through the TLR4/NFκB pathway in vitro

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to examine the effect of extracellular heat shock protein (HSP) 72 on human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells (hPDLFs) in vitro.DesignhPDLFs were stimulated by recombinant human HSP72 (rhHSP72). TAK-242 was used to inhibit toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activity. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time PCR and protein levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. p65/RelA phosphorylation was analyzed by western blot.ResultsIL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased by rhHSP72 stimulation. These effects were inhibited by TAK-242 treatment. Additionally, p65/RelA phosphorylation was increased after 5-min rhHSP72 stimulation, which was inhibited by TAK-242 treatment.ConclusionExtracellular HSP72 induces proinflammatory cytokines through TLR4/NF-κB in hPDLFs.     

内毒素耐受对共培养的中性粒细胞和单核细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-8的影响

目的 观察脂多糖（lipopolysaccharides,LPS）诱导的耐受对共培养的中性粒细胞和人单核细胞株THP-1细胞表达抗炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）和趋化因子白介素-8（Inter leukin-8, IL-8)水平的影响。 方法 采用1 μg/mL牙龈卟啉单胞菌（Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. gingivalis）LPS 或1 μg /mL大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli,E.coli）LPS分别刺激共培养的中性粒细胞和THP-1细胞24 h,洗脱后,再次刺激24 h,诱导细胞产生耐受。采用ELISA技术检测细胞条件培养液中 TNF-α 和 IL-8 表达水平的变化。 结果 P.gingivalis LPS或E.coli LPS单次刺激后,共培养的中性粒细胞和THP-1细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-8的水平均较刺激前明显增高（P＜0.05）;P.gingivalis LPS和E.coli LPS重复刺激后,共培养的中性粒细胞和THP-1细胞分泌的TNF-α水平较单次刺激后明显降低（P＜0.05）,但IL-8水平较单次刺激后明显增高（P＜0.05）。 结论 共培养的中性粒细胞和单核细胞产生的内毒素耐受可能抑制TNF-α表达,促进IL-8表达,进而可能影响牙周组织的炎症和免疫反应。