维持性血液透析患者前臂动静脉内瘘狭窄的球囊导管扩张治疗

目的：探讨球囊导管扩张（PTA）治疗维持性血液透析患者前臂动静脉内瘘（AVF）狭窄的临床效果。方法：自2006年01月～2010年06月,对5例前臂AVF的维持性血液透析患者进行了10次PTA治疗。结果：5例患者PTA术后即血流量恢复,但分别在3～24个月后复发,再次PTA治疗后血流量恢复;较短时间发生第1次复发的2例患者分别又在术后3、4个月发生第2次复发,其余患者目前尚未发生狭窄。结论：前臂AVF狭窄形成后,及时采用PTA治疗是修复失功能内瘘的一种行之有效的方法,PTA治疗后复发时间较长的患者,如发生再次复发可继续行PTA治疗。     

用带切割刀扩张球囊处理动静脉内瘘狭窄

我们应用经皮穿刺球囊扩张腔内血管成形术（PTA）成功治疗血液透析患者狭窄内瘘率,现报道如下。     

老年血透患者动静脉内瘘狭窄后球囊扩张术的临床探讨

动静脉内瘘（AVF）是慢性肾衰竭患者维持血液透析的血管途径,一条好的血管通路,能够延长患者的生命,减轻患者的痛苦,并能够提高患者的生活质量。保护好动静脉内瘘,减少并发症的发生,是直接影响到患者长期存活和透析效果的重要因素。近年来,社会老龄化趋势日益严重,寿命的延长,慢性肾衰竭患者在老年病人明显增多,老年维持性血透的患者也明显增多,该人群血管通路的难以建立以及使用期限短是临床公认的事实;而动静脉内瘘狭窄是内瘘失功能常见的并发症。我科自2008年1月起开展球囊扩张治疗动静脉内瘘狭窄,尤其是对老年患者的治疗问题进行探讨。     

球囊扩张治疗血透患者动静脉内瘘狭窄的效果观察及围手术期护理

内瘘最常见的并发症是血管狭窄,血管狭窄容易血栓形成,最终导致内瘘闭塞、失功,这样会直接影响到患者的生活质量,增加患者痛苦,经皮腔内血管成形术（percutaneous translu-minal angioplasty,PTA）在治疗动静脉内瘘狭窄中的运用,     

球囊扩张联合覆膜支架植入治疗人造血管动静脉内瘘狭窄

目的 探讨球囊扩张联合覆膜支架植入治疗人造血管动静脉内瘘(AVG)狭窄的临床疗效.方法 前瞻性选取15例经皮腔内血管成型术(PTA)疗效欠佳的AVG狭窄患者,且具备以下特点:狭窄长度不超过7 cm,狭窄程度大于50％;PTA后3个月内狭窄复发2次或以上;扩张后残余狭窄＞30％或狭窄部位立即弹性回缩.所有患者在数字减影血管造影(DSA)下行球囊扩张后植入不同内径的聚四氟乙烯覆膜支架.结果 男3例,女12例,平均年龄(66±12)岁.支架植入前内瘘平均使用时间为(19.5±15.0)个月.共植入支架16枚,技术成功率100％,植入部位为静脉吻合口9例(9/15);静脉流出道6例(6/15),其中头静脉3例,肱静脉2例,腋静脉1例.首次开通率3个月为40％,6个月为19％,12个月为13％.再次开通率3个月为93％,6个月为88％,12个月为87％.术后平均随访时间为(14.9±5.3)个月,再窄狭率为87％(13/15).术后PTA 36例次,支架内狭窄36％ (13/36);支架远端狭窄8％ (3/36);支架近端狭窄22％(8/36);与支架无关的狭窄33％ (12/36).AVG中位生存时间为25个月.结论 球囊扩张联合覆膜支架植入治疗AVG狭窄技术成功率高,并发症少,首次开通率不高,但再次开通率令人满意.     

球囊扩张成形术处理透析用动静脉内瘘狭窄性病变及短中期结果

目的:探讨球囊扩张成形技术在治疗血液透析用动静脉内瘘(AVF)狭窄的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2014年5月—2015年12月间采用球囊扩张成形技术治疗的31例血液透析用AVF狭窄性病变患者的临床资料。结果:31例患者中,男18例,女13例;桡动脉-头静脉内瘘27例,桡动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例,尺动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例;均接受球囊扩张技术治疗。28例(90.3%)获得技术上的成功,围手术期无患者死亡。1例患者术后出现动脉穿刺处假性动脉瘤,1例患者术后出现AVF血栓形成,1例患者出现前臂皮下血肿,其他所有患者AVF恢复通畅并能够以正常流量进行血液透析治疗。术后随访3~12个月,3、6、12个月初次通畅率分别为92.9%,75.0%,50.0%。结论:球囊扩张成形术处理AVF狭窄性病变微创、安全,是AVF狭窄性病变的合理治疗方法,但其中长期疗效仍有待于进一步改善。     

腔内球囊扩张术治疗输尿管狭窄

经尿道逆行球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄为近年创用的新技术,国、内外已有报道。我科自1990年7月以来,采用美国Cook公司提供的高压血管造影球囊扩张导管,治疗输尿管良性狭窄5例,其中4例效果满意,现报告如下。一、临床资料本组男1例,女4例。年龄25～45岁,平均34.5岁。经逆行插管造影及排泄性尿路造影证实均     

外周切割球囊治疗血液透析患者内瘘狭窄四例

血透患者内瘘狭窄是临床上较难处理的一个问题，而应用外周切割球囊（PCB）治疗内瘘狭窄经检索目前国内尚无报道。我院自2006年4月至9月，应用外周切割球囊对部分血透患者内瘘狭窄段进行扩张治疗，取得了良好的近期疗效和初步的临床经验，现报告如下。     

药物洗脱支架和球囊扩张治疗自体动静脉内瘘狭窄的效果比较

目的 比较药物洗脱支架和球囊扩张治疗自体动静脉内瘘狭窄的效果和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2022年12月在我院手术治疗的87例自体动静脉内瘘狭窄患者的临床资料,根据手术方式分为球囊扩张组44例和支架植入组43例,比较两组患者手术成功率及术后狭窄内径、透析血流量和术后6个月、12个月初级通畅率以及术后1个月内并发症发生率。结果 所有患者临床成功率100%。支架植入组和球囊扩张组技术成功率分别为100%和91.0%。2组患者术后狭窄内径及透析血流量差异无统计学意义。支架植入组和球囊扩张组术后6个月初级通畅率分别为79.1%和45.5%,支架植入组6个月初级通畅率优于球囊扩张组,差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）。支架植入组和球囊扩张组12个月初级通畅率分别为30.2%和9.1%,支架植入组12个月初级通畅率优于球囊扩张组,差异有统计学意义（P=0.013）。两组患者术后1个月内并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 药物洗脱支架治疗自体动静脉内瘘狭窄安全、有效,与球囊扩张术相比,可以提高术后初级通畅率,为治疗动静脉内瘘狭窄提供一种新的选择。     

置管溶栓联合球囊成形术治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘闭塞

目的探讨置管溶栓联合球囊成形术治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘闭塞伴血管狭窄的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经超声及血管造影证实为动静脉内瘘血栓性闭塞伴血管狭窄患者46例,其中观察组23例,行置管溶栓联合球囊形术治疗,对照组23例,行经头静脉留置针溶栓治疗。观察组:术中对闭塞段行导管导丝穿通术、给予25万U尿激酶注溶栓,术后视血栓清除情况保留导管持续泵入尿激酶1~3天,每天50万U,对于血栓溶解后瘘道血管仍狭窄者联合囊成形术进行治疗;对照组:经头静脉留置针泵入尿激酶1~3天,每天50万U。观察治疗后动静脉内瘘闭塞的开通况。比较治疗前后的血管造影表现、透析时血流量等的变化。结果观察组23例动静脉内瘘闭塞患者中,2例于治疗即刻造影显示动静脉内瘘即恢复通畅,分别有10、3、2例于治疗后24、48及72h造影复查示血栓溶解,动静脉内瘘满足者血液透析的要求,1例狼疮肾患者于24h复查造影示术中开通的闭塞段再次闭塞,予再次球囊扩张治疗后透析道血恢复,对5例行再次造瘘。对照组23例患者中仅有5例于72h内内瘘开通,余18例均行再次造瘘。两组患者治疗后管开通情况的差异具有统计学意义(2χ=17.07,P0.001)。所有病例溶栓过程中均未出现肺栓塞及出血等严重并发症结论置管溶栓联合球囊成形术是治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘闭塞伴血管狭窄的微创、安全、有效的方法,尤其适用于血条件差,缺少再次造瘘血管的患者。     

Cutting balloon angioplasty in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula stenosis resistant to conventional balloon angioplasty

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of cutting balloon angioplasty for the treatment of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula stenosis resistant to conventional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Methods The patients with arteriovenous fistula stenosis who had suboptimal results (residual stenosis ＞30%) by conventional PTA from December 2011 to February 2015 were enrolled. All the patients received cutting balloon angioplasty were rechecked every three months. Results A total of 25 patients with age of (60.7±12.9) years had suboptimal PTA results. Eleven patients with native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and 14 patients with graft fistula (AVG) underwent cutting PTA for 30 times. The technical success rate was 86.7% and clinical success rate was 100%. The diameter stenosis pre-procedural and post-procedural of cutting PTA was (1.7±0.6) mm and (4.5±0.8) mm respectively (P＜0.05). Six patients had multiple lesions and the stenosis consisted of 21 outflow venous, 6 graft-to-vein anastomosis, 6 cephalic arch, 2 artery and 1 puncture hole stenosis. The primary access patency at 3 and 6 months for AVF group were 70.0% and 10.0%, while for AVG group the figures were 64.3% and 7.1% (P＞0.05). The secondary access patency at 3 and 6 months for AVF group were 70.0% and 30.0%, while for AVG group the figures were 85.7% and 64.3% (P＞0.05). The follow-up time was (8.1±7.3) months. The restenosis rate was 64.0%. Cutting PTA failed to achieve technical success for four times, of whom 2 patients required graft stent implantation and 2 patients required ultra-high-pressure balloons angioplasty to finally achieve technical success. The median survival time of fistula was 173 days. Conclusions Cutting balloon angioplasty have well short-term patency and safety in arteriovenous fistula stenosis resistant to conventional PTA, especially for calcified lesion or "balloon waist". Although it could provide a satisfied long patency by recurrent PTA, the use of cutting balloon would be not advocated as the first-line treatment for fistula stenosis. The efficacy superiority of cutting balloon between AVF and AVG, as well as the cost-effect comparison between cutting balloon and high-pressure balloon, remains unclear, the verification of which requires large-sampled, prospective and randomized studies.     

臂丛神经阻滞在动静脉内瘘成形术中的应用

目的观察臂丛神经阻滞在动静脉内瘘成形术中的效果。方法拟行动静脉内瘘成形术患者152例,随机均分为臂丛神经阻滞组和局部浸润麻醉组。臂丛神经阻滞组手术中采用臂丛神经阻滞法进行麻醉,局部浸润麻醉组术中给予局部浸润麻醉法。比较两组术中VAS疼痛评分、术中血管直径、术后4h内瘘血流量、手术时间、术后24h和术后2年的手术成功率及麻醉安全性。结果臂丛神经阻滞组VAS疼痛评分、手术时间明显低于局部浸润麻醉组(P0.01);臂丛神经阻滞组术中动脉直径、术中静脉直径和内瘘血流量明显高于局部浸润麻醉组(P0.01)。臂丛神经阻滞组术后24h手术成功率为98.68%,与局部浸润麻醉组的92.11%差异无统计学意义;但臂丛神经阻滞组术后2年手术成功率为88.16%,明显高于局部浸润麻醉组的75.00%(P0.05)。两组均未见明显药物不良反应。结论臂丛神经阻滞可减轻术中疼痛,提高动静脉内瘘成形术手术成功率。     

经桡动脉行自体动静脉内瘘功能不良的介入治疗

目的探讨经桡动脉行自体动静脉瘘(AVF)腔内成形和(或)溶栓治疗的可行性。方法于因AVF狭窄或血栓闭塞而需行介入治疗的患者中,选取经桡动脉入路介入治疗的8例患者进行回顾性分析。结果首次造影证实6例患者为AVF重度狭窄,即刻行腔内球囊成形术,术后狭窄程度改善;对2例急性血栓形成患者行动脉内溶栓治疗,次日复查造影示血栓溶解,其中1例溶栓后造影显示吻合口附近静脉狭窄严重,行PTA治疗,另1例狭窄程度较轻者未进一步PTA治疗。对8例患者随访2~13个月,其中7例可正常行AVF透析,1例单纯PTA治疗患者2个月后再次行PTA治疗,4个月后因AVF功能不良而改行颈内静脉插管透析。结论经桡动脉行AVF功能不良的介入治疗有一定的可行性。     

血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘功能丧失的治疗进展

自体动静脉内瘘(AVF)是维持性血液透析患者最常用的血管通路,其功能完好是血液透析顺利进行的保证。然而在透析过程中常因血栓形成、狭窄等原因导致内瘘丧失功能,如何保持AVF通畅成为临床亟需解决的问题。本文就AVF功能丧失的治疗进展进行综述。     

超声引导下腔内血管成形术治疗动静脉内瘘狭窄早期疗效评估

目的探讨超声引导下腔内血管成形术在治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘(AVF)狭窄的早期疗效。方法回顾性分析接受超声引导下经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)治疗的24例前臂AVF狭窄的透析患者的临床资料,比较术前及术后即刻狭窄处内径,对通畅率采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析。结果 24例患者均获得技术成功,成功率为100%(24/24)。无穿刺部位假性动脉瘤及皮下血肿等并发症发生,除1例术后AVF血栓形成,围术期无患者死亡。术后随访3、6、9、12个月的初级通畅率分别为87.50%(21/24)、83.33%(20/24)、79.17%(19/24)、58.33%(14/24)。结论超声引导下PTA治疗AVF狭窄性病变微创、安全,是AVF狭窄性病变的合理治疗方法,近期效果明显。     

The relationship between arteriovenous fistula blood flow rate and pulmonary artery pressure in hemodialysis patients

Purpose Although there is an increased prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients, the relationship between arteriovenous (AV) fistula blood flow and pulmonary hemodynamics is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationshipship between blood flow rate of AV fistula and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in hemodialysis patients. Methods Thirty-two hemodialysis patients were included in this study. Within 1 h of completion of dialysis, blood flow rate of AV fistula and pulmonary hemodynamics were evaluated using Doppler sonography. Pulmonary hypertension was defined as mean PAP ≥25 mmHg at rest. Results Mean PAP, median blood flow rate of AV fistula, and mean cardiac index were 22.5 ± 10.0 mmHg (range 8–39), 978.0 ml/min (interquartile range 762.0–1,584.5) and 3,043.0 ± 694.3 ml/min per m² (range 1,251–4,140), respectively. Mean PAP has a relationship to cardiac index (r = 0.453, P = 0.014). However, there was no correlation between mean PAP and blood flow rate of AV fistula, hemoglobin, calcium-phosphorus (CaxP) product, and parathormone. Pulmonary hypertension was present in 43.7% of patients. Patients with pulmonary hypertension had significantly higher cardiac index (P = 0.036). Conclusions We found there was no direct relationship between blood flow rate of AV fistula and PAP. Other factors may play a role in the development of pulmonary hypertension.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for venous stenosis of hemodialysis fistula: Indication and prognosis

Background Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is an acceptable procedure for insufficient hemodialysis fistula flow, but the factors affecting the patency after angioplasty remain to be clarified. Methods Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed 29 times in 24 patients undergoing hemodialysis who had insufficient blood flow arising from stenosis in the venous limb of the arterio-venous fistula. We retrospectively investigated factors affecting patency of stenotic lesions after the angioplastic procedure. Results Cumulative patency rate after angioplasty in all patients, by using Kaplan-Meier's plot, amounted to 58% at 1 year and 54% at 2 years. Analysis by the Cox proportional hazard model showed that length of the stenotic lesions was the only significant factor for patency. The 1-year patency rate after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was identified as 81% when original stenosis length had been less than 1 cm, 42% when stenosis length had been between 1 and 2 cm, and 16% when stenosis length had exceeded 2 cm. Conclusion Short venous stenotic lesions in hemodialysis fistulas can be treated successfully with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.