Effect of culture substrate and fibroblast growth factor addition on the proliferation and differentiation of human adipo-stromal cells

The objective of this study is to investigate the proliferation and differentiation of stromal cells derived from human adipose tissues cultured on substrates with different surface properties. In addition, a similar investigation was performed on cells proliferated in different concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). The culture substrates include several polymer films with different water wettabilities, glass or a cell-culture plate, and that coated with collagen type I or IV, gelatin and FGF-2. The proliferation profiles of cells were influenced by the type of culture substrate and the growth factor concentration. A larger number of proliferated cells was observed for substrates with a water contact angle around 80 degrees, while the cell number was significantly larger for every protein-coated substrate. The rate of cell proliferation became maximal at a FGF-2 concentration of 1000 ng/ml. The FGF-2 concentration used for cell proliferation affected the differentiation profile of cells proliferated. Stromal cells, proliferated in 1 ng/ml FGF-2, were osteogenically differentiated to the strongest and fastest extent among those in other growth factor doses. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of cells increased with the increased cell number, although the activity per cell was identical, irrespective of the substrate type. The strongest adipogenic differentiation was observed for cells proliferated in 1000 ng/ml FGF-2 and the differentiation induction was maintained for a long time period. No clear dependence of the cell number on adipogenesis was observed. These findings indicate that the proliferation and differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells are influenced by the culture substrate and the concentration of FGF-2 used for proliferation.     

Proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and distribution of rat bone marrow stromal cells in nonwoven fabrics by different culture methods

The proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and distribution patterns of stromal cells from rat bone marrow were investigated in a three-dimensional nonwoven fabric of polyethylene terephthalate fiber by the static, agitated, and stirred culture methods; stirring speeds were 10, 50, and 100 rpm in the stirred culture method. The culture method affected the time profile of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of cells or their distribution in the fabric. The extent of cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation became higher in order of the stirred at 100 rpm = the stirred at 50 rpm > the stirred at 10 rpm > the agitated > the static methods. In addition, the cells were more uniformly proliferated in the fabric by the stirred culture method with time than they were proliferated in the fabric by other methods. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium content were higher for cells cultured by the stirred culture method than those cultured by other methods. The total ALP activity, calcium content, and bone mineral density were higher for every stirred method than those for other methods. However, the distribution uniformity of cells differentiated was low irrespective of the culture method. It is concluded that the extent of proliferation and differentiation of cells or their distribution uniformity in the nonwoven fabrics was influenced by the culture method.     

Dexamethasone induces proliferation and terminal differentiation of osteogenic cells in tissue culture

Dexamethasone is an important regulator of cellular proliferation and differentiation, but paradoxical effects have been noted in a variety of culture systems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dexamethasone induces proliferation and differentiation of osteogenic precursor cells. Periosteal explants from embryonic chicks were grown in culture for 3 or 4 days, treated continuously with dexamethasone or ethanol vehicle, and then either pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine at 3 days or labeled for 24 hr between day 3 and day 4. Histochemical and autoradiographic procedures were used to assess the proliferation and differentiation of osteogenic cells. At 3 days, the area of bone, the percentage of alkaline phosphatase-positive cells, the percentage of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells, and the percentage of cells labeled with both markers were significantly higher in dexamethasone-treated cultures. Between day 3 and day 4 no significant changes in these parameters were observed in the dexamethasone-treated cultures. In comparison, control cultures exhibited significant increases in the percentage of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells after 24 hr of continuous labeling. The data show that dexamethasone induces a burst of proliferation in a cohort of cells that undergo differentiation. Once these cells have divided, further proliferation within the culture is limited. Finally, it is apparent that the timing of experiments may be critical in determining whether dexamethasone will inhibit or stimulate proliferation.     

人脂肪源干细胞分离培养及向成骨细胞的诱导分化

背景：脂肪源干细胞可分泌众多的免疫调节因子,不引起T细胞的细胞毒作用,并可通过调整T淋巴细胞的种类和数量。 目的：探讨人脂肪源干细胞在体外分离培养扩增的方法及向成骨细胞诱导分化的能力。 方法：以0.1%的Ⅰ型胶原酶通过组织消化的方法分离人脂肪组织中的干细胞,体外扩增培养至第2代后检测其表面抗原的表达,并在成骨诱导液中促进其向成骨细胞的分化,通过碱性磷酸酶染色、茜素红染色及对碱性磷酸酶的RT-PCR检测来明确其分化能力。 结果与结论：体外分离培养的脂肪源干细胞生长稳定,扩增速度快。流式细胞仪检测结果显示其高表达干细胞相关抗原。向成骨细胞诱导后经免疫组化染色可见矿化结节形成,RT-PCR检测发现碱性磷酸酶表达阳性。提示脂肪源干细胞在体外分离培养方法简单,扩增速度快,并具有定向分化的能力,是可靠的组织修复和细胞治疗的种子细胞来源。     

Three-dimensional culture and differentiation of human osteogenic cells in an injectable hydroxypropylmethylcellulose hydrogel

The present work evaluates a newly developed silated hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Si-HPMC)-based hydrogel as a scaffold for 3D culture of osteogenic cells. The pH variation at room temperature catalyzes the reticulation and self-hardening of the viscous polymer solution into a gelatine state. We designed reticulation time, final consistency and pH in order to obtain an easy handling matrice, suitable for in vitro culture and in vivo injection. Three human osteogenic cell lines and normal human osteogenic (HOST) cells were cultured in 3D inside this Si-HPMC hydrogel. We show here that osteosarcoma cells proliferate as clonogenic spheroids and that HOST colonies survive for at least 3 weeks. Mineralization assay and gene expression analysis of osteoblastic markers and cytokines, indicate that all the cells cultured in 3D into this hydrogel, exhibited a more mature differentiation status than cells cultured in monolayer on plastic. This study demonstrates that this Si-HPMC hydrogel is well suited to support osteoblastic survival, proliferation and differentiation when used as a new scaffold for 3D culture and represents also a potential basis for an innovative bone repair material.     

Attachment, proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of adipo-stromal cells on self-assembled monolayers of different chemical compositions

The objective of this study is to investigate the spreading area, proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of adipo-stromal cells cultured on the surface of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) prepared by alkanethiols with hydroxyl (OH), methyl (CH(3)), amine (NH(2)) and carboxyl terminal groups (COOH) or the mixture at different ratios. A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) examination revealed that a high adsorption of vitronectin and fibronectin was observed for the SAM of NH(2) or the mixed SAM of OH and NH(2) groups and the mixed SAM of OH and CH(3) or OH and COOH groups, respectively. The cell spreading area and the proliferation level were higher for the SAM of NH(2) or COOH or the mixed SAM of OH and NH(2) or OH and COOH groups than those of other substrates. When incubated in an adipogenic differentiation medium, the cells showed a high level of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity for the SAM of CH(3) or the mixed SAM of OH and COOH groups. In addition, a high mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPRAgamma2) and fatty acid binding protein 2 (aP2) was observed. For the SAM of NH(2) or COOH groups, the strong activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) was observed while the mRNA expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and cysteinrich 61 (CYR61) was enhanced. The proliferation of the cells was significantly suppressed by adding an inhibitor of ERK1/2. The mRNA expression of PPAR gamma2 was significantly induced by adding the inhibitor. It is concluded that the proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of adipo-stromal cells depended on the chemical composition of substrate surface, although the extent was influenced by that of ERK1/2 activation.     

人参皂苷Rb1对体外培养人脂肪干细胞增殖与成骨分化的影响

背景：脂肪干细胞成骨分化受多种因素的影响,中药成骨诱导活性因子在脂肪干细胞研究中有重要意义。 目的：观察人参皂苷Rb1在体外培养条件下对人脂肪干细胞增殖和成骨分化的影响。 方法：体外分离培养人脂肪干细胞,传至第3代后,按2×10³/孔接种至96孔板,分别加入0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0,6.0 μmol/L人参皂苷Rb1培养基200 μL进行培养;设立对照组,仅加入等量普通DMEM培养基。采用XTT比色法测定大鼠脂肪干细胞的生长增殖曲线。通过碱性磷酸酶试剂盒测定细胞碱性磷酸酶活性,放射免疫法检测骨钙素含量,茜素红染色观察钙化结节形成能力。 结果与结论：0.5 μmol/L人参皂苷Rb1可明显促进人脂肪干细胞增殖;随着人参皂苷Rb1浓度的增加,促细胞增殖活性降低,6.0 μmol/L人参皂苷Rb1表现为明显的抑制细胞增殖作用。人参皂苷Rb1呈剂量依赖性促进人脂肪干细胞碱性磷酸酶活性和骨钙素表达。4.0,6.0 μmol/L人参皂苷Rb1诱导钙化结节形成能力优于0.5,1.0和2.0 μmol/L人参皂苷Rb1,对照组人脂肪干细胞未见钙化结节形成。提示人参皂苷Rb1在一定浓度范围内对体外培养条件下的人脂肪干细胞具有促生长增殖作用,但在高浓度时,人参皂苷Rb1对人脂肪干细胞的成骨分化具有促进作用,因此可作为一种良好的成骨诱导活性因子。     

外源性Ⅵ型胶原对人后纵韧带细胞增殖和成骨转化的影响

目的观察外源性VI型胶原蛋白(collagen VI,CⅥ)对人后纵韧带细胞增殖和成骨转化的影响。方法取颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)患者手术切除的后纵韧带未骨化部分和非OPLL患者因外伤手术切除的正常后纵韧带,原代培养至第3代细胞,分别记作O细胞和N细胞;两种细胞均采用0、6.25、12.5、25、50、100 g/ml CⅥ刺激;CCK8法测定刺激后两种细胞1~7天光密度(D)值,评价CⅥ对细胞增殖的影响;骨形态生成蛋白-2(BMP-2)对不同浓度CⅥ刺激的细胞进行诱导骨化,用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测各组细胞成骨细胞转录因子-2(RunX2)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨钙素(OC)的基因表达情况。结果CⅥ对两种细胞的增殖均起促进作用,且随着CⅥ浓度增加,其对细胞增殖的促进作用随之增强,但达到一定浓度后这种作用会保持不变或减弱,同一时间点内50 g/ml CⅥ刺激时两种细胞的D值最大;BMP-2诱导后的两组细胞有CⅥ刺激的ALP、RunX2和OC的基因表达均高于无CⅥ刺激的对照组(P0.05);在无CⅥ刺激的情况下,O细胞的基因表达高于N细胞(P0.05)。结论 CⅥ能够促进人后纵韧带细胞的增殖和成骨转化,而来自后纵韧带骨化患者的细胞则更易被促进增殖和诱导骨化,CⅥ可能具有促进后纵韧带细胞成骨的功能。     

Endogenous Wnt signaling promotes proliferation and suppresses osteogenic differentiation in human adipose derived stromal cells

Multipotential adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are able to differentiate along several known lineages, and lineage commitment is tightly regulated through specific cellular mediators and interactions. Human adipose tissues contain cell populations that have similar characteristics to bone marrow stromal cells. Wnt proteins have been reported to be involved in proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. RNA interference (RNAi) has recently emerged as a specific and efficient method to silence gene expression in mammalian cells. To analyze the role of beta-catenin signaling in human adipose stromal cells (hADSC), the effects of beta-catenin short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) expression and Wnt3a conditioned media on the growth and differentiation properties of hADSC were examined. Expression of an RNAi molecule to beta-catenin from a lentivirus vector decreased beta-catenin expression in hADSC, as indicated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Cells transduced with sibeta-catenin lentivirus had decreased CFU and lower numbers of cells per colony than transduced control cells, but this outcome did not result from altered attachment efficiency of hADSC. The inhibition of beta-catenin signal by RNAi expression increased osteogenic differentiation. The treatment of Wnt3a conditioned media increased cellular beta-catenin levels and the rate of cellular proliferation, but inhibited osteogenic differentiation. Transduction of beta-catenin RNAi lentivirus blocked the effect of Wnt3a on proliferation of hADSC. Taken together, these findings indicate that endogenous Wnt3a plays an important role in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of hADSC.     

Control of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human dental-pulp-derived stem cells by distinct surface structures

The ability to control the behavior of stem cells provides crucial benefits, for example, in tissue engineering and toxicity/drug screening, which utilize the stem cell’s capacity to engineer new tissues for regenerative purposes and the testing of new drugs in vitro. Recently, surface topography has been shown to influence stem cell differentiation; however, general trends are often difficult to establish due to differences in length scales, surface chemistries and detailed surface topographies. Here we apply a highly versatile screening approach to analyze the interplay of surface topographical parameters on cell attachment, morphology, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal dental-pulp-derived stem cells (DPSCs) cultured with and without osteogenic differentiation factors in the medium (ODM). Increasing the inter-pillar gap size from 1 to 6 μm for surfaces with small pillar sizes of 1 and 2 μm resulted in decreased proliferation and in more elongated cells with long pseudopodial protrusions. The same alterations of pillar topography, up to an inter-pillar gap size of 4 μm, also resulted in enhanced mineralization of DPSCs cultured without ODM, while no significant trend was observed for DPSCs cultured with ODM. Generally, cells cultured without ODM had a larger deposition of osteogenic markers on structured surfaces relative to the unstructured surfaces than what was found when culturing with ODM. We conclude that the topographical design of biomaterials can be optimized for the regulation of DPSC differentiation and speculate that the inclusion of ODM alters the ability of the cells to sense surface topographical cues. These results are essential in order to transfer the use of this highly proliferative, easily accessible stem cell into the clinic for use in cell therapy and regenerative medicine.     

Impact of adipogenic differentiation on stemness and osteogenic gene expression in extensive culture of human adipose-derived stem cells

Introduction

Adipose tissue is a source of multipotent adult stem cells. Most studies on human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) have been on the early passages. Studies in extensive expansion have not been well established yet. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of extensive expansion on the adipogenic differentiation capability of ASC.

Material and methods

The ability of ASC to undergo adipogenic differentiation in extensive expansion was evaluated by morphological changes, differentiation assay by using Oil Red O staining and changes in the genes expression levels of adipogenic genes, osteogenic genes and stemness genes using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after induction.

Results

Morphological study showed that the formation of lipid droplets can be observed at all passages but decreased at P20 after induction. Data from qPCR showed that most adipogenicgenes expression increased significantlyat P5, P10 and P15 but decreased at P20 after induction. On the other hand, osteogenic genes showed no significant changes after adipogenic induction indicating low potentiality of adipogenic-induced ASC to become osteogenic cells. While stemness genes expression levels showed a decrease or no significant changes after adipogenic induction except Nanog3, which showed a significant increase at P15 and P20.

Conclusions

The ability of ASC to differentiate into mature adipogenic cells decreased after P10 and the decrease in the osteogenics gene expression level during adipogenic induction suggested that the osteogenesis and adipogenesis are not parallel events.     

人骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养、鉴定及成骨分化

背景：国内外对骨髓间充质干细胞的体外成骨诱导分化研究手段、测定指标均不够全面。 目的：建立并完善一整套人骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及鉴定方法,探讨其体外成骨分化能力。 方法：采用密度梯度离心法分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞,流式细胞仪鉴定细胞表面表型。传至第3代时更换成骨诱导培养基进行成骨分化诱导。 结果与结论：人骨髓间充质干细胞生长旺盛,传代后增殖旺盛,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞表面表型CD44、CD73、CD90表达阳性,CD34表达阴性。诱导后的成骨细胞碱性磷酸酶活性增加,Gomori、Von kossa、茜素红染色均阳性。RT-PCR检测诱导后细胞有Ⅰ型胶原、碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素、骨唾液酸蛋白、骨桥蛋白及骨连接蛋白基因的表达,证明了人骨髓间充质干细胞成功向成骨方向分化。表明实验建立了一整套稳定、成熟的骨髓间充质干细胞分离、培养、扩增方案。     

A bioactive triphasic ceramic-coated hydroxyapatite promotes proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells

Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics are widely used as bone graft substitutes because of their biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. However, to enhance the success of therapeutic application, many efforts are undertaken to improve the bioactivity of HA. We have developed a triphasic, silica-containing ceramic-coated hydroxyapatite (HASi) and evaluated its performance as a scaffold for cell-based tissue engineering applications. Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) were seeded on both HASi and HA scaffolds and cultured with and without osteogenic supplements for a period of 4 weeks. Cellular responses were determined in vitro in terms of cell adhesion, viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, where both materials exhibited excellent cytocompatibility. Nevertheless, an enhanced rate of cell proliferation and higher levels of both alkaline phosphatase expression and activity were observed for cells cultured on HASi with osteogenic supplements. These findings indicate that the bioactivity of HA endowed with a silica-containing coating has definitely influenced the cellular activity, projecting HASi as a suitable candidate material for bone regenerative therapy.     

持续张应力对骨髓基质干细胞增殖及骨向分化的影响

目的通过体外加力装置研究持续牵张应力对大鼠骨髓基质干细胞(bone marrow stromal cells,BMSCs)增殖及骨向分化能力的影响。方法选用3月龄健康SD雌性大鼠,采用全血贴壁培养法分离及培养BMSCs。取生长良好的第3～5代细胞接种于Flexercell应力加载系统(10%、1 Hz),根据应力作用时间不同分为1、6、12、24 h组和48 h组。观察并分析持续牵张力对于大鼠BMSCs形态、增殖活性以及成骨能力变化的影响。结果 (1)随着加力时间的延长,与对照组相比,实验组细胞形态呈现一定规律性,细胞长轴多垂直于受力径向。(2)10%持续张应力作用可抑制BMSCs增殖活性。(3)持续张应力可增高碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、Ⅰ型胶原(collagenI,COLⅠ)、核心结合因子Cbfa1(core binding factor a1,又名Runx2)mRNA的表达量,且呈现时间依赖性。其中实验组ALP表达量在24 h明显高于相应对照组,COLⅠ表达量在24 h及48 h均明显高于对照组,Runx2表达量在6 h与对照组相比显著增高(P<0.05)。骨钙素(osteocalcin,OC)含量在加力起始阶段显著高于对照组,随时间推移逐渐下降,48 h时明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。(4)持续张力可以促使Runx2蛋白水平增高,且在6 h实验组明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。之后缓慢下降,在24 h时显著低于对照组水平(P<0.05)。结论持续牵张力作用下BM-SCs细胞形态呈现一定规律性排列,其增殖活性受到抑制,但早期成骨向分化能力却显著提高。     

Effect of the fiber diameter and porosity of non-woven PET fabrics on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

The proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was investigated in three-dimensional non-woven fabrics prepared from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber with different diameters. When seeded into the fabrics of cell scaffold, more MSC attached in the fabric of thicker PET fibers than that of thinner ones, irrespective of the fabric porosity. The morphology of cells attached became more spreaded with an increase in the fiber diameter of fabrics. The rate of MSC proliferation depended on the PET fiber diameter and porosity of fabrics: the bigger the fiber diameter of fabrics with higher porosity, the higher their proliferation rate. When the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin content of MSC cultured in different types of fabrics was measured to evaluate the ostegenic differentiation, they became maximum for the non-woven fabrics with a fiber diameter of 9.0 μm, although the values of low-porous fabrics were significantly high compared with those of high porous fabrics. We concluded that the attachment, proliferation and bone differentiation of MSC was influenced by the fiber diameter and porosity of non-woven fabrics as the scaffold.     

Effect of the fiber diameter and porosity of non-woven PET fabrics on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

The proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was investigated in three-dimensional non-woven fabrics prepared from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber with different diameters. When seeded into the fabrics of cell scaffold, more MSC attached in the fabric of thicker PET fibers than that of thinner ones, irrespective of the fabric porosity. The morphology of cells attached became more spreaded with an increase in the fiber diameter of fabrics. The rate of MSC proliferation depended on the PET fiber diameter and porosity of fabrics: the bigger the fiber diameter of fabrics with higher porosity, the higher their proliferation rate. When the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin content of MSC cultured in different types of fabrics was measured to evaluate the ostegenic differentiation, they became maximum for the non-woven fabrics with a fiber diameter of 9.0 microm, although the values of low-porous fabrics were significantly high compared with those of high porous fabrics. We concluded that the attachment, proliferation and bone differentiation of MSC was influenced by the fiber diameter and porosity of non-woven fabrics as the scaffold.     

细胞来源和培养液成分对大鼠神经前体细胞增殖和分化的影响

在成功建立体外分离培养大鼠胚胎脑和脊髓神经前体细胞(neuron precursor cells,NPCs)的基础上,本研究设计了三种培养液组合:DF/N2、DF/B27和DF/(N2+B27),观察在不同培养液成分对胚胎脑和脊髓NPCs增殖和分化的影响。结果显示:与NF/N2組和DF/B27组相比,脑来源的NPCs在DF/(N2+B27)中增殖最快、最稳定(P<0.01),而脊髓来源的NPCs在三种培养液组合中的增殖速度无明显差异。脑和胚胎15 d脊髓来源的NPCs在DF/B27和DF/(N2+B27)中分化为神经元的比例明显高于DF/N2组合(P<0.01);取自胚胎15 d的脊髓NPCs分化为神经元和少突胶质细胞的比例均显著高于胚胎16 d的NPCs(P<0.05)。以上结果提示:(1)在培养液中同时添加N2和B27不仅可以提高体外培养的NPCs的增殖速度,同时可显著增加神经元分化的比例;(2)NPCs的分化潜能可因NPCs来源(脑或脊髓)和发育阶段的不同而有差异。     

不同年龄段大鼠脂肪间充质干细胞增殖及成骨能力的研究

通过研究年龄对大鼠脂肪间充质干细胞增殖、成骨分化的影响,从而为临床寻找理想的种子细胞来源。用密度梯度离心法分离不同年龄段脂肪间充质干细胞进行培养,并保留贴壁细胞传代,观察细胞生长情况,检测其增殖活性,诱导后茜素红染色,钙离子浓度测定。结果显示,传代细胞的增殖速度比原代细胞快,但随着年龄的增长脂肪间充质干细胞的增殖能力下降。诱导条件下,各年龄组均出现矿化结节,但钙离子浓度随年龄增加而降低。本实验提示,脂肪间充质干细胞增殖和成骨分化能力随着年龄的增加而降低,但各年龄段脂肪间充质干细胞经过体外增殖、诱导后均可满足临床应用中不同患者的要求。