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目的通过研究直肠系膜的形态学特点和范围来认识直肠系膜全切除(TME)的理论依据。方法上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院对24具尸体的盆腔进行解剖。结果在直肠及周围脂肪周围存在两个相互独立的结构,一个是直肠侧后方的脏筋膜,另一个是直肠前方的Denonvilliers筋膜,它们共同组成了直肠周围的环状筋膜,Denonvilliers筋膜并不能构成直肠系膜的前界。结论TME改善预后的原因并不在于其切除平面为肿瘤难以逾越的"Holy plane",而是在于其完全切除了"直肠腔室"。     

腹腔镜保留Denonvilliers 筋膜全直肠系膜切除术

Heald 教授提出的全直肠系膜切除术（TME）成为中低位直肠癌手术的金标准,然而因TME手术导致术中盆腔自主神经损伤,术后患者泌尿生殖功能障碍发生率居高不下,严重影响患者术后生活质量。笔者团队从解剖、生理、组织、手术实践等多方面,对直肠癌保留盆腔自主神经开展了一系列系统研究,在国际首创保留Denonvilliers筋膜全直肠系膜切除术（iTME）,并形成中国专家共识并向国际推广;同时提出邓氏筋膜术中标记线——“卫氏线”,确保iTME术式的可操作性和推广性。本例手术视频为男性患者Denonvilliers筋膜保留的iTME术式。     

经肛门直肠全系膜切除术现状及研究进展

全直肠系膜切除理念的提出是直肠癌外科治疗一项重要的变革,伴随腹腔镜技术的应用,使得腹腔镜下经肛门全直肠系膜切除术越来越被外科医师关注。对于肿瘤较大、骨盆狭小的男性肥胖患者,中低位直肠的暴露和分离仍然是个问题,而腹腔镜下完全经肛门全直肠系膜切除术可能是一种潜在的解决途径,在达到直肠癌根治切除要求的同时又尽可能保留肛门、避免腹部切口,患者不仅术后生活质量得到提高,而且美观。随着操作器械、手术平台的不断完善及经验总结后,该术式将有望在中低位直肠癌治疗中占重要地位。     

直肠全系膜切除术中安全平面的解剖学观察

目的 明确直肠固有筋膜与周围结构的关系,寻找无血管、神经的间隙,为直肠全系膜切除术中＂安全平面＂的选择提供解剖学依据.方法 选择26例10%甲醛固定的成年男性盆腔标本进行研究,20例沿正中切开行局部解剖观察,6例行断层解剖观察.结果 直肠固有筋膜腹侧与Denonvilliers筋膜相邻,共同构成直肠膀胱隔,两者之间为无血管、神经的潜在间隙.直肠固有筋膜背侧与骶前筋膜水平走行,构成无血管、神经的骶前间隙,此间隙解剖变异较大,16例（80%）标本筋膜间隙明显,内有板层状直肠骶骨韧带走行（分层型） 4例（20%）无筋膜间隙,由肌肉样组织填充或骶前筋膜融合、增厚（融合型）.直肠固有筋膜外侧与盆腔壁层筋膜构成直肠外侧间隙,间隙内可见直肠侧韧带和盆腔神经丛,依据神经丛与直肠固有筋膜的关系分为紧密融合型（17例,85%）和疏松连接型（3例,15%）.结论 直肠腹侧的＂安全平面＂介于直肠固有筋膜与Denonvilliers筋膜之间,后外侧位于直肠固有筋膜与壁层筋膜之间.     

经肛门拖出标本的全腹腔镜直肠癌全系膜切除术

目的探讨腹腔镜直肠癌全系膜切除术中切除标本自肛门内拖出的可行性。方法 2007年1月~2010年5月,对30例肿块5 cm的直肠癌施行全腹腔镜直肠癌全系膜切除术,手术标本自肛门拖出,肠断端腔镜下荷包缝合及管型吻合器结直肠吻合。结果 30例在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。无腹腔、盆腔脏器的损伤。手术时间120~240min,平均150 min;术中出血20~80 ml,平均35 ml。发生吻合口漏4例,均经保守治疗治愈(18~30 d)。术后随访3~40个月,平均24.3月,2例1年后吻合口复发。结论直径5 cm的标本自肛门拖出的全腹腔镜直肠癌全系膜切除术是可行的,避免腹部辅助切口,创伤更小。     

直肠系膜全切除在双吻合器低位前切除术中的

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the value of total meso-rectal excision (TME) in low anterior resection with double stapling technique. METHODS: During January 1993 to October 1998, 306 cases of rectal lesions were treated by total meso-rectal excision in low anterior resection (LAR) with double stapling technique. Among the patients with rectal cancer, 235 (78.86%) were treated by low anterior resection and 97 (41.28%) by ultra-low anterior resection. RESULTS: No operative death was noted, and anastomotic leakage occurred in 9 (2.94%) patients. Ureter injury occurred in 2 (0.65%) patients. 32 (10.46%) patients suffered from anastomotic stenosis, 31 mm diameter of stapler for 27 (12.68%) patients and 33 mm diameter of stapler for 5 patients (5.38%). Local recurrence occurred in 20 (6.71%) patients: Dukes'B 4 (2.33%) patients, Dukes'C 9 (12.5%) patients, and Dukes'D 7 (53.85%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Total meso-rectal excision can effectively reduce the local recurrence rate after LAR with double stapling technique. Since the recurrence is closely related to the stage of the disease, early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment are extremely important.     

腹腔镜下直肠全系膜切除术治疗低位直肠癌

目的探讨腹腔镜下直肠全系膜切除术(TME)治疗低位直肠癌的可行性。方法将2002年6月至2004年6月收治的160例低位或超低位直肠癌患者,分腹腔镜组(68例)和开腹组(92例)进行手术,对比两组患者临床疗效。结果两组均无手术死亡者。腹腔镜组中有4例(5.8%)中转开腹。腹腔镜组与开腹组手术时间分别为(164±52)min和(141±31)min(P>0.05);术中平均出血量分别为(80±20)ml和(120±40)ml(P<0.05);肠道功能恢复时间分别为(2.2±1.2)d和(3.4±1.0)d(P<0.05);术后并发症发生率分别为11.7%和20.6%(P<0.05);局部复发率分别为4.2%和5.1%(P>0.05)。两组在肿块切除范围和淋巴结清扫范围方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论腹腔镜TME治疗低位直肠癌能取得与开腹手术同样的肿瘤根治性效果,并具有出血少、术后肠功能恢复快等优点。     

腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术中的泌尿及性功能保护

中、低位直肠癌的外科手术在引入直肠全系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)概念之后,病人的局部复发率及远期生存率得到大大提高。进一步应用新辅助放化疗技术后,中、低位直肠癌的     

从盆腔筋膜的外科解剖来理解直肠全系膜切除术的层次

目的探讨直肠系膜与盆腔筋膜和神经的关系，以明确直肠全系膜切除术合理的切除平面。方法对24具尸体的盆腔进行解剖。结果直肠周围的层次是连续的，可以分为2段3层，2段指耻骨联合至坐骨棘和坐骨棘至骶岬；3层分别为脏筋膜、膀胱腹下筋膜和壁筋膜。在膀胱腹下筋膜与脏筋膜之间存在盆丛及其膀胱、子宫神经分支，而在脏、壁筋膜之间存在腹下神经和盆内脏神经。结论直肠全系膜切除术的层次在直肠后方为脏、壁筋膜之间，而在直肠侧方实际上位于脏筋膜和膀胱腹下筋膜之间。侧后方的腹下神经、侧前方的盆丛及其分支是正确层次的标记。     

Comparison of short-term efficacy of transanal total mesorectal excision and laparoscopic total mesorectal excision in low rectal cancer

Background/objectiveThe transanal total mesorectal excision(TaTME) of rectal malignancies is largely referred to as treatment of mid to low, especially low rectal cancer. This study was to compare the short-term efficacy of TaTME and laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LaTME) for low rectal cancer.MethodsA prospective study of patients with low rectal cancer who underwent laparoscopic radical surgery at the General Surgery of Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital from January 2017 to December 2019 was performed. The general information, perioperative results and pathological results of the two groups were compared.ResultsA total of 64 patients were included in the study, 32 in the TaTME group and 32 in the LaTME group. The clinical characteristics of the two groups was comparable (P > 0.05). The operation time in the TaTME group was longer than that in the LaTME group (212.59 ± 28.71min vs 187.66 ± 27.15min, P = 0.001), no significant differences were seen in the conversion rate, intraoperative complications, morbidity, serious morbidity, anastomotic leak, unplanned reoperation and hospital stay(P > 0.05). The circumferential resection margin (CRM) distance in the TaTME group was longer than that in the LaTME group (6.81 ± 2.99 mm vs 5.21 ± 3.06 mm, P = 0.039). The inter-group difference in terms of harvested lymph nodes, mesorectum integrity, CRM involvement, DRM distance, R1 resection, complete remission, pathological T stage, pathological N stage and pathological TNM stage was not significant (P > 0.05).ConclusionsTaTME is a promising surgical technique and maybe offers a safe and feasible alternative to LaTME in managing low rectal cancer.     

Evolution of transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer:From top to bottom

The gold standard for curative treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer involves radical resection with a total mesorectal excision(TME). TME is the most effective treatment strategy to reduce local recurrence and improve survival outcomes regardless of the surgical platform used. However, there are associated morbidities, functional consequences, and quality of life(QoL) issues associated with TME; these risks must be considered during the modern-day multidisciplinary treatment for rectal cancer. This has led to the development of new surgical techniques to improve patient, oncologic, and QoL outcomes. In this work, we review the evolution of TME to the transanal total mesorectal excision(TaTME) through more traditional minimally invasive platforms. The review the development, safety and feasibility, proposed benefits and risks of the procedure, implementation and education models, and future direction for research and implementation of the TaTME in colorectal surgery. While satisfactory short-term results have been reported, the procedure is in its infancy, and long term outcomes and definitive results from controlled trials are pending.As evidence for safety and feasibility accumulates,structured training programs to standardize teaching,training, and safe expansion will aid the safe spread of the TaTME.     

全直肠系膜切除术在直肠癌治疗中的作用

目的探讨直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(TME)的临床应用价值。方法对65例中下段直肠癌行TME,分析术后局部复发率、术后并发症、直肠系膜肿瘤残留情况。结果65例直肠癌局部复发率为7.7%(5/65),术后吻合口漏的发生率为6.2%(4/65),5例术后短期内有泌尿生殖功能障碍,无骶前大出血,术后病检报告系膜内有癌巢存在的有35例(54%)。结论TME是治疗中下段直肠癌必须遵循的原则,能明显降低局部复发率及术后并发症,提高保肛手术率。     

腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术治疗中、低位直肠癌的临床安全性对比研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除治疗中、低位直肠癌手术的安全性。方法：回顾性对比分析我院2002年12月～2005年12月开腹直肠癌全系膜切除的病例（开腹组52例），以及2003年1月～2006年6月腹腔镜直肠癌全系膜切除的病例（腹腔镜组49例）。结果：腹腔镜组与开腹组一般资料差异无显著性。与开腹组比较，腹腔镜组术中出血量少[直肠癌前切除术（160±106）ml（n=37）vs（298±186）ml（n=36），t=-3．908，P=0．000；腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术（180±153）ml（n=10）vs（356±170）ml（n=14），t=-2．604，P=0．016]。腹腔镜组肠道功能恢复时间早于开腹手术组[（2．4±1．8）dVS（3．6±1．5）d，t=-3．648，P=0．000]。腹腔镜组总并发症的发生率低于开腹组[14．3％（7／49）g844．2％（23／52），x^2=10．834，P=0．001]。两组清扫淋巴结的数目无差异（12．7±6．5VS13．6±7．0，t=-0．668，P=0．505），下切缘均为阴性。腹腔镜组45例（91．8％）随访2～42个月，开腹组47例（90．4％）随访6～42个月，局部复发率分别4．4％（2／45）、4．3％（2／47）。结论：腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除治疗中、低位直肠癌安全、可行。     

腹腔镜辅助经肛全直肠系膜切除手术

男性,50岁,体重质量指数(BMI)26.7 kg/m~2,初始诊断为低位直肠癌,肿瘤分期为cT_3CN_1M_0;经过术前新辅助放疗后的肿瘤分期为ycT_2N_0M_0,肿瘤下缘距离肛缘的距离为4.5 cm。患者在放疗后6周接受了腹腔镜辅助经肛全直肠系膜切除术,我们采用经腹和经肛两组手术医生团队同时实施手术,经下腹部小切口取出全直肠系膜切除的标本,在腹腔镜辅助下完成消化道重建,并采用荧光腹腔镜吲哚菁绿显像的方法检测吻合口血运。