上皮样肉瘤5例病理学特征分析

目的探讨上皮样肉瘤的临床病理学特征和鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析5例上皮样肉瘤的临床表现、组织学特点和免疫组化,并结合文献探讨上皮样肉瘤的临床病理特点、诊断与鉴别诊断。结果 5例均为手术切除标本,其中2例为截肢标本。男性4例,女性1例,男性多见。平均年龄31.4岁。镜下观察肿瘤由梭形和上皮样的细胞组成,两种细胞在形态上有移行。免疫组化显示上皮和间叶组织双向分化,5例CK、EMA和vimentin均(+),desmin和HMB45均(-)。2例CD34(+),2例SMA(+)。结论上皮样肉瘤是一种较罕见恶性肿瘤,由于其临床表现无特异性,确诊需依赖于病理组织学和免疫组化染色,同时与形态学上同样具有上皮样或者横纹肌样细胞特点的其他疾病进行鉴别诊断。     

足部经典型卡波西肉瘤2例临床病理观察

目的探讨足部经典型卡波西肉瘤(KS)的临床病理特征、免疫组化及鉴别诊断。方法报道2例发生于足部的经典型卡波西肉瘤的组织形态学和免疫组化特征,结合文献对其临床病理学特征及鉴别诊断进行分析。结果 2例卡波西肉瘤均无HIV感染病史,其中1例发生于足背,1例发生于足底。低倍镜下肿瘤均呈多结节状,结节边界清楚,由增生的梭形细胞组成,伴间质出血;高倍镜下增生的梭形细胞纵横交错排列,梭形细胞被含有红细胞的裂隙样腔隙分割,呈筛孔状或蜂窝状,在梭形细胞胞质内或细胞外可见嗜伊红色透明小体,梭形细胞之间见外渗的红细胞。免疫组化显示瘤细胞CD34、CD31、Fli-1和ERG(+),其中1例HHV-8(+)。结论卡波西肉瘤是一种少见的中间型血管内皮瘤,诊断主要依靠其独特的形态学及免疫表型特征,需注意与梭形细胞血管瘤、卡波西型血管内皮瘤、血管肉瘤和上皮样血管内皮瘤等鉴别。     

皮肤混合瘤临床病理学分析

目的探讨皮肤混合瘤的临床病理学特点。方法对28例手术切除的皮肤混合瘤进行临床资料分析、组织形态学观察,其中23例行免疫组化检测,并复习相关文献。结果肿瘤大体表现为真皮和/或皮下境界清楚的结节状肿块。镜下,肿瘤上皮和肌上皮呈立方状、梭形、浆细胞样等多种形态,排列成条索状、腺样、巢状,可伴有毛囊、皮脂腺、大汗腺、小汗腺样分化。肿瘤间质以纤维、黏液、软骨样或透明变性基质为主,偶见脂肪或骨样组织。免疫组化显示导管上皮CEA、CD117(+),肌上皮p63、GFAP、Calponin、S-100(+),两种细胞CK、CK5/6、EMA、Cam5.2均(+)。结论皮肤混合瘤是少见的皮肤良性肿瘤,鉴别诊断需要结合形态学及免疫组化。     

长骨釉质瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨长骨釉质瘤的临床病理特征、诊断与鉴别诊断及其组织发生。方法对1例长骨釉质瘤进行病理形态学观察及免疫组化分析。结果长骨釉质瘤的特征性改变为兼具上皮样细胞和纤维样梭形细胞2种成分,两者以不同的比例和形态相互交织排列。免疫组化示上皮样细胞CK、CK5和CK19(+),CK7和CK8/18(-);梭形细胞vimentin(+),bcl-2和CD99均(-)。结论长骨釉质瘤为双向分化的低度恶性肿瘤,形态多样,需结合肿瘤的组织形态和免疫组化特点对其进行诊断与鉴别诊断。     

肺原发性脑膜瘤2例临床病理观察

目的探讨肺原发性脑膜瘤的临床病理学特征、诊断与鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。方法通过组织形态学观察及免疫组化方法对2例肺原发性脑膜瘤进行病理分析,并复习相关文献。结果 2例发生部位分别为左肺上叶和右肺下叶,年龄分别为35岁和68岁。肿瘤均为灰白色实体肿瘤,边界清楚;镜下肿瘤均由上皮样细胞和梭形细胞构成,出现漩涡状结构,细胞无明显异型;上皮样细胞核仁细小,染色质细;梭形细胞长梭形或略肥胖;肿瘤均无明显出血、坏死,局部出现砂砾体。免疫组化vimentin均(+),2例中1例EMA(+),另1例EMA局灶(+);而TTF-1、Napsin A、CK7、p40、p63、CK5/6、Syn、Cg A、CD34、SMA、Desmin、bcl-2、CD99、ALK均(-)。结论肺原发性脑膜瘤非常罕见,大多数为良性,依据病理形态学和免疫组织化学可以明确诊断,鉴别诊断首先要除外转移性脑膜瘤,手术完全切除是首选的治疗方式。     

异位错构瘤性胸腺瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨异位错构瘤性胸腺瘤的临床病理特征及免疫学表型.方法 对1例异位错构瘤性胸腺瘤进行临床病理学及免疫标记物表达情况观察.结果 肿瘤有纤维性假包膜,由梭形细胞、上皮细胞、脂肪细胞及少量淋巴细胞构成,间质可见硬化胶原,血管均为薄壁中、小血管.免疫组化显示,上皮细胞及梭形细胞CKpan均弥漫(+),梭形细胞p63、calponin、SMA和vimentin亦(+),极少量上皮细胞AR(+),淋巴细胞CD3和CD20均部分(+),TDT(-).结论 异位错构瘤性胸腺瘤是主要发生于下颈部、边界清楚的良性肿瘤,认识其独特的临床病理形态特征、以及梭形细胞对上皮及肌上皮标记物的表达是正确诊断与鉴别诊断的关键.     

子宫黏液样平滑肌肉瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨子宫黏液样平滑肌肉瘤(MLMS)的临床病理特征、诊断与鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。方法分析3例子宫MLMS的临床资料,观察组织学形态、免疫表型及特殊染色结果,讨论诊断与鉴别诊断并复习相关文献。结果 3例患者中位年龄52. 5岁,肿瘤最大径6～17 cm,无包膜,切面灰白、实性、胶冻状、质软。镜下肿瘤细胞排列稀疏,呈束状、星网状或微囊状及黏液纤维肉瘤样,间质内见大量黏液样基质。肿瘤细胞呈梭形,轻～中度异型,胞质嗜酸性,核呈梭形或短梭形,核分裂象2. 2～5. 4个/2 mm2。其中2例可见凝固性坏死,1例可见细胞内黏液样物质。免疫组化结果:3例SMA和h-caldesmon(+),2例desmin、ER、p16、p53(+),1例PR(+),Ki-67阳性指数为15%～40%; CK-Pan、EMA、CD10、CD34、S-100均(-)。结论 MLMS是一种罕见的平滑肌肉瘤亚型,病理诊断主要依靠组织学特征、免疫表型及特殊染色。手术完整切除肿瘤,术后辅以化疗,可降低肿瘤复发风险,提高生存率。     

伴有横纹肌样分化的前列腺间质肉瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨伴有横纹肌样分化的前列腺间质肉瘤(PSS)的临床病理特点与鉴别诊断。方法观察1例伴有横纹肌样分化的前列腺间质肉瘤的病理学形态及免疫表型特征,并复习有关文献。结果前列腺间质肉瘤主要由排列成束状、车辐状的长梭形细胞构成,短梭形及卵圆形细胞散在于长梭形细胞之间或弥漫成片排列,其中一些卵圆形细胞富含丰富的嗜伊红胞质、核偏位,似横纹肌母细胞。肿瘤细胞异型性明显,核分裂象多见,肿瘤内无腺性成分。免疫组化显示肿瘤细胞vimentin、CD34(+),Myo D1和myogenin散在(+)。结论前列腺间质肉瘤是一种少见的发生于前列腺特异性间质细胞的恶性肿瘤,伴有横纹肌样分化的前列腺间质肉瘤更为罕见,预后差。诊断主要依靠病史及病理组织学形态和免疫组化,鉴别诊断主要包括恶性潜能未定的前列腺间质肿瘤和发生于前列腺的横纹肌肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、孤立性纤维瘤、胃肠外间质瘤等。     

腹腔上皮样炎性肌纤维母细胞肉瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨上皮样炎性肌纤维母细胞肉瘤(EIMT)的临床病理特点、诊断与鉴别诊断要点.方法 总结1例腹膜后EIMT的临床、病理形态及免疫表型特点,并复习相关文献.结果 患者女性,47岁.左上腹疼痛半年,疼痛加重伴腹胀1个月.CT示左上腹腔占位.术中见肿瘤位于腹膜后降结肠脾曲肠系膜内,与脾、胰尾、膈肌关系密切.大体见肿瘤呈结节状,位于肠系膜内,侵及肠壁并与周围脂肪、脾、胰及横纹肌组织粘连.镜下见肿瘤细胞排列成片状或结节状,间质明显黏液样变性及中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、浆细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润.瘤细胞圆形、多角或梭形,胞质丰富,呈上皮样,染色质空泡状,核仁大而明显,核分裂象易见.免疫组化示肿瘤细胞vimentin、desmin、ALK和AAT弥漫强(+),部分瘤细胞EMA、CD30、WT-1、D2-40、CD99和p53(+),Ki-67阳性指数10％ ～ 20％.荧光原位杂交示有ALK基因重排.患者术后2个月肿瘤局部复发,出现肝、肺多发转移,于术后4个月死亡.结论 上皮样炎性肌纤维母细胞肉瘤是炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤罕见的恶性上皮样亚型;诊断依据部位、典型的形态学和免疫组化特点,特别是核膜和核周ALK(+).治疗以手术切除为首选,术后放、化疗和靶向治疗为辅助治疗.此类肿瘤恶性度高,预后差.     

乳腺纤维瘤病样化生性癌临床病理特征与鉴别诊断

目的探讨乳腺纤维瘤病样化生性癌(FLMC)的病理组织学特征、诊断与鉴别诊断。方法对4例乳腺纤维瘤病样化生性癌进行病理形态学及免疫组化分析,并复习相关文献。结果患者女性,发病年龄45～56岁。可触及无痛性单发结节状肿物,界限清楚、质硬,血流不丰富,直径约1.5～3 cm。镜检:肿瘤界限不清,形成指状突起浸润邻近乳腺及纤维、脂肪组织,瘤细胞由漩涡或交错束状排列的梭形细胞组成,细胞形态温和,核无或轻异型,间质纤维组织增生伴胶原化。免疫组化肿瘤细胞AE1/AE3、34βE12、CK7、vimentin、EGFR(+),肌上皮分化标记CK5/6、p63和CD10、SMA(+),而ER、PR、S-100、CD34、CD99、bcl-2、CD117、Her-2均(-)。结论纤维瘤病样化生性癌是乳腺化生性癌的一种罕见亚型,因其形态温和、异型不明显而易被误诊,诊断需依赖免疫组化标记并与乳腺其他梭形细胞病变相鉴别。     

高分辨力超声在声门上型喉癌诊断中的临床意义

目的探讨超声在声门上型喉癌诊断中的临床价值。方法22例经喉镜和手术病理证实的声门上型喉癌患者,术前采用超声检查,结果与喉镜、手术病理结果对比分析。结果声门上型喉癌22例,声像图上显示20例,显示率90.9%。肿瘤在声像图上回声特点分两型,I型局限性肿块型,占70%(14/20),声像图为低回声,肿物的轮廓界线显示清晰;II型溃疡型占30%(6/20)。22例中侵犯前联合5例,伴会厌前间隙(per-epiglotticspace,PEF)和/或甲状软骨侵犯者3例。声带活动显示率90.9%。结论高分辨力超声能显示声门上型喉癌的肿块特点,判断会厌前间隙、前联合和甲状软骨的侵犯程度,有助于术前的准确分期。     

High body mass index and long duration of intubation increase post-extubation stridor in patients with mechanical ventilation

Approximately 20% of mechanically ventilated patients experience post-extubation stridor (PES) and reintubation, which subsequently may lead to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The risk of PES development is significantly higher in obese patients. Low air leakage between the endotracheal tube and the trachea, following cuff deflation, may indicate a higher risk for the development of PES. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and PES using the cuff-leak test in patients intubated in the respiratory intensive care unit. A total of 67 consecutive intubations on 56 different ventilated patients were included in this study. The mean age was 63.6 +/- 12.1 years and 84% of the patients were male. PES developed in seven patients (10.4%). The mean cuff-leak volume was 395 +/- 187 ml in non-PES patients and 240 +/- 93 ml in PES patients (p = 0.023). The mean BMI was 36 +/- 13 kg/m2 in PES patients and 24 +/- 7 kg/m2 in non-PES patients (p = 0.046). BMI > 26.5 kg/m2 (OR: 1.2), low cuff-leak volume (< 283 ml) and mechanical ventilation required for more than 5 days (OR: 0.9) were independent variables for PES occurrence. We therefore suggest that non-obese patients, short-term intubated patients and those having a high air leakage around the endotracheal tube could be extubated without much difficulty.     

原发性脾脏肿瘤的超声诊断

目的探讨原发性脾脏肿瘤的超声图像特征的诊断价值。方法应用频率为2～5MHz的探头对15例原发性脾脏肿瘤进行超声检查。结果15例原发性脾脏肿瘤中,血管瘤5例、淋巴管瘤5例、恶性淋巴瘤3例、血管内皮肉瘤2例。结论超声检查对原发性脾脏肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

Pre-attack and pre-episode symptoms in cluster headache: a multicenter cross-sectional study of 327 Chinese patients

BackgroundThere have been a few studies regarding the pre-attack symptoms (PAS) and pre-episode symptoms (PES) of cluster headache (CH), but none have been conducted in the Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and features of PAS and PES in Chinese patients, as well as to investigate their relationships with pertinent factors.MethodsThe study included patients who visited a tertiary headache center and nine other headache clinics between January 2019 and September 2021. A questionnaire was used to collect general data and information about PAS and PES.ResultsAmong the 327 patients who met the CH criteria (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition), 269 (82.3%) patients experienced at least one PAS. The most common PAS were head and facial discomfort (74.4%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis depicted that the number of triggers (OR = 1.798, p = 0.001), and smoking history (OR = 2.067, p = 0.026) were correlated with increased odds of PAS. In total, 68 (20.8%) patients had PES. The most common symptoms were head and facial discomfort (23, 33.8%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the number of triggers were associated with increased odds of PES (OR = 1.372, p = 0.005).ConclusionsPAS are quite common in CH patients, demonstrating that CH attacks are not comprised of a pain phase alone; investigations of PAS and PES could help researchers better understand the pathophysiology of CH.     

乳腺恶性叶状肿瘤的临床与超声特征研究

目的研究乳腺恶性叶状肿瘤（MPT）临床、超声声像图表现及其病理特征,为恶性叶状肿瘤诊断提供依据。方法对手术病理证实的12例恶性叶状肿瘤患者的临床、超声声像图表现、病理形态学特征、肿瘤复发转移与临床预后进行总结分析。结果 12例恶性叶状肿瘤患者超声声像图表现：肿瘤大小及部位：12例患者13个恶性叶状肿瘤位于左侧乳腺4例,右侧乳腺8例,其中8个肿瘤最大径≥5.0cm,5个肿瘤〈5.0cm。肿瘤形态及边界：13个恶性叶状肿瘤10个呈分叶状,2个形态不规则;11个边界清晰,2个边界不清晰。内部回声及后方回声：11个内部回声不均匀,2个内部回声均匀;9个后方回声增强,6个内部伴无回声。内部钙化：1个肿瘤内出现粗大钙化,12个内部无钙化。血流分级：彩色多普勒血流成像示2个肿瘤表现为Ⅰ级血流,3个表现为Ⅱ级血流,8个表现为Ⅲ级血流。第1次手术方式：12例患者中6例采用单纯肿瘤切除活检术,2例采用肿瘤扩大切除术,4例采用乳房切除术。术后临床随访结果：术后随访20～155个月,平均（69.9±46.4）个月,其中4例肿瘤局部复发（1例复发1次,1例复发2次,1例复发3次,1例复发15次,3例第1次手术为肿瘤单纯切除术,1例第1次手术为全乳切除术）,1例出现肺部转移。结论肿瘤体积较大,呈实性分叶状,内部回声不均伴无回声,血流丰富,易局部复发为乳腺恶性叶状肿瘤的临床超声表现。     

阴囊内腺瘤样瘤超声表现及误诊分析

目的 观察原发性卵黄囊瘤患者的CT表现。方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的31例原发性卵黄囊瘤的临床及CT表现,其中8例仅接受CT平扫,23例接受CT平扫及增强扫描。结果 19例肿瘤位于性腺,包括单侧卵巢11例,睾丸8例;12例肿瘤位于性腺外,包括骶尾部7例,前纵隔3例,阴道2例。20例肿瘤呈椭圆形,11例形态不规则;20例肿瘤边界相对清楚,11例边界模糊;2例合并畸胎瘤,瘤内可见脂肪、钙化。增强扫描示23例肿块实性部分呈中度至明显强化,17例呈丝瓜瓤样强化,18例可见供血血管,21例病灶边缘见延迟强化的包膜;4例显示肿瘤包膜破裂。结论 卵黄囊瘤CT表现具有一定特征性,可为诊断提供影像学依据。     

幕上中枢神经系统胚胎源性肿瘤NOS型的MRI分析

目的分析探讨中枢神经系统胚胎源性肿瘤,NOS(CNS embryonal tumour,not otherwise specified)的MRI影像特点,以提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析14例经手术及病理证实的幕上中枢神经系统胚胎源性肿瘤,NOS型的MRI及临床、病理资料并复习文献。结果所有病例均为单发,8例累及两个以上的脑叶;9例直径大于5 cm,平均直径5.4 cm;灶周水肿表现为较轻(5/14),甚至无(5/14);病灶呈囊实性多见(12/14);5例可见到多囊结构,形成所谓"肠襻"状改变;在T_1WI(10/14)、T_2WI(11/14)图像上信号混杂,流空(5/14)与出血(6/14)信号较常见;增强后呈花环状或结节中重度强化(13/14)。结论幕上中枢神经系统胚胎源性肿瘤NOS临床、病理及影像学特点可参照CNS PNET的临床、病理及影像学特点,MRI表现具有体积大、信号混杂等特点,有助于其诊断与鉴别。     

卵巢勃勒纳瘤的CT表现：附5例报道

目的 观察卵巢勃勒纳瘤的CT表现,以提高对该病的认识及诊断能力.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的5例卵巢勃勒纳瘤的CT表现,对肿块的位置、大小、结构、增强程度、钙化及转移情况进行分析.结果 5例患者共7个病灶,单侧3例,双侧2例,其中左侧3个病灶,右侧4个病灶,肿瘤大小为1.52～16.25 cm,平均7.36 cm;4例5个病灶为良性,1例双侧病灶为恶性;CT扫描4例5个病灶(71.43%)表现为实性肿块,病灶边界均较清晰,并见钙化,1例两个病灶(28.57%)表现为囊实性,以囊性为主,病变内部可见分隔;增强扫描病变呈不均匀性中等程度强化.其中1例良性伴有大量胸腔积液及腹腔积液.结论 卵巢勃勒纳瘤CT多表现为实性肿块,内有钙化,CT检查结合临床有助于诊断.     

胃肠道间质瘤12例诊疗体会

目的探讨胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的临床表现、病理组织形态学特点及预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析12例GIST患者临床、病理资料及预后情况。结果 12例患者中小肠间质瘤5例,胃间质瘤5例,十二指肠间质瘤1例,腹膜间质瘤1例。患者临床表现以腹痛与消化道出血较多见,临床表现为消化道出血者5例,腹痛5例,腹部肿块就诊者2例。肿块平均直径为5.5 cm。术后病理学诊断：3例良性,8例交界性,1例恶性。免疫组化检测：CD117阳性率为75.0%,CD34阳性率为58.3%。12例患者均获随访,随访时间为5～40月,均存活,2例复发。结论肿瘤大小、位置、核分裂像、免疫组化是判断GIST良、恶性的重要指标;对GIST患者必须进行包括手术治疗在内的综合治疗。     

Ultrasound-guided laryngeal air column width difference and the cuff leak volume in predicting the effectiveness of steroid therapy on postextubation stridor in adult. Are they useful?

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of steroids therapy on postextubation stridor (PES) depending on the clinical response, the ultrasound guided laryngeal air column width difference (LACWD) and the cuff leak volume (CLV).DesignProspective, observer-blinded study.SettingCarried out in intensive care unit in Tanta university hospital.Patients432 patients of both sexes received mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours and met defined criteria for a weaning trial.MeasurementsUltrasound guided LACWD and CLV were conducted before extubation. Patients developing postextubation stridor were intravenously given 8 mg of dexamethasone every 8 hours for 3 days. The clinical response, ultrasounds guided LACWD and CLV before and after steroid therapy were analyzed. Primary outcome and secondary outcomes of our study were reported.Results387 patients (89.5%) had no PES and 45 patients (10.5%) had PES. Risk factors for PES were longer duration of intubation, younger age and female gender. Both CLV and LACWD showed significant decrease (P< .05) in patients with PES in comparison with no PES patients. 45 patients with PES received dexamethasone treatment; 18 were completely recovered while 27 patients needed reintubation after 1 h. of these 27 patients; 19 patients had successful extubation while 8 patients had tracheostomy. In patients with PES, CLV and LACWD showed significant increase (P< .05) in comparison with before administration. Level of CLV <200 ml and LACWD <0.9 mm carry high sensitivity with high positive predictive value and high accuracy for presence of PES.ConclusionSteroids therapy improves postextubation stridor. Both LACWD and CLV are non-invasive and simple methods for monitoring of laryngeal edema regression after steroid therapy. We recommend administration of corticosteroids to patients with a lower level of leak volume and LACWD before extubation.