Endoscopic versus surgical treatment of infected necrotising pancreatitis: the TENSION study

In patients with infected necrotising pancreatitis there is a significant risk (40%) of complications and mortality with the surgical step-up approach. This approach consists of percutaneous retroperitoneal drainage, if necessary followed by video-assisted retroperitoneal débridement. An alternative treatment is an endoscopic step-up approach consisting of endoscopic transluminal drainage, if necessary followed by endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy. The Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group has recently started the nationwide randomized TENSION-trial, in which in 98 patients the endoscopic step-up approach is compared with the surgical method. The primary endpoint is a composite of mortality and major morbidity (new onset organ failure, bleeding, perforation of a hollow organ or incisional hernia for which intervention is needed).     

Diagnostic imaging in acute pancreatitis]

Acute pancreatitis is a potentially severe disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The natural history of acute pancreatitis is characterised by a variable clinical picture ranging from a mild and self-limiting disease to a necrotising form with various severe and potentially lethal complications. The use of early and reliable diagnostics in the detection of (infected) pancreatic necrotic tissue in the treatment of acute pancreatitis allows adequate supportive treatment to be initiated before the onset of complications, such as infection of the pancreatic necrotic tissue or multiple organ failure. Contrast-enhanced CT is currently the gold standard in the detection of necrosis. Because of some diagnostic shortcomings and disadvantages associated with this technique, such as the use of ionising radiation and the potential nephrotoxicity of the contrast agents, reliable alternative (imaging) techniques are being sought. In particular, contrast-enhanced MRI may play an increasingly important role in the future diagnostics of acute pancreatitis.     

Acute pancreatitis--a protocol for diagnosis and treatment]

Acute pancreatitis remains a disease with high morbidity and mortality. Acute pancreatitis can be subdivided in acute interstitial pancreatitis and necrotising pancreatitis, largely compatible with clinically mild and severe pancreatitis. This diagnosis is made on the basis of patient history, physical examination, laboratory parameters, contrast CT scan and, occasionally, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Prognosis on admission can be established using a scoring system such as the modified Glasgow score, the Ranson score and the 'Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation'--(APACHE)-II-score. The treatment of acute pancreatitis is primarily conservative. Indications for surgical intervention are: progressive sepsis despite maximum conservative management, an established infection of (peri)pancreatic necrosis, peripancreatic abscess and perforation of stomach, small intestine or colon. The purpose of an operation is to remove necrotic tissue, achieve adequate drainage of the necrotic area or to treat a perforation. The Groningen and Utrecht University Hospitals have collaborated to develop a protocol to standardise the diagnostic approach, management, timing and choice of surgical intervention, as well as to prospectively investigate the effect of such a strategy in patients with acute pancreatitis.     

Timing and choice of intervention in necrotising pancreatitis

Three patients, men aged 49, 62 and 33 years, were admitted with acute abdominal symptoms due to necrotising pancreatitis. They underwent multiple interventions during a hospital stay of several months, but ultimately recovered completely. In case of infected (peri-)pancreatic necrosis, intervention is required. Good clinical judgement in the differentiation between the septic inflammatory-response syndrome, sepsis and infected necrosis as the cause of the clinical condition is important. Because of the different intervention strategies, treatment by a team comprising a radiologist, gastroenterologist, intensive care specialist and gastrointestinal surgeon is required. Randomised studies on intervention in infected pancreatic necrosis are lacking. In 2002, to improve the treatment of patients with acute (necrotising) pancreatitis via a combination of research, consultation and centralisation, the Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group was formed.     

A study of the value of preoperative biliary-tract drainage in the treatment of periampullary tumours: the DROP-trial

Surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by a periampullary (pancreas, papilla, distal bile duct) tumour is associated with a higher risk of postoperative complications than in non-jaundiced patients. Preoperative biliary drainage was introduced in an attempt to improve the general condition and thus reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality. More recently, the focus has shifted towards the negative effects of drainage, such as an increase of infectious complications. This has raised doubts as to whether biliary drainage should always be performed in these patients. The project referred to above involves a randomised multicentre trial to compare the outcome of a 'preoperative biliary-drainage strategy' (standard strategy) with that of an 'early-surgery' strategy with respect to the incidence of severe complications (primary-outcome measure), hospital stay, number of invasive diagnostic tests, costs, and quality of life.     

Necrotising pancreatitis as an unexpected complication in seriously ill patients

Three patients, two men aged 70 and 73 years, respectively, who underwent surgery due to an abdominal aortic aneurysm, and a woman aged 75 years, who was operated on due to acute arterial embolic occlusion of both legs, developed abdominal complaints post-operatively. These were found to be caused by necrotising pancreatitis. The accompanying fluid accumulation was drained percutaneously. Two patients recovered; the 73-year-old man died suddenly, possibly as a result of burst aortic sutures. In patients with a serious condition, necrotising pancreatitis should be considered in the case of a generalised inflammatory reaction and abdominal symptoms. Percutaneous drainage of infected necrotic tissue can sometimes improve the patient's condition, making surgery possible at a later stage.     

完全腹腔镜下脾切除加选择性贲门血管离断术与开腹手术对比研究

目的比较完全腹腔镜脾切除加选择性贲门血管离断术与开腹手术的近期临床效果。方法分析行完全腹腔镜与同期开腹脾切除加门奇静脉断流术各20例患者的临床资料。结果所有手术均获得成功,腹腔镜组的平均手术时间明显长于开腹组(280min vs.220min,P<0.05),而排气时间(48h vs.72h)、术中出血量(420mL vs.610mL)、术后住院时间(11d vs.15d)均明显减少(P<0.05),术后并发症发生率、术后腹腔总引流量无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论腹腔镜脾切除加选择性贲门血管离断术的近期效果明显优于传统开腹手术,且安全可行,具有微创的优越性。     

Changes in the management of acute pancreatitis as related to its pathogenesis

Although acute pancreatitis runs a benign self limiting course in 80% of cases, acute necrotizing form of it still remained a severe disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Severity assessment thus plays an important role in identifying patients with high risk of local and/or systemic complications. Locally, development of necrosis especially if it becomes infected accounts for high mortality, but systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ failure (MOF) following necrosis further increases the risk of fatal outcome. Several scoring systems, contrast-enhanced CT scan can help to recognize patients requiring early intensive management. Prophylactic systemic antibiotic treatment and nasojejunal feeding improves prognosis by decreasing the gut derived infection of necrosis. CT guided fine needle aspiration sample must be cultured to detect infection. Conservative therapy should be continued while necrosis remains sterile, but surgical and/or CT guided percutaneous catheter drainage is mandatory when infected necrosis developed. Results of therapeutic influence on the proinflammatory cytokine cascade in acute pancreatitis are still controversial. Enteral feeding seems to be the only proven tool in attenuating acute phase response and improving disease severity.     

脑出血患者在急诊内科的急救措施的临床分析

目的 分析与研究脑出血患者在急诊内科的急救措施.方法 本文选择2007年2月～2009年2月某院收治的80例脑出血患者进行研究,其中,男42例,女38例,年龄43 ～64岁.接受内科保守治疗的患者有40例,接受微创穿刺引流治疗的患者有20例,接受开颅手术治疗的患者有20例.对比3组不同急救措施的死亡率、有效率以及两种手术后并发症的发生率.结果 内科治疗、开颅手术以及微创开颅引流术的有效率分别为50％、35％、85％,而死亡率分别为21％、40％、10％.采用手术治疗方法的两组患者的死亡率、有效率以及并发症的发生率所进行的比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对脑出血患者采取的急救措施当中,开颅手术和微创开颅引流术这两种手术方式相比较,微创开颅引流术治疗效果明显优于开颅手术.但对于轻微脑出血患者来说,仍然以内科治疗作为主要的急救措施.     

Laparoscopy in acute biliary pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: The high mortality rates (20-30%) still occurring in some forms of acute pancreatitis demands adequate clinical and instrumental protocols in order to establish the most suitable therapeutic option to employ. The use of laparoscopic surgery can reduce hospital stay and time for functional recovery. METHODS: The study enrolled 73 patients referring for acute biliary pancreatitis in whom staging with clinical, laboratory and instrumental criteria was performed. According to Ranson classification 63 patients (86.3%) had a mild-moderate acute biliary pancreatitis, 10 (13.6%) a severe one. In the first group laparoscopic cholecystectomy with retrograde cholangiography was performed within seven days of admission, in the second group surgical procedure followed medical treatment between eight and 30 days after the onset of the disease. No preoperative ERCP was performed. RESULTS: The rate of main biliary tract calculosis was 8.2% in group A: six cases all treated through laparoscopy. Two switches (2.7%) due to intolerance to the pneumoperitoneum, eight major postoperative complications (10.9%), and two deaths (2.7%) occurred and a mean hospital stay of 7.4 days was observed in group A versus 8.2 days in group B. CONCLUSIONS: The management suggested in this study for mild-moderate acute biliary pancreatitis showed consistent results with those of the recent literature, as far as morbidity (6.3%) and mortality (1.5%) are concerned. A higher number of severe biliary pancreatitis (10 cases) should be observed to assess the role of ERCP with endoscopic sphincterotomy rather than laparoscopic or combined treatment.     

Results of laparoscopic treatement of common bile duct lithiasis. Report of 30 cases

AIM: The aim of this retrospective study was to report the results of the laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones in an unicentric series of 30 patients. METHODS: From January 2001 to April 2004. 30 patients: 23 women, 7 men (mean age: 54 years). underwent a common bile duct exploration for lithiasis through a laparoscopic approach. The patients were hospitalized for angiocholitis (n = 12), cholecystitis (n= 4), jaundice (n = 4), pancreatitis (n = 3), abnormality of hepatic tests (n = 7). All the patients underwent an intra operative cholangiography. Removal of the stones was tried in 30 cases through a choledochotomy. never through the cystic duct, using Dormia and Fogarty catheters. External biliary drainage with T tube (kehr) and postoperative cholangiography was done systematically. RESULTS: In 21 patients (70 %), removal of the stones was laparoscopically successful. The average diameter of the common bile duct was 10.5 mm (range 6-20 mm). The median number of stones was 5 (E: 1-12). The median operation time was 180mn (range 150-300mn). In 9 patients, a conversion into laparotomy was necessary for several reasons. In 2 patients with residual common bile duct, the stones were treated successfully by endoscopic sphincterotomy. There was no mortality and the morbidity rate was 10 %. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 14.7 days (range 7-18days) and 13.3 days in case of successful laparoscopic management. CONCLUSION: In 70 % of the patients, the treatment of the common bile-duct lithiasis could be achieved laparoscopically, but conventional approach and endoscopic sphincterotomy are still useful in case of failure of the laparoscopic management.     

L-alanyl-L-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases infectious morbidity rate in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: The effect of parenteral GLN on recovery from severe acute pancreatitis has not been thoroughly investigated. The aims of this study were to determine whether parenteral GLN improves nutrition status and immune function, and to determine its ability to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with this condition. METHODS: In a randomized clinical trial, 44 patients with severe acute pancreatitis were randomly assigned to receive either standard PN (n = 22) or l-alanyl-l-glutamine-supplemented PN (n = 22) after hospital admission. Nitrogen balance, counts of leukocytes, total lymphocytes, and CD4 and CD8 subpopulations, and serum levels of immunoglobulin A, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein, and serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were measured on days 0, 5, and 10. Hospital stay, infectious morbidity, and mortality were also evaluated. RESULTS: Demographics, laboratory characteristics, and pancreatitis etiology and severity at entry to the study were similar between groups. The study group exhibited significant increases in serum IL-10 levels, total lymphocyte and lymphocyte subpopulation counts, and albumin serum levels. Nitrogen balance also improved to positive levels in the study group and remained negative in the control group. Infectious morbidity was more frequent in the control group than in the study group. The duration of hospital stay was similar between groups, as was mortality. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that treatment of patients with GLN-supplemented PN may decrease infectious morbidity rate compared with those who treated with nonenriched PN.     

Changes in diagnostic and therapeutic standards of acute pancreatitis in clinical practice. Epidemiologic analysis of data from a regional center of internal medicine and surgery

Epidemiological data analysis of a tertiary (regional) medical and surgical center. Diagnostic and therapeutic standards of patients with acute pancreatitis have changed significantly in the last few decades. Progress in laboratory and imaging diagnostics and achievements in experimental research resulted in a significant modification of the guidelines related to the care of pancreatitic patients. The aim was to analyse and compare the data of patients with acute pancreatitis treated in 1996 (period I) and 2004 (period II) at the Departments of Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Szeged, to evaluate the concordance with international guidelines during medical and surgical treatment. RESULTS: The authors analysed the clinical data of 126 and 124 patients, respectively, with acute pancreatitis observed during the two periods. An increase in the incidence of biliary acute pancreatitis, more frequent use of antibiotics, a higher frequency of therapeutic endoscopies (papillotomy and biliary stone extraction), the general application of ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration and bacterial culturing in cases of suspected infected necrosis, and higher effectiveness in complex surgical and supportive management of infected necrosis cases were detected in period II. CONCLUSION: Although most of the achievements suggested in international guidelines on medical/endoscopic and surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis have been implemented during the observation period, no significant changes in the morbidity and mortality data of patients were found.     

微创小切口胃癌根治术与传统开腹手术的临床对比研究

目的通过经腹胃癌根治微创小切口手术的尝试,探讨我国胃癌患者外科小切口微创手术应用及效果,寻求结合中国国情的胃癌患者的微创开腹手术治疗模式。方法对2009年11月～2010年9月期间四川大学华西医院胃肠中心收治的胃癌患者进行经腹根治性外科手术并将其的手术分为微创组和常规切口组,且比较住院时间、手术切口大小、手术后并发症等指标之间的差异。结果从住院总时间及伤口愈合时间上看2组差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),而术后住院时间上微创组与常规组比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);从手术切口大小上看,微创组患者切口明显小于常规组(P﹤0.05);术后出血、吻合口瘘和伤口感染的发生率两组差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。结论开腹微创小切口手术的外科治疗对我国胃癌患者是一套具有可行性和安全性的治疗方案。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗泌尿系统结石的临床疗效及安全性分析

目的:探讨分析微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗泌尿系统结石的临床疗效及安全性。方法:按数字法随机选取2017年5月~2018年12月本院收治的180例泌尿结石患者,均等分为90例观察组和90例对照组,对照组实行常规的开腹手术治疗,观察组采用微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗方式,比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、首次如厕时间、首次下床时间、结石取净率,以及术后并发症发生率。结果:观察组患者的各项临床指标均显著优于对照组;且患者的结石取净率(97.78%)高于对照组(80.00%),术后并发症发生率(11.11%)明显低于对照组(30.00%)(P>0.05)。结论:创伤小、手术时间短、恢复快的微创手术能够减少泌尿结石患者的术后并发症,有效提升手术的安全性。     

Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether enteral prophylaxis with probiotics in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis prevents infectious complications. DESIGN: Multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. METHOD: A total of 296 patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (APACHE II score > or = 8, Imrie score > or = 3 or C-reactive protein concentration > 150 mg/l) were included and randomised to one of two groups. Within 72 hours after symptom onset, patients received a multispecies preparation of probiotics or placebo given twice daily via a jejunal catheter for 28 days. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of one of the following infections during admission and go-day follow-up: infected pancreatic necrosis, bacteraemia, pneumonia, urosepsis or infected ascites. Secondary endpoints were mortality and adverse reactions. The study registration number is ISRCTN38327949. RESULTS: Treatment groups were similar at baseline with regard to patient characteristics and disease severity. Infections occurred in 30% of patients in the probiotics group (46 of 152 patients) and 28% of those in the placebo group (41 of 144 patients; relative risk (RR): 1.1; 95% CI: 0.8-1.5). The mortality rate was 16% in the probiotics group (24 of 152 patients) and 6% (9 of 144 patients) in the placebo group (RR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2-5.3). In the probiotics group, 9 patients developed bowel ischaemia (of whom 8 patients died), compared with none in the placebo group (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: In patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis, use of this combination of probiotic strains did not reduce the risk of infections. Probiotic prophylaxis was associated with a more than two-fold increase in mortality and should therefore not be administered in this category of patients.     

Surgical relief of obstructive jaundice in a district general hospital.

Fifty consecutive patients with obstructive jaundice treated by operation in Canterbury & Thanet Health District hospitals under the care of one surgeon (RECC) over a 6-year period have been studied. The pathology was found to be common bile duct (CBD) stone in 22 patients (44%); pancreatic carcinoma in 15 (30%), 3 of whom also had CBD stones; chronic pancreatitis in 4 (8%); extrahepatic CBD carcinoma in 4 (8%); ampulla of Vater carcinoma in 3 (6%); primary duodenal carcinoma in 1 (2%); and portahepatis obstruction in 4 (8%). The 8 postoperative deaths (16%) were found to be associated with high preoperative levels of serum bilirubin, but all occurred in patients with malignant disease. Complications occurred in 20 patients (40%) and bile culture state was found to be intimately related to the morbidity rather than operative mortality. The study represents a careful audit of the pathology distribution and the surgical management of obstructive jaundice as seen in district hospitals.     

基底节区脑出血患者的微创术治疗临床研究

目的 探讨基底节区脑出血患者的微创术治疗临床疗效.方法 以2017年1月—2019年12月期间在本院接受治疗的68例基底节区脑出血患者为研究对象,按照患者治疗方法 分为A组及B组,A组32例患者采取微创治疗,B组36例患者采取小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗,比较两组手术情况.结果 A组手术时间、术后24小时以及术后3d血肿清...     

麦默通微创切口置管负压引流与传统开放手术治疗乳腺脓肿的临床疗效对比研究

目的探讨麦默通微创切口置管负压引流与传统开放手术治疗乳腺脓肿患者的临床疗效。方法选取2016年3月至2019年11月我院收治的40例乳腺脓肿患者,随机分为两组各20例。对照组行常规开放手术治疗,实验组行麦默通微创切口置管负压引流术治疗。比较两组的手术指标、疗效、复发率以及并发症。结果实验组的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后疼痛评分、瘢痕长度均显著优于对照组,总有效率显著高于对照组,术后并发症发生率及复发率均显著低于对照组(P <0.05)。结论麦默通微创切口置管负压引流治疗乳腺脓肿的临床效果优于传统开放手术。