A scoring system for preoperative evaluation of the prognosis of metastatic spine tumor (a preliminary report)

A trial of assessment system for the prognosis of metastatic spine tumor was evaluated in 47 cases who underwent surgery. Six parameters were postulated in the evaluation system; 1) general condition, 2) number of extraspinal bone metastasis, 3) number of metastasis in the vertebral body, 4) metastasis to the major internal organs (lung, liver, kidney and brain), 5) primary site of cancer, and 6) severity of spinal cord palsy. Each parameter ranged from 0 to 2 points. Total scores obtained in each patient can correlate with prognosis and are valuable to predict prognosis, however, the prognosis could not predicted from a single parameter. In conclusion, excisional operation should be performed in those cases scored above 11 points, and palliative operation will be indicated for those under 5 points. However, this assessment system will further remain useful with some items modified.     

髂腹下神经切除术对腹股沟疝术后慢性疼痛患者的影响

目的探讨髂腹下神经切除术对腹股沟疝修补术后慢性疼痛患者的影响。 方法收集2014年7月至2016年7月,广东省人民医院640例腹股沟疝患者的临床资料,运用腹股沟前入路行Lichtenstein无张力疝修补术,以手术日期确定是否切除髂腹下神经并将入组患者均分为试验组和对照组。试验组患者在术中接受髂腹下神经切除术,而对照组未行神经切除,2组术后治疗及护疼痛水平。 结果本组患者均顺利完成手术。术中试验组切除髂腹下神经患者348例,对照组未切除髂腹下神经患者292例。试验组的患者平均手术时间为（50±12.5）min,平均住院时间为（1.8±0.6）d;理方法相同。随访6个月后应用疼痛数字评价量表（numerical rating scale,NRS）,比较2组患者的对照组平均手术时间为（49±14.3）min,平均住院时间为（1.9±0.8）d,2组在住院平均手术时间和住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组术后随访6个月,试验组NRS评分0分214例,1分53例,2分54例,3分25例,4分2例,5分及5分以上0例。对照组NRS评分0分93例,1分86例,2分32例,3分68例,4分9例,5分及5分以上4例。以3分为界试验组≤3分346例,>3分2例;对照组≤3分279例,>3分13例,2组以3分为界NRS评分比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论髂腹下神经切除能够在不增加手术时间及住院时间的情况下,显著减少术后慢性疼痛的发生。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎的CT影像学分级在病情判别及预后评估中的意义

1993.3～1996.4收治急性坏死性胰腺炎病人39例,早期均行非手术治疗,入院后72小时内行动态CT检查,按CT影像表现,将胰腺坏死分为三型,即点片状坏死、段状坏死(坏死部分超过整个胰腺的1/3,坏死范围贯穿胰腺全层)、全胰腺坏死(超过胰腺80％的段状坏死)。胰头、胰体及胰尾,点片状坏死每一部位计1分;段状坏死3分;全胰坏死计6分。渗出部位按左右肾前筋膜、小网膜囊、胰腺被膜下及腹水统计,每一部位计1分。总分≤3分为轻型,4～5分为中型,≥6分为重型。39例中,轻型12例,中型17例,重型10例。轻型病人的临床恢复过程较重型顺利,轻型及中型病人的中转手术率及死亡率均较重型病人明显为低。39例又按Balthazar分级,结果E级20例,D级12例,C级7例,各级与临床病情轻重及预后无相关性。     

合并转移的甲状腺微小癌诊治(附16例分析)

目的：探讨合并转移的甲状腺微小癌的危害性及其诊断和治疗。方法：总结我科１９７８～２０００年收治的合并转移的甲状腺微小癌１６例,结合文献进行临床分析。结果：术中及住院期间无一死亡。５例发生术后转移（３１.２５％）,远处转移为主,与同期无转移的甲状腺微小癌９２例相比（仅２例复发）,具有明显统计学意义上的差别（Ｐ＜０．００１）。病理切片结果提示本组资料的癌灶均已穿透包膜,存在包膜外血管浸润。其中７例因远处转移于术后５年内死亡。结论：应高度重视本病的危害性。掌握本病的临床特点,甲状腺Ｂ超检查结合转移灶穿刺活检可提高其诊断率。手术为首选治疗方法。术后可辅以甲状腺素Ｉ同位素或化疗等治疗。     

脊柱转移瘤的预后分析

目的：探讨预测脊柱转移瘤预后的方法及按其制定治疗方案的可能性。方法：对我院1994年10月～2001年10月收治并有随访资料的41例脊柱转移瘤患者进行Cox生存分析，按照Tomita脊柱转移瘤预后评分法进行评分。保守治疗26例，手术治疗15例，其中全脊椎切除术5例。结果：30例原发癌诊断明确，11例原发癌诊断不明确。36例死亡．5例仍存活，平均生存11-3个月。生存期与Tomita脊柱转移瘤预后评分呈指数关系。保守治疗26例，疼痛，脊髓及神经根损害无明显改善；手术治疗15例，其中全脊椎切除术5例，术后疼痛均有不同程度减轻，脊髓及神经根损害均有改善。结论：原发肿瘤性质及重要脏器转移情况影响患者预后。Tomita预后评分法可有效判断预后，指导制定治疗方案。对于单发的、原发肿瘤生长较慢的脊柱转移瘤采取积极手术治疗，并结合综合治疗，可取得较满意的疗效。     

A prediction of hospital mortality after surgical treatment for esophageal cancer

A series of 100 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent subtotal esophagectomy through a right thoractomy between 1985 and 1989, were statistically analyzed to assess the risk factors predicting hospital mortality from complications. Hospital mortality was termed as “complication death”, and the analyzed factors were age, pulmonary function [% vital capacity (%VC) or % forced expiratory volume_1.0 (%FEV_1.0)], cardiac function [ECG and Master test], renal function [creatinine clearance (C_CR)], hepatic function [15′ indocyanine green test (R₁₅·ICG)], diabetes mellitus [75 g oral glucose tolerance test (75OGTT)], depth of tumor invasion [T-factor], and the type of operative procedure [operation]. Each patient was scored according to risk severity on a scale from 0–3, with the higher numbers representing higher risk. Patients not succumbing to complication death had less than 8 points in the total score, while those who suffered a complication death had 8 or more points. Through stepwise logistic regression analysis, we produced a prediction formula. In cases where eight or more points are scored by the semi-quantitative analysis, or 0 or more, by the prediction formula, the operative procedure should be changed to a less radical one for improved prognosis. The introduction of this semi-quantitative analysis for postoperative risk reduced the incidence of complication death from 6% to 3%, and of hospital mortality from 13% to 3%.     

Preoperative prognostic score for predicting survival after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases

BACKGROUND: Despite indications for resection of colorectal liver metastases having expanded, debate continues about identifying patients that may benefit from surgery. METHODS: Clinicopathologic data from a total of 700 patients was gathered between January 1993 and January 2006 from a prospectively maintained dataset. Of these, 687 patients underwent resection for colorectal liver metastases. RESULTS: The median age of patient was 64 years and 36.8% of patients had synchronous disease. The overall 5-year survival was 45%. The presence of an inflammatory response to tumor (IRT), defined by an elevated C-reactive protein (>10 mg/L) or a neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio of >5:1, was noted in 24.5% of cases. Only the number of metastases and the presence or absence of an IRT influenced both overall and disease-free survival on multivariable analysis. A preoperative prognostic score was derived: 0 = less than 8 metastases and absence of IRT; 1 = 8 or more metastases or IRT, and 2 = 8 or more metastases and IRT-from the results of the multivariable analysis. The 5-year survival of those scoring 0 was 49% compared with 34% for those scoring 1. None of the patients that scored 2 were alive at 5 years. CONCLUSION: The preoperative prognostic score is a simple and effective system allowing preoperative stratification.     

自发性硬脊膜外血肿的临床特点及预后影响因素分析

目的探讨自发性硬脊膜外血肿（spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma,SSEH）的临床特点以及预后影响因素。方法1998年9月-2006年10月,收治SSEH患者23例。男10例,女13例;年龄10-69岁。神经功能障碍按ASIA分级：A级7例,B级2例,C级4例,D级9例,E级1例。发病至出现明显神经功能障碍时间：〈12h12例,12-24h2例,24-48h3例,〉48h6例。均经MRI检查或病理学检查确诊。17例采用手术治疗,6例采用以甲基强的松龙（80-100mg/d）为主的非手术治疗。回顾患者病史、实验室检查、放射学诊断、病理学检查结果及治疗方法,分析以上因素对患者预后的影响。结果23例随访3个月,恶化1例,无进展8例,改善9例,痊愈5例。性别对预后影响无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;病程进展越快,血肿所覆盖的脊髓节段越多,患者的预后越差（P〈0.05）;神经损害越轻,预后越好（P〈0.01）。手术治疗17例中,预后评分为1分1例,2分5例,3分6例,4分5例;手术前时间与预后的相关系数为0.056（P〉0.05）。非手术治疗6例中,预后评分2分及3分各3例。结论SSEH是一种罕见疾病,其预后受患者神经功能状态、病程进展时间、脊髓是否合并水肿及硬膜外血肿体积等因素影响。此病以手术治疗为主,且宜早期进行,防止脊髓功能进一步恶化。非手术治疗只适用于脊髓功能在早期恢复的患者。     

手术联合椎体成形术治疗多发性脊柱肿瘤

目的探讨外科手术联合椎体成形术治疗多发性脊柱肿瘤的方法、疗效及并发症。方法2001年2月至2003年11月,采用手术联合椎体成形术治疗包括转移瘤、多发性骨髓瘤和淋巴瘤等在内的多发性脊柱肿瘤患者20例,男性13例,女性7例。病变累及2个脊椎节段者5例,3～4个节段者11例,5个或以上节段者4例。所有患者均存在神经系统损害和严重疼痛,术前Tomita评分,平均7．2分(3～9分)。结果20例患者中17例(85％)术后疼痛得到缓解,12例有神经功能损害的患者中,10例术后麻痹症状改善。术前Frankel分级为B级的患者1例术后改善为C级;1例术前Frankel A级的患者术后无明显变化。椎体成形术的并发症主要与骨水泥渗漏有关：硬膜外少量渗漏2例3椎,椎旁渗漏2例2椎,沿椎旁静脉渗漏和椎问盘内渗漏各1例。结论选择适当病例,对多发性脊柱肿瘤病例采用外科手术联合椎体成形术以及综合其他治疗方法,可以更好的缓解疼痛,改善神经症状,提高生存质量。     

Survival after surgical resection for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer

We analyzed 20 patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer operated from 1988 to 2003. Fourteen out of 20 were cases with pulmonary metastasis (pm2). The prognosis of patients with pm2 was better than that of those with distant organ metastasis. In pm2 patients, the survival rate of cases without lymph node metastases was higher than those with lymph node metastases. It is suggested that in cases of pm2 without lymph node metastases, surgical operation is possibly effective treatment of choice.     

Results of thoracotomy in osteogenic sarcoma with pulmonary metastases.

BACKGROUND Resection of pulmonary metastases may be followed by long term survival and now that it is an accepted method of treatment for patients with osteogenic sarcoma indicators of favourable prognosis are needed to aid the assessment of suitability for resection. This study compares the survival rates of patients who did and did not undergo resection of their pulmonary metastases and relates them to prognostic indicators. METHODS The study population was the 43 patients with osteosarcoma who developed pulmonary metastases out of the 111 patients with osteosarcoma treated by the Birmingham bone tumour treatment service during 1977-83. All patients who developed metastases confined to the lungs were considered for resection, thoracotomy being advised for all patients (provided that they were fit enough) who had metastases thought to be resectable even if they were multiple. RESULTS Of the 18 patients who did not have a thoracotomy, 15 died of disseminated disease after a mean interval of eight months; one patient died of cardiomyopathy and two are alive after 26 and eight months. Of the 25 patients who underwent thoracotomy in an attempt to resect metastases, three were found to have inoperable disease and died after a mean interval of 5.4 months from thoracotomy. Overall, after thoracotomy (repeated if necessary) there was a 20% survival at five years from the first thoracotomy. When survival was assessed with respect to the disease free interval and the number and bilaterality of the metastases no significant relationships were found. There was, however, a significant relation between survival and the position of metastases, patients with metastases confined to one lobe of the lung having a mean survival of 29.5 months, compared with 13.7 months in patients with disease in more than one lobe. CONCLUSION Thus patients who had a thoracotomy survived longer from the time of diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis than those not undergoing thoracotomy; metastases confined to one lobe predicted a better prognosis.     

枢椎肿瘤切除与重建技术探讨

目的：研究枢椎肿瘤的不同手术入路，肿瘤切除术及内固定重建的治疗效果。方法：对枢椎肿瘤的性质，病理类型，临床表现，各种手术途径，术式及其预后进行分析，本组18例中，骨巨细胞瘤6例，骨母细胞瘤1例，软骨肉瘤1例，骨髓瘤2例，脊索瘤2例，血管内皮细胞瘤1例，恶性淋巴瘤1例，神经纤维瘤1例，转变癌3例。5例行囊内切除，5例包膜切除，6例广泛切除，单纯枕颈后路植骨CD Cervical或Cervifix内固定术2例。结果：1例骨巨细胞瘤患进术后10d因四肢瘫痪状加重，呼吸循环衰竭死亡，1例转移癌患者术后13d因肺部感染，高热，呼吸循环衰竭死亡，术后随访6个月－4年，16例术后近期疗效较满意，局部疼痛和神经症状改善或缓解，2例转移癌患者分别于术后13个月和19个月全身多处转移，全身衰竭死亡，1例骨细胞瘤、1例软骨肉瘤术后1个局部复发。结论：应根据枢椎肿瘤具体部位，范围选择相应的手术入路和术式。肿瘤的性质，手术方式极术后综合治疗对患者预后具有重要影响。枕颈CD Cervical或Cervifix内固定术有利于保持上颈椎的稳定。     

Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases from osteogenic sarcoma-significance of aggressive resection of bilateral multiple metastases and tumors invading adjacent organs

The results of surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases from osteogenic sarcoma were analyzed. Total cases were 23 with mean age of 17.0 +/- 9.1. The number of operations were 46, and operative procedures consisted of pneumonectomy in 1, lobectomy in 3, partial resection in 37 and resection of adjacent organs in 5. The overall five-year survival rate from the first thoracotomy was 21%. This was significantly higher than prognosis of the previous cases with pulmonary metastases which were not resected (p less than 0.001). Three-year survival rate for the group with 5 or less metastases was 57%, whereas that for the group with 6 or more metastases was 0% (p less than 0.02). To assess both the number and the diameter of metastases, an index called number-size score (NS score) was introduced, which was the sum of the diameters of each metastatic lesion. The three-year survival rate for the group with NS score 6 or less was 73%, whereas that for the group with NS score 7 or more was 9% (p less than 0.001). Disease free interval, the time of operation and histological effect of chemotherapy were not significantly related with prognosis. There was no long-term survivor among the patients with resection of adjacent organs. In conclusion, an aggressive resection of pulmonary metastases from osteogenic sarcoma should be performed with intensive chemotherapy, but significance of the resection of multiple metastases more than 20 or tumors invading adjacent organs is doubtful.     

Staging and indications for hepatectomy in hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer

Factors adversely affecting prognosis after hepatectomy for hepatic metastases include residual tumor, hepatic lymph node metastases, satellite metastases, extrahepatic metastases, four or more hepatic metastases, resection margins of less than 10 mm, and carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 values higher than normal preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively. As no significant differences were observed in terms of the H-number stipulated by the Japanese Classification of Colorectal Carcinoma, a new staging system based on the number of lymph node metastases from the primary lesion, the number of liver metastases number, and the size of metastatic tumors was developed. The proposed staging system appears to be useful in predicting the prognosis of patients with metastatic liver tumors from colorectal cancer. Favorable patient selection criteria for liver resection are: 1) medical fitness for hepatectomy; 2) radical resection of the primary colorectal lesion; 3) metastatic tumors anatomically confined within the liver allowing adequate preservation of the liver parenchyma; 4) no signs of disseminated disease; 5) no signs of hepatic lymph node metastases; 6) four or fewer metastatic tumors; and 7) resection margins of 10 mm or greater. Unilobar or bilobar disease with multiple lesions is not a significant prognostic factor.     

胃癌肝转移的外科治疗

目的探讨胃癌肝转移外科治疗的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析1993年1月至2001年10月间938例原发性胃癌患者中32例行胃癌肝转移灶切除者的临床资料。结果938例原发性胃癌患者中,异时性肝转移24例(2.6%),行肝转移灶切除14例(58.3%);同时性肝转移90例(9.6%),行肝转移灶切除18例(20.0%)。32例患者病理检查均证实为肝转移腺癌。术后1、3、5年生存率,异时性肝转移患者为73%、37%、25%;同时性肝转移患者为68%、24%、17%;两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论孤立的同时及异时性肝转移患者经外科手术切除肝转移灶预后较好。     

Analysis of the prognostic factors and evaluation of surgical treatment for synchronous liver metastases from gastric cancer

Background and aims  Whether or not a synchronous resection of liver metastases from gastric cancer provides a survival benefit has been a key issue. We identify the significant prognostic factors and clarify the beneficial effect on the survival of liver surgical treatment. Materials and methods  We reviewed 72 patients who underwent a gastrectomy for gastric cancer with synchronous liver metastases and classified the liver metastases into three grades, such as H1: metastases were limited to one of the lobes, H2: there were a few scattered metastases in both lobes, and H3: there were numerous scattered metastases. Results  H1, 2 metastases, and an absence of peritoneal dissemination (P0) were significantly independent prognostic factors for liver metastases of gastric cancer. In addition, the cumulative 1 and 5-year survival rates of liver surgical treatment (hepatic resection and/or microwave coagulation therapy) were 80.0% and 60.0%, whereas the survival rates for non-hepatic surgical treatment were 36.4% and 0% in 26 patients with H1, 2, and P0. In those patients, the radical operation, the solitary metastatic liver tumor, and no-distant lymph node metastases were independent prognostic determinants of survival. Conclusion  The radical operation including the surgical treatment for metastatic liver tumors should be performed to improve the prognosis in gastric cancer patients with synchronous H1, 2, and P0.     

A new score for the evaluation of palpable breast masses in women under age 40

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid and accurate diagnostic test for palpable breast masses in women under age 40. METHODS: Masses were evaluated utilitzing a modified triple test score (MTTS), which assigned scores of 1 point for benign, 2 points for suspicious, or 3 points for malignant findings from physical examination, ultrasonography, and fine needle aspiration. The MTTS was the sum of the three scores and was correlated with biopsy or follow-up. RESULTS: Among 113 masses, 100 scored 3 points, 8 scored 4 points; all were benign. Three scored 5 points; 1 was malignant. Two scored >or=6 points: both were malignant. CONCLUSIONS: The MTTS has 100% diagnostic accuracy when other than 5 points. Masses scoring or=6 points may proceed to definitive therapy. Masses scoring 5 points (3%) require biopsy. This approach avoids open biopsy in the majority of cases, while capturing all malignancies.     

Surgical outcomes for pulmonary metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Although favourable prognosis following aggressive treatment of extrahepatic metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported, surgical outcomes for pulmonary metastases are unclear. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Sixty-one patients (2.6%) of 2297 registered with the Metastatic Lung Tumor Study Group of Japan between 1990 and 2006, who underwent surgery for pulmonary metastases from HCC, were retrospectively reviewed from the registry. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rate was 32.2%. The prognosis was significantly better for < or =2 lesions than for > or =3 lesions (p=0.046), for < or =3 lesions than for > or =4 lesions (p=0.0070), and for < or =4 lesions than for > or =5 lesions (p=0.029). No other factors that influence outcomes were identified. A stepwise regression analysis showed three or less pulmonary metastases to be an independent factor for better prognosis (p=0.048). CONCLUSION: With careful patient selection, comparatively good outcomes can be expected following surgical resection of pulmonary HCC metastases. Among them, patients with multiple metastases, if number of metastases is small such as four or less, can be expected to survive long after surgery.     

肱骨上段恶性肿瘤切除人工假体置换术

目的探讨应用人工假体置换治疗肱骨上段恶性肿瘤的手术疗效及并发症。方法1998年10月~2003年8月,收治肱骨上段恶性肿瘤4例。其中骨肉瘤2例,Enneking分期A期;骨巨细胞瘤2例,Enneking分期分别为A期和B期。根据国际保肢学会评分标准,术前综合评分骨肉瘤2例分别为4分和5分,骨巨细胞瘤2例分别是9分和11分。手术均采用距肿瘤边界以远5~8cm连同周围肌肉切除,行人工假体置换,骨水泥固定。结果4例均获随访24~58个月,平均44个月。术后无肿瘤复发及感染,1例于术后1年5个月出现假体松动,未作特殊处理。假体置换后肩关节伸22~41°(平均25°),屈29~80°(平均35°),外展5~28°,旋转15~22°。4例患者均有不同程度的肩关节不稳,力量减弱。根据国际保肢学会评分标准,术后综合评分骨肉瘤2例分别是19分和22分,较术前平均提高16分;骨巨细胞瘤2例分别是21分和28分,较术前平均提高9.5分。结论人工假体置换治疗肱骨上段恶性肿瘤,效果良好,但并发症较多,临床应用需慎重。     

脾转移性肿瘤临床分析(附22例报告)

目的 分析脾转移性肿瘤的临床特点。方法 对22例脾转移性肿瘤临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 原发灶分别为卵巢癌、肺癌及结肠癌各4例，胃癌3例，乳腺癌及肝癌、胰腺癌分别2例，肾癌1例。4例为单纯脾转移，伴多发脏器转移18例，分别经B超、CT、MRI、选择性脾动脉造影术前诊断，手术切除7例，探查活检10例，5例未手术。目前死亡16例，其中1年内死亡11例。结论 脾转移瘤少见，影像学检查是脾转移瘤主要术前诊断方法，强调以手术中心结合化疗、放疗的综合治疗方案是提高脾转移瘤预后关键。