骺板骨桥切除术治疗儿童骺板部分早闭

骺板是儿童骨骺与干骺端之间的生长活跃软骨区,具有纵向和横向生长的功能,骨折、感染、肿瘤、辐射均可导致骺板损伤。骺板损伤后可能在骨骺与干骺端之间的软骨区形成骨性连接即骨桥,使骺板全部或部分提前闭合,导致肢体短缩和（或）成角畸形。传统的治疗方法是针对临床表现的短缩和（或）成角畸形,采取诸如截骨矫形、骨骼延长或健侧骺板阻滞术等方法进行治疗。     

骺板损伤早闭治疗的研究进展

骺板是儿童骨骼所特有的结构,它是骨骺与干骺端间生长活跃的软骨区,呈波浪状薄板样,具有纵向和横向生长的功能。其损伤会导致儿童长管状骨骨骺与干骺端之间形成骨性连接即骨桥,使骺板全部或部分提前闭合,造成肢体短缩和（或）成角畸形。近年来,由于对其病理、诊断和实验研究的不断深入及关节镜、显微外科等新技术的不断发展,在临床治疗方面已相继取得了新的进展。现将其作一综述。骨折、感染、肿瘤、辐射等因素均会导致骺板的损伤。而骺板损伤所致早闭往往在受累肢体出现成角畸形或短缩时才被发现。根据Ｘ线平片上骨桥位于骺板的部位…     

骨桥切除治疗骺板部分闭合的初步报告

介绍骨桥切除的手术方法及３例术后随访结果。２例骺板骨桥位于股骨远端，另１例位于胫骨远端，均为中心型骨桥，并以肢体短缩为主要畸形。手术采取Ｐｅｔｅｒｓｏｎ所描述的方法，在电视Ｘ线透视下，通过干骺端应用微型电动骨钻作一骨隧道，逐渐磨除骺板骨桥，然后用自体脂肪填塞，以防止新骨形成。术后平均随访１８．６个月，Ｘ线片显示骺板仍保持开放，成角畸形也获得明显矫正，受累侧骺板继续生长。其中１例左股骨远端骺板骨桥，术后２０个月又增长１．８ｃｍ。结果表明，骨桥切除是治疗骺板部分闭合的有效方法，适用于骨桥面积小于受累骺板的５０％，其年龄距生理性能板闭合尚有２～３年的儿童。     

骺板损伤的诊断与治疗的新进展

骨骺软骨板是儿童期骨骺与干骺端之间的软骨组织,有骨骼生长的功能,随着骨骼的发育成熟而与原始骨化中心融合,骨骼长度的增长是骺软骨板增殖发育的结果。骨折、感染等损伤可以导致儿童长管状骨骨骺与干骺端之间形成骨性连接即骨桥,使骺板全部或部分提前闭合,造成肢体短缩和/或成角畸形,相应关节功能受损,且随着儿童的生长发育,畸形会逐渐加重。16岁以下的儿童中骨骺损伤占长骨骨折的6%～30%,骨骺损伤好发年龄:男孩为9～12岁,女孩为8～11岁。儿童骨骺损伤各部位的发生率犤1犦:桡骨远端(28.0%)、指骨(25.8%)、胫骨远端(9.4%)、趾骨(7.1%)、肱…     

不同直径骺板贯穿伤对骺板发育影响的实验研究

目的　探讨不同直径克氏针造成骺板贯穿伤对骺板生长的影响。方法　选用封闭群系日本大耳兔 4 8只 ,随机分为两个实验组 ,每组 2 4只 ,采用直径分别为 1.5mm和 3 .5mm的克氏针纵形贯穿兔股骨远端骺板中心 ,于术后 1、3、6及 12周处死实验兔。测量骺板受损面积百分率 ,并从大体、组织学方面观察骺板发育情况。结果　 1.5mm和 3 .5mm组骺板损伤面积百分率分别为( 1.69± 0 .0 9) %和 ( 9.13± 0 .2 0 ) %。术后 12周 3 .5mm组实验侧股骨较对照侧短缩( 2 .0 8± 0 .4 6)mm(P <0 .0 1) ,而 1.5mm组未出现骨生长抑制。组织学观察发现术后 3周骨桥初步形成 ,术后 12周骨桥成熟 ,3 .5mm组骨桥周边区域骺板增殖细胞层明显变薄。 1.5mm组未发现骺板生长阻滞。结论　克氏针造成骺板贯穿伤与骺板受损面积有关 ,超过骺板表面积约 9.0 %就可能导致骨生长抑制     

缺血对骺板移植影响的实验研究

目的 研究不同缺血时间对移植骺板组织结构和生长的影响。方法 在３６只８周幼兔的右下肢,对胫骨下端骺根的血供分别阻断２、４和８小时,在左侧胫骨相同部位埋置金属标志作为对照,利用Ｘ线测量术后第３个月的生长长度,并作切片观察骺板组织学改变。结果缺血２和４小时的骺根组织结构正常,生长速度与对照侧相同。缺血８小时可导致骺根中心散在变性、坏死,生长速度较对照侧慢。结论 ４小时以内的缺血对骺板的组织学和生长无     

组织工程化骺板软骨修复兔部分骺板损伤的实验研究

目的 利用组织工程骺板软骨修复兔骺板缺损,防止肢体畸形发生.方法 取2周龄兔骺板软骨细胞,体外复合牛关节软骨细胞外基质后植入4周龄兔右侧股骨远端骺板缺损处,左侧仅造成缺损,无填充物,作为自身空白对照.于每周行X线检查,4、8、12、16周时行组织学和免疫组化检查.结果 X线显示移植侧股骨畸形明显比对侧轻,骺板缺损处未见明显骨桥生成,被结构紊乱的软骨组织填充,具有一定的生长能力.空白对照侧骨桥形成,骺板早闭.组织学显示移植侧骺板较窄,排列紊乱.免疫组化结果显示移植处染色阳性.结论 组织工程方法培养出骺板软骨不仅可以阻止骨桥产生,还具有一定的生长能力,有望成为治疗骺板早闭的一种合适的材料.     

骺板骨桥的发生机制及治疗研究进展

儿童长骨末端的骺板提供骨骼的纵向生长,骺板的各种损伤可导致骨桥的形成,进而导致肢体缩短和成角畸形。本文首先阐述了儿童骺板及骺板损伤的特点,然后对骺板骨桥的主要发生机制及治疗手段的研究进展进行综述。     

牵张骨骺板产生“软骨分离”式肢体延长的实验研究

采用新西兰幼兔３２只，在右股骨下端骨骺安装外固定架和拉压传感器，对骨骺板近端分别施加张力０Ｎ、５Ｎ、１０Ｎ，并定期进行张力调节。４周后５Ｎ、１０Ｎ张力组的右股骨长度值明显高于左侧股骨，也明显高于同侧对照组。Ｘ线片显示右股骨下端骨骺板与干骺端间隙增宽，组织学镜检无一例出现骨骺分离骨折。研究结果表明适量的张力能刺激骨骺产生无骺分离状态下的骨延长，从而避免或减少骨骺牵张术中最严重的并发症──骨骺早期封闭。     

不同自体移植物防止骺板损伤后骨桥形成的实验研究

目的：比较在骺板损伤后分别将自体脂肪，游离骺板，带肌瓣骺板作为移植物来防止骨桥形成，减小畸形发生的效果。方法：将32只未成熟家兔随机分为4组，以A、B、C、D组表示，将A－D组家兔左股骨近端外侧骺板造成人为缺损，A组缺损旷置，B、C、D组分别以自体脂肪，游离腓骨骺板，带肌瓣腓骨骺板作为移植物填塞缺损。术后12周处死，双下肢拍X线片和CT扫描。并对胫骨缺损处进行组织学观察。结果：只有D组（带肌瓣骺板作为移植物组）家兔发生的胫骨畸形较轻，与A组（缺损旷置组）在统计学上差异有显著性意义。结论：自体脂肪作为移植物不能完全避免骨桥的发生；带肌瓣骺板移植较游离骺板易于存活，有一定临床应用前景；损伤后骺板具有一定再生能力。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.