前胸入路内镜下甲状腺大部切除术探讨

目的 探讨内镜下甲状腺大部切除术治疗甲状腺良性肿瘤新手术方法的可行性。方法对3例甲状腺良性肿瘤，经前胸壁入路行内镜下甲状腺大部切除术。结果 3例均获成功，平均手术时间148min，未发生并发症，术后平均3．3天出院。结论 前胸入路内镜下甲状腺大部切除术是可行的，达到了微创，美容效果。但手术时间长，费用相对高。     

腔镜甲状腺手术初步应用体会

目的:探讨经前胸壁入路行腔镜甲状腺手术的临床价值及手术方法。方法:回顾分析2010年1月至2012年7月为16例甲状腺腺瘤患者经前胸壁入路行腔镜甲状腺手术的临床资料。结果:16例患者均经前胸壁入路成功施行腔镜下腺叶大部或次全切除术。术中快速病理及术后常规病理提示甲状腺腺瘤,其中并囊性变3例。手术时间42~164 min,平均96 min;术中出血量5~20 ml,平均8.6 ml;术后颈部引流2~3 d;引流量16~128 ml,平均22.5 ml;术后住院4~8 d,平均5 d;术后发生皮下气肿1例,3 d后消失;无皮下淤血及积液;颈前区不适感1例,3个月后消失。无术后声音嘶哑及术后饮水呛咳,患者均对美容效果满意。结论:经前胸壁入路腔镜甲状腺手术是较成熟的术式,美容效果较好。熟练规范地应用超声刀,解剖层次清晰是避免副损伤的关键;术前标记路径,尽可能缩小前胸壁皮下游离范围是减少术后并发症的有效方法。     

颈腔镜双极电凝法甲状腺切除术

目的探讨颈腔镜双极电凝法甲状腺手术的可行性. 方法采用前胸壁途径,主要依靠双极电凝和剪刀,对21例直径0.7～5.5 cm甲状腺肿瘤进行甲状腺部分切除术. 结果 20例腔镜下完成手术,1例中转开放手术.切口总长度平均22 mm,手术时间(69±47) min,术中出血量(55±41) ml,2例术后镇痛,无严重手术并发症. 结论在无超声刀情况下,颈腔镜甲状腺手术利用双极电凝同样可行.     

经腋窝途径的单孔内镜下甲状腺切除术

目的探讨单孔内镜下甲状腺手术的可行性以及安全性,并对其疗效进行评价。方法 2010年1月～2011年4月,10例甲状腺单发良性直径〈40 mm结节接受经腋窝途径的单孔内镜甲状腺切除术,结节最大直径20～35 mm,平均25.2 mm,均位于甲状腺中下极,均为囊实性结节。在腋窝做一长约2.5 cm的切口并放置单孔入路装置（前2例使用自制单孔入路装置,后8例使用TriPort三通道单孔入路装置）,经此置入30°的5 mm腹腔镜、超声刀以及异型腹腔镜手术器械,建立操作空间,完成甲状腺腺叶次全切除或近全切除手术。结果 10例均顺利完成单侧甲状腺腺叶次全切除或近全切除手术,手术时间125～180 min,平均153 min,术中出血量5～15 ml,平均9.1 ml,无中转常规三孔内镜手术或开放手术,无气管、喉返神经、甲状旁腺损伤等并发症。术后第1天疼痛评分2～4分,平均3.3分。术后住院时间均为2 d。术后病理均为结节性甲状腺肿。术后3个月复查,10例均获得＂非常满意＂的美容效果,无复发。结论对于单侧甲状腺良性病变,经腋窝途径的单孔内镜下甲状腺切除术是安全、可行的,同时具有很好的美容效果。但病例选择较严格。     

经胸骨前径路内镜甲状腺手术

目的：探讨经胸骨前径路内镜甲状腺手术的方法及其临床效果。方法：采用经胸骨前径路内镜甲状腺手术治疗24例甲状腺良性肿瘤患者，并进行定期随访。结果：23例手术顺利完成，1例因术中快速冰冻病理诊断为乳头状甲状腺癌而追加常规甲状腺癌根治术。平均手术时间为150min，术中平均出血量30ml。2例出现皮下气肿，4例出现胸部皮肤麻木。无喉返神经及甲状旁腺损伤，无术后出血、甲状腺危象等并发症出现。随访1～6个月，所有患者对美容效果非常满意，无近期肿瘤复发者。结论：经胸骨前径路内镜甲状腺手术是一种美容效果较好的手术方法，手术操作空间的建立和术中控制出血是该术式的两大关键技术。     

经胸骨前径路三孔法内镜甲状腺切除术的体会

目的:探讨经胸骨前径路三孔法内镜甲状腺切除术的临床疗效及应用价值。方法:回顾分析为17例患者经胸骨前径路行三孔法内镜甲状腺切除术的临床资料。结果:17例手术均获成功,无一例中转开放手术,未损伤喉上神经、喉返神经及甲状旁腺。手术时间100～150 min,平均134 min;术中出血量30～50 ml,平均42 ml。患者对术后美容效果均非常满意。结论:选择合适的手术病例,经胸骨前径路行三孔法内镜甲状腺切除术是安全可行的,疗效确切,具有很好的美容效果。     

乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺切除术18例报告

目的探讨乳晕切口入路腔镜下甲状腺手术的可行性和美容效果。方法2004年1月～2006年1月，经胸乳晕入路腔镜下行甲状腺良性肿物切除术18例。于右乳晕边缘1点处弧形切口长5mm置抓钳，左乳晕边缘11点处弧形切口长12mm置超声刀，乳沟中央做10mm水平切口置腔镜。通过分离胸前皮下和颈阔肌深面，注入c0：5mmHg建立手术空间。超声刀切割、分离甲状腺组织和甲状腺血管。结果18例手术均成功，其中12例甲状腺瘤切除术，1例甲状腺部分切除术，5例双侧甲状腺大部分切除术。单侧手术时间45～120min，平均62min；术中出血量6～20ml，平均11ml。双侧手术时间90～180min，平均98min；术中出血量15～70ml，平均29．5ml。术后住院3～5d。术后无严重并发症。18例随访6～12个月，平均9个月，切口愈合良好，无瘢痕，无复发。结论乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术安全、可行，颈部美容效果好。     

内镜治疗甲状腺功能亢进7例报告

目的总结内镜治疗甲状腺功能亢进（甲亢）的经验。方法7例原发性或继发性甲亢，内镜经胸人路行甲状腺全切或次全切除术。结果7例手术均成功，无中转开放手术。手术时间130～260min，平均168min；术中出血量10～200ml，平均70ml。无喉返、喉上神经损伤，无术后出血等并发症。术后恢复良好，近期随访美容效果满意。随访1～12个月，平均5．1月，无复发，2例出现甲状腺功能低下，1例在术后2个月时恢复。结论内镜治疗甲亢技术安全、可行。除常规手术前甲亢准备外，必须行CT检查确认腺体大小，确定残留腺体的大小和位置。     

内镜辅助的甲状腺切除术(附8例报告)

目的探讨内镜辅助甲状腺切除术的可行性.方法回顾性分析2002年9月～2004年9月我院8例甲状腺良性结节的患者,进行内镜辅助微创甲状腺腺叶切除的临床资料. 结果手术均获成功,手术时间90～150 min,平均120min.术中失血10～30ml,平均20 ml.无并发症,无中转手术.术后3～4 d均痊愈出院.8例随访6～12个月,平均9个月,伤口愈合良好,无感觉不适.结论内镜辅助的甲状腺切除术安全有效,并具有明显美容效果.     

经口腔前庭内镜下甲状腺切除术(附5例报告)

目的:总结经口腔前庭入路行内镜甲状腺切除术的手术价值及治疗体会。方法:回顾分析2015年9月至2016年12月为5例甲状腺良性病变患者采用经口腔前庭入路行内镜下甲状腺切除术的临床资料。结果:5例患者均完成手术,4例行单侧甲状腺部分切除术,1例行单侧甲状腺大部分切除术,手术时间95~126 min,平均(120.3±36.5)min;术中出血量15~35 ml,平均(25.5±11.5)ml,术后住院3~6 d,平均(3.9±1.4)d。术后切口下少量积液1例,无术区感染、神经及甲状旁腺损伤等并发症发生。结论:经口腔前庭内镜下甲状腺切除术具有较好的美容效果,前期内镜下甲状腺切除经验是保证手术成功的前提。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.