孤独症谱系障碍儿童的早期诊断与识别

目的:探讨连云港市婴幼儿孤独症谱系障碍患病的早期诊断及识别方法。方法:采用随机分层整群抽样方法对连云港市8 532名0～3岁儿童进行横断面调查研究,用婴幼儿孤独症筛查表(CHAT)筛查出可疑儿童,进一步应用儿童孤独症家长评定量表(ABC)、儿童期孤独症评定量表(CARS)及美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册(DSM-IV)诊断依据进行确诊。结果:8 532名儿童中9名为孤独症阳性,阳性率为10.55/万,其中<1岁1例,1～2岁3例,2～3岁5例;男孩7例,女孩2例。结论:加强对孤独症谱系障碍患儿的早期识别能力,做到早期诊断孤独症患儿,对孤独症患儿的日后康复工作意义重大。     

海口市学龄前儿童孤独症谱系障碍筛查率及其影响因素

目的 了解海口市学龄前儿童孤独症筛查阳性率及其影响因素。方法 采取分层随机整群抽样的方法,抽取海口市23家幼儿园学龄前儿童共3 844名,使用克氏孤独症量表和自制的影响因素调查问卷进行调查。结果 本次调查的3 844例儿童,年龄分布在24~84个月,男女比例为1.26〖DK〗∶1,城市与农村比例为2.06〖DK〗∶1,汉族与少数民族比例为25.69〖DK〗∶1。孤独症谱系障碍筛查阳性率为5.10%,单因素分析发现,男性、低年龄、农村户籍、父母文化程度低、低出生体重、宫内发育迟缓、高龄产妇组儿童的孤独症谱系障碍筛查阳性率较高,差异有统计学意义。多重线性回归分析发现,父母文化程度高、城市户籍为孤独症谱系障碍的保护因素,男童、低年龄、低出生体重、宫内发育迟缓为孤独症谱系障碍的危险因素。结论 应该以男童、低年龄、农村户籍、有低出生体重、宫内发育迟缓史的学龄前儿童为重点观察对象,加强家长以及幼师对孤独症谱系障碍的认识,做到早期识别,早诊断、早干预。     

Self-labeling,perceived stigma toward autism spectrum disorder,and self-esteem and the change in autism nosology

BackgroundSince the DSM-5 came into force, individuals previously diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome (AS) were newly labeled as having autism spectrum disorder (ASD), raising concerns about the exacerbation of stigma toward individuals with AS.ObjectiveThis study explored: (a) the self-labeling among people previously diagnosed with AS; (b) the correlation among self-labeling, perceived public stigma (PPS) toward ASD, and self-esteem among people with AS; and (c) whether self-labeling mediates the relationship of PPS with ASD and self-esteem.MethodsA convenience sample of 89 individuals previously diagnosed with AS completed anonymous online questionnaires.ResultsMost participants self-labeled as people with AS. Self-labeling was not significantly correlated with PPS or self-esteem. Self-labeling did not mediate the correlation between PPS and self-esteem; PPS was directly correlated with self-esteem.ConclusionsOur study's findings suggest that stigma and language are not necessarily connected. This implies that rehabilitation and health care professionals should not assume that language perpetuates stigma, but rather that stigma—both among the public and as perceived by people with ASD—should be the focus of intervention.     

Community participation and environment of children with and without autism spectrum disorder: parent perspectives

Aim: This study explored parent perspectives of participation patterns and environmental supports and barriers for high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) within their communities compared with a group of children without ASD.

Method: The Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth was used to gather online data from parents of 99 children with ASD and 241 children without ASD. Mann–Whitney U test and chi-square tests were used to explore differences between groups and Cohen's d was calculated to examine effect sizes.

Results: Significant differences between children with and without ASD were observed for all participation and environment summary scores. Children with ASD participated less frequently, were less involved, and their parents were less satisfied with their child’s participation in community-based activities. Parents of children with ASD also identified fewer supports for their child’s participation and more environmental barriers than other parents.

Conclusion: Children with ASD participated less in community-related activities than children without ASD as perceived by their parents. Barriers limiting community participation included features of the social and physical environment and limited resources.

Significance: Occupational therapists should focus on decreasing environmental challenges in their efforts to facilitate participation of children with ASD in the community.     

Parental concern regarding obesity in children with autism spectrum disorder in the United States: National Survey of Children's Health 2016

Background

The prevalence of obesity in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exceeds that of the general population, but the level of parental concern about obesity in these children is unexplored.

Parent-mediated cognitive behavioural therapy for young children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and anxiety: a randomized control trial

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a parent-mediated cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) group anxiety intervention with young children with high functioning forms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Thirty-one children aged four to six years with ASD and anxiety were randomly assigned to treatment or waitlist control conditions. Outcomes were assessed via parent-report measures of child anxiety and emotional awareness. Parental outcomes were also investigated via self-report.

At post-treatment no treatment effects were found for child or parent outcomes. However, by three-month follow-up for the completer sample, children in the treatment group demonstrated significant reductions in internalizing behaviours and there was a trend for a reduction in anxiety compared to pre-treatment. For parent outcomes, at three-month follow-up for the completer sample, no significant effects were found.

Results provided preliminary evidence that children may make some gains in terms of anxiety subsequent to their parents attending a group CBT intervention for anxiety.     

芜湖市学龄前儿童孤独症谱系障碍患病现状及影响因素研究

目的 探讨2～6岁学龄前儿童孤独症谱系障碍(ASDs)患病现状及其影响因素.方法 以2019年1-12月在安徽省芜湖市某医院参加健康体检的2～6岁学龄前儿童作为研究对象.以问卷调查的方法收集数据,描述ASDs患病情况,并分析芜湖市学龄前儿童ASDs的影响因素.结果 共对13482名儿童完成调查,完整回答调查问卷的共有1...     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童食物选择性的研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种神经发育障碍性疾病,除核心症状外,食物选择性问题在ASD儿童中也普遍存在,但临床工作者对此关注较少,因此需要更多地了解ASD儿童的食物选择性,以便指导临床工作。本文就ASD儿童食物选择性问题的现状、相关因素、影响以及治疗的相关研究进展进行综述。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童发育倒退的影响因素

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一组以不同临床表现为主要特征的神经发育性障碍。近年来,ASD儿童的发育倒退(DR)受到越来越多的关注,并被认为可能是ASD的一种特殊亚型。目前关于ASD儿童DR的影响因素尚不清楚,综合文献分析主要是由遗传、环境及其交互作用共同引起。本文拟从遗传和环境两方面对目前报道的ASD儿童DR影响因素进行总结,为该部分ASD患儿的临床早期识别和干预提供参考。     

唐山市2~5岁孤独症谱系障碍儿童体格发育及健康状况分析

目的  了解唐山市2~5岁孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders, ASD)儿童体格发育、营养及健康状况, 为制定干预措施提供依据。方法  选取2019年3月-2021年6月在唐山市妇幼保健院就诊和特殊教育机构训练的208名2~5岁ASD儿童进行问卷调查和体格测量。依据WHO儿童生长发育标准, 分析年龄别身高(height for age Z score, HAZ)、年龄别体重(weight for age Z score, WAZ)和年龄别体质指数(body mass index for age Z score, BAZ)评价儿童生长状况。结果  ASD儿童的HAZ、WAZ和BAZ分布曲线左移, 向-2和+2外延伸。生长迟缓、消瘦、低体重、超重和肥胖率分别为4.3%、6.3%、1.4%、4.8%和4.3%。不同喂养方式(X²=7.836, P=0.020)、ASD严重程度(X²=13.011, P=0.001)及有无胃肠道症状(X²=4.513, P=0.034)组间消瘦率不同, 其中混合喂养组、重度ASD组、有胃肠道症状组的消瘦率最高。月患病率为58.2%, 居前三位的是急性上呼吸道感染、流行性感冒和胃肠炎, 分别占比为46.2%、9.1%和4.8%。结论  唐山市ASD儿童的体格发育存在生长偏离, 常见病患病率较高, 应加强生长监测、营养干预及疾病预防。     

Understanding the characteristics of friendship quality,activity participation,and emotional well-being in Taiwanese adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong developmental disability characterized by deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts. Existing literature on social relationships and well-being among adolescents with ASD in Asian countries is scant.

Aims: This study compared the perceptions of adolescents with ASD with those of their neurotypical peers toward their friendship quality, activity participation, and emotional well-being, and examined the relationships between friendship quality, activity participation, and emotional well-being.

Methods: The study participants—101 adolescents with ASD and 101 neurotypical peers, aged 10–19 years—completed the following self-administered questionnaires: the Friendship Quality Questionnaire, the Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the short-form UCLA loneliness scale.

Results: Adolescents with ASD reported lower friendship quality, lower school participation, and higher levels of anxiety and loneliness compared to their neurotypical peers. Loneliness correlated negatively with friendship quality and school participation and positively with anxiety. Adolescents with ASD experienced increased levels of anxiety when low friendship quality was accompanied by greater loneliness.

Conclusions and significance: These findings reveal that friendship quality, school participation, and loneliness have a considerable effect on the emotional well-being of adolescents with ASD, thus indicating the need for therapeutic interventions that address interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being.     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童发育及适应性行为分析

目的 了解不同年度孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童发育及适应性行为水平情况的变化,为ASD早期识别、诊断及后期干预训练指导提供理论依据。方法 回顾性分析2015、2017年及2019年于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿保科初诊的1～5岁ASD患儿Gesell评估及婴儿-初中学生社会生活能力量表(S-M)结果。结果 2015、2017年及2019年ASD患儿在Gesell发育测评中总发育商(DQ)及S-M量表分数比较差异无统计学意义(F=0.920、0.495,P>0.05)。2015、2017及2019年ASD患儿各能区均表现为不同程度发育迟缓(DD),其中大运动能区DQ得分差异有统计学意义(F=9.683,P<0.05),不同年份大运动及精细运动能区发育迟缓的比例差异有统计学意义(χ²=22.583、11.596,P<0.05)。ASD女童的精细运动及个人-社会能区DQ高于男童(Z=2.023、2.837,P<0.05);不同年龄段ASD患儿各能区DQ及S-M分数比较,差异有统计学意义(H=56.557、185.824、37.935、8.038、6...     

孤独症谱系障碍幼儿家庭干预的管理

孤独症谱系障碍是一类起病于发育早期的神经发育障碍性疾病,临床上对ASD早识别、早发现和早干预能极大的改善ASD儿童的预后已有共识,在ASD早期干预过程中家庭干预的作用日渐引起重视,并逐渐成为目前国际ASD早期干预的研究热点.本文就科学管理和评估孤独症幼儿家庭干预实践中可能涉及的方面展开了探讨.     

Internalization of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hong Kong

An attribution model was tested to explain the internalization of stigma among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In the model, the internalization paths from courtesy stigma to affiliate stigma and the impact of three types of social support on affiliate stigma and psychological well-being were examined. The study was conducted in Hong Kong, China; one hundred and eighty-eight parents of children with ASD were recruited to complete the questionnaire. The model showed excellent fit to the data. Path analysis suggested three possible paths of internalizing courtesy stigma, including the direct path to affiliate stigma, through perceived controllability, or through perceived responsibility and self-blame. Support from family, significant others, friends, or professionals was found to be related to affiliate stigma and psychological well-being differentially. The internalization of stigma among parents of ASD children was severe. The path model sheds light on possible ways to reduce stigma in future services.     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童手势缺陷的研究进展

手势先于语言产生,促进语言的发展。孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童手势的类型和功能存在非典型使用及发展,手势-语言轨迹发展缓慢,可以成为ASD儿童的一个关键早期行为标记。手势的发展与后期语言、认知、社交和ASD诊断显著相关,应对ASD儿童的早期手势功能进行评估和监测。针对手势特点进行个性化训练,增加儿童社会参与和学习潜能,以手势为中介促进语言、认知及社交发展,提高康复效果。     

左旋肉碱在儿童孤独症谱系障碍中的疗效分析

目的 分析左旋肉碱对孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患儿的治疗效果,为ASD患儿寻求最佳治疗方案。方法 2017年9月-2018年12月选取诊断为ASD的患儿60例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例,对照组行常规特殊教育干预治疗,治疗组在此基础上口服左卡尼汀[100 mg/(kg·d)]。治疗前及治疗3 个月后,采用串联质谱分析检测游离肉碱含量,采用异常行为量表(ABC)、儿童孤独症评定量表(CARS)和中文版心理教育评定(C-PEP)进行量表评估。结果 治疗前,两组游离肉碱均偏低,治疗3个月后,治疗组游离肉碱均有所提升[(28.28±2.26)μmol/L],对照组仍偏低[(16.54±2.08)μmol/L];治疗3个月后两组ABC总分(t_对照＝-6.32,t_治疗＝-8.05)、CARS总分(t_对照＝-1.24,t_治疗＝-1.38)较前有所降低,PEP-3 评分较前均有所提高(t_对照＝-3.584,t_治疗=-4.683),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组ABC总分、CARS总分及PEP-3 评分与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t =-4.67,-2.43,2.884,P<0.05)。结论 ASD患者口服左卡尼汀能进一步促进认知、语言和行为方面的改善。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童早期诊断及干预的研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)也称自闭症,是一种严重的神经发育障碍,近几年发病率逐年上升.ASD大多发病于儿童,往往持续终身,主要表现为在社会交流能力、语言能力、仪式化的刻板行为三个方面同时具有本质的缺损.临床中ASD没有特效的药物治疗,一部分患儿在早期筛查中容易被漏诊,而有些患儿虽然在早期经过干预治疗,但还是不能达到预期的...     

孤独症谱系障碍队列研究进展的概括性评价

目的 了解孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）队列研究现状,探讨基于真实世界数据（RWD）构建ASD专病队列的可行性。方法 检索、筛选主要中英文数据库中截至2022年12月发表的ASD队列研究,归纳ASD队列研究特点。结果 共纳入ASD队列研究1 702篇,我国仅有60项（3.53%）。筛选出ASD相关队列163个,其中55.83%为出生队列,28.22%为ASD专病队列,4.91%为ASD高危人群队列;多数队列利用医院注册登记等RWD或开展社区现场调查获取研究对象信息,并通过量表或临床诊断确认ASD患者。研究内容包括ASD发生及预后相关危险因素研究、ASD共病模式研究及ASD对自身其他健康状况和对子代健康影响的研究。结论 目前发达国家ASD队列研究全面丰富,我国仍处于起步阶段。RWD为ASD专病队列构建提供了数据基础,也带来了研究的新机遇,但仍需开展病例验证等工作保证队列建设的科学性。