探讨同期化疗加放疗对中晚期鼻咽癌的远期疗效

目的对同期化疗加放疗对中晚期鼻咽癌的远期疗效进行分析探讨。方法选取80倒中晚期鼻咽癌患者,随机分为两纽。观察纽40例患者,采用同期化疗加放疗的治疗方法;对照组40例患者,采用单纯放疗的治疗方法。通过比较两组患者的局控率、生存率及转移等情况,进而对同期化疗加放疗对中晚期鼻咽癌的远期疗效进行分析探讨。结果两组患者经过治疗后,观察组总有效率95％;对照组总有效率92．5％。两组患者在临床总有效率上无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。两组患者在治疗后1年、3年、5年生存率、局控率及无瘤生存率上,观察组优于对照组,两种治疗方法有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。观察组治疗的肿瘤的远处转移率低于对照组,两种治疗方法有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。且两组患者的不良反应处理后均得到缓解。结论同期化疗加放疗对中晚期鼻咽癌患者在长期生存率及控制肿瘤远处转移上有较好的临床效果,有一定的临床应用价值。     

同步放化疗在中晚期鼻咽癌的疗效分析

目的中晚期鼻咽癌局部复发和远处转移率较高,采用单纯放疗其疗效不甚理想。有研究报道同期放化疗能提高中晚期鼻咽癌患者的疗效,本研究着重探讨放疗同期化疗治疗中晚期鼻咽癌的疗效。方法将60例Ⅲ、ⅣA期鼻咽癌患者随机分为放疗同期化疗组（研究组）及单纯放疗组（对照组）每组各30例,研究组于放疗第1周开始,使用FD方案,顺铂20mg/m2,加入250ml0.9%氯化钠注射液,静脉滴注,第1～4天;氟尿嘧啶600mg/m2,加入500ml0.9%氯化钠注射液,静脉滴注,第1～5天。21d/次,连用6次。放疗采用常规分割放疗,2GY/次/d,5次/周。病灶区剂量70GY/35次,颈部淋巴引流区给予预防剂量56GY/28次或治疗剂量70GY/35次。对照组单纯放疗,方法同研究组放疗。结果研究组与对照组相比明显提高了Ⅲ、ⅣA期鼻咽癌患者的颈部淋巴结完全缓解率以及1、3、5年生存率和无瘤生存率;显著降低了远处转移发生率,两组相比差异有统计学意义。结论同期放化疗较单纯放疗提高了中晚期鼻咽癌的颈部淋巴结完全缓解率以及1、3、5年生存率和无瘤生存率,显著降低了远处转移的发生率。     

卡铂加氟脲嘧啶联合放疗治疗中晚期鼻咽癌疗效观察

目的评价由卡铂（CBP）＋氟脲嘧啶（5-FU）组成的PF化疗方案联合放疗治疗中晚期鼻咽癌的疗效和毒副反应。方法60例Ⅲ、Ⅳ期鼻咽癌患者随机分为化学治疗（化疗）＋放疗组（A组）和单纯放疗组（B组），每组30例。A组于放疗前诱导化疗1～2个疗程，放疗结束后辅助化疗2～3个疗程。两组放疗方法相同，鼻咽部剂量65～80Gy／5．5～7周，颈部剂量50～82Gy／4．5～7．5周。结果A组及B组治疗结束后2个月鼻咽部肿瘤完全消退率分别为77％和73％（P〉0．05），颈淋巴结转移灶完全消退率分别为92％和64％（P〈0．05）。A组毒性反应较B组重。结论PF方案联合放疗可显著提高中晚期鼻咽癌患者的近期疗效，但加用化疗同时也增加了毒性反应。     

放化综合治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌临床疗效

目的研究放化综合治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的疗效及不良反应。方法对25例Ⅲ-ⅣA期鼻咽癌行诱导化疗配合放疗加辅助化疗（放化组），选取同期在本院行单纯放疗的30例Ⅲ～ⅣA期鼻咽癌作为对照（单放组）。结果放化组和单放组5年生存率各为50．3％、43．2％；鼻咽局控率各为86．9％、81．2％；颈部局控率各为85％、71％；远处转移发生率各为21％、35％；两组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。N2期放化组和单放组5年生存率各为68％、39．5％，两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。两组急性放疗反应和晚期放射损伤均无明显差异。结论综合治疗未明显提高Ⅲ-ⅣA期鼻咽癌的5年生存率，但提高了其中N2N3期的5年生存率。     

诱导化疗联合放疗42例中晚期鼻咽癌近期疗效观察

目的探讨亚叶酸钙、5-氟尿嘧啶（5-Fu）、顺铂方案诱导化疗联合放射治疗中晚期鼻咽癌的近期疗效。方法随机抽取2004年1月至2008年1月局部中晚期鼻咽癌（T3、T4）,单纯放疗组（简称单放组）42例,诱导化疗联合放疗组（简称联合组）42例,共84例。在放疗前,联合组用亚叶酸钙、5-Fu、顺铂方案诱导化疗2周期。放疗开始均采用面颈联合野和下半颈切线野常规分割,DT36Gy后鼻咽部采用CT定位适形放疗和全颈切线野放疗,总剂量鼻咽部70～72Gy,颈部淋巴结阳性65～70Gy,淋巴结阴性60～65Gy。结果放疗结束后6个月,鼻咽部原发灶完全缓解率（CR）：单放组为66．67％（28／42）,联合组为90．48％（38／42）（Pd0．05）;颈部淋巴结CR：单放组为61．90％（26／42）,联合组为85．71％（36／42）（P〈0．05）。早期反应主要为白细胞下降和口腔黏膜炎,患者均可耐受。结论诱导化疗联合放疗治疗中晚期鼻咽癌近期疗效较好,不良反应少,患者耐受性好。     

紫杉醇、奈达铂化疗联合放疗在中晚期宫颈癌患者中的临床效果

目的探讨紫杉醇、奈达铂化疗联合放疗在中晚期宫颈癌患者中的临床效果。方法选择我院60例中晚期宫颈癌患者,随机分为观察组和对照组。对照组采用放疗,观察组对照组放疗基础上给予紫杉醇联合奈达铂化疗。观察两组疗效、生存率及不良反应发生情况。结果观察组有效率高于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组1年及3年生存率高于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组局部复发率、远处转移率低于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组消化道反应、骨髓抑制发生率高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论紫杉醇、奈达铂化疗联合放疗治疗中晚期宫颈癌疗效显著,值得借鉴。     

放、化疗联合治疗晚期鼻咽癌

目的 观察放、化疗联合治疗48例Ⅲ、Ⅳ期鼻咽癌的疗效、5年内复发率和远处转移率及远期生存率。方法 93例晚期鼻咽癌随机分组为治疗组和对照组,常规分割放疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ期鼻咽癌,肿瘤根治量65－74Gy。治疗组于放疗前先化疗1周期,放疗结束后休息15－30d再进行4－6周期化疗。结果 治疗组近期肿瘤消退率较对照组提高,5年内肿瘤复发率和远处转移率较对照组减少,5年生存率治疗组有提高。结论 放疗联合化疗可提高晚期鼻咽癌疗效,减少局部复发和远处转移。     

PF方案同步放化疗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌31例临床疗效分析

目的观察单纯放疗和同步放化疗两种治疗方法对局部晚期鼻咽癌的临床疗效及毒副反应。方法将62例初次治疗确诊为局部晚期鼻咽癌（Ⅲ、Ⅳa期）的患者随机分为单纯放疗组（对照组）和同步放化疗（放化组）,每组31例。放疗：两组病人均使用常规剂量分割照射,使鼻咽部剂量达到70～76Gy,颈部剂量达到65～70Gy。化疗：放化组采用顺铂＋氟脲嘧啶（5-Fu）,于放疗的第1周、第4周行同步化疗2程。结果对照组31例病人均按计划完成治疗,放化疗中有7例病人因严重放化疗反应未能按计划完成。对照组和放化组3年生存率分别为71.0%,74.0%（P〉0.05）,3年远处转移率分别为26.0%、23.0%（P〈0.05）,3年累计复发率分别为16.0%、13.0%（P〉0.05）,3年无瘤生存率分别为58.0%、61.0%（P〈0.05）。结论PF方案同步放化疗治疗晚期穿咽癌具有一定的优势。     

放化疗综合治疗中晚期鼻咽癌临床疗效

目的 探讨放化疗综合治疗中晚期鼻咽癌的临床疗效。方法 100例中晚期鼻咽癌患者随机分为单纯放疗组和放化疗综合治疗组,各50例,采用常规放疗,放化疗综合治疗组采用放化疗综合疗法。结果 单纯放疗组局部控制率（54.3%）和5年生存率（28.1%）均比放化疗综合治疗组（78.5%、64.5%）低,单纯放疗组的远处转移率（68.7%）比放化疗综合治疗组（22.5%）高。两者之间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;两组毒性反应差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,经过对症治疗后均能治愈。结论 放化疗联合治疗中晚期鼻咽癌可以提高局部控制率、5年生存率,降低远处转移率,疗效确切,降低毒副作用,具有较高临床推广价值。     

多西他赛加奈达铂和顺铂加氟尿嘧啶方案诱导化疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的前瞻性研究

目的 比较多西他赛联合奈达铂(DN)方案和顺铂联合氟尿嘧啶(PF)方案诱导化疗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的近期疗效和不良反应.方法 86例局部中晚期鼻咽癌患者随机分为DN组(44例)和PF组(42例),两组患者均给予根治性放疗,诱导化疗PF组采用PF方案,DN组采用DN方案,诱导化疗第二疗程后十天内开始放疗.结果 不良反应:DN组在骨髓抑制反应、胃肠道反应、脉管炎、黏膜炎方面均小于PF组,其中胃肠道反应、脉管炎、黏膜炎方面差异有显著性沪＜ 0.05); DN组脱发较PF组明显,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).疗效:诱导化疗后短期显效率DN组(51.1％)明显优于PF组(29.3％)(P＜ 0.05);一年总生存率(OS)均为100％;无病生存率(PFS)DN组97.7％,PF组92.9％,差异无显著性(P＜0.05).结论 DN方案诱导化疗治疗局部中晚期鼻咽癌患者,不良反应小,短期疗效明显,近期有效率与PF方案相似,更有优势,值得临床推广.     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.