正常脑脊液流动的磁共振定性研究

目的探讨MRI 相位对比电影序列 （cine PC） 定性分析脑脊液流动的可能性,并运用该技术对正常志愿者进行分析.方法采用MRI cine PC序列对15名正常志愿者的脑室、脑池和颈椎管内蛛网膜下腔的脑脊液流动进行定性观察,并对心脏周期不同时段脑脊液流动方向的变化进行分析.结果 MRI cine PC序列可清楚地显示心脏周期各个时段各个脑室、脑池和脊髓蛛网膜下腔中脑脊液运动方向的变化.结论 MRI cine PC法是一种新型的无创性的检查手段,对脑脊液的流动有很强的敏感性,是一种很有前途的研究手段.     

交通性脑积水脑室分流前后的脑脊液MRI定量研究

目的运用MRI cine PC定量研究交通性脑积水脑室分流前后的脑脊液流动情况.材料和方法在1.5T GEHo rizon Signa磁共振机器上利用MRI cine PC程序,在以前实验所得的液体流速与信号强度关系公式的基础上,对16例交通性脑积水的中脑导水管、枕大孔和C2水平脑脊液流速、流量情况进行MRI cine PC检查(1.5TGE Horizon Signa),并对其中10例交通性脑积水脑室引流后的中脑导水管和枕大孔处脑脊液的流速和流量同样进行测量,并与术前进行比较.同时作为对照,对31例正常志愿者颅内中脑导水管、枕大孔和C2水平的脑脊液流速和流量进行测定.结果交通性脑积水中脑导水管水平脑脊液流速和流量明显增快,与正常者进行统计有明显差异(P＜0.05),向下峰速和向上峰速分别为47.57±16.71mm/s和44.48±19.22mm/s,向下流量及向上流量明显增大为3.142±1.055ml/s及3.143±1.055ml/s;脑脊液净流量为0±0.003ml/s.而枕大孔向下峰速和向上峰速分别为1.37±0.44mm/s和1.33±0.41mm/s,向下流量及向上流量分别为0.351±0.125ml/s及0.350±0.121ml/s;脑脊液净流量为0.001±0.007ml/s.C2水平脑脊液向下峰速和向上峰速分别为2.41±1.27mm/s和2.95±1.15mm/s,向下流量及向上流量分别为0.521±0.214ml/s和0.519±0.214ml/s;脑脊液净流量为0.002±0.003ml/s.其中10例交通性脑积水经VP手术前后对比分析,发现术后症状改善明显者中脑导水管脑脊液流速和向上、下的流量均较术前明显减少(P＜0.05).结论MRI cine PC对脑脊液(CSF)流动的研究具有非损伤性和对脑脊液流动敏感的特点,是一种优于其他方法的研究CSF流动的重要方法,同时对脑脊液循环障碍疾病的脑脊液流动情况也能定量测定,对VP分流前后的交通性脑积水的脑脊液流速、流量和方向的确定,对估计其术后效果具有重要意义.     

MRI高分辨力黑水成像对交通性脑积水中脑导水管通畅性的诊断价值

目的 :通过高分辨力黑水序列判断交通性脑积水患者中脑导水管是否通畅。方法 :选择54例交通性脑积水患者,行矢状位黑水序列和轴位脑脊液相位对比电影(PC cine)序列。扫描结束后,由2位高年资医师行双盲法判读;先根据黑水CUBE T_2判断中脑导水管是否流通,根据图像特点诊断中脑导水管流通性。后使用PC cine序列测量中脑导水管处流速,并以此为中脑导水管通畅与否标准,与黑水CUBE T_2序列进行对照。比较交通性脑积水和正常对照组中脑导水管脑脊液流速和流量。结果:交通性脑积水患者中脑导水管流速和流量明显大于正常志愿者(均P0.05)。2名医师根据黑水序列诊断交通性脑积水患者中脑导水管畅通性比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.25)。ROC曲线下面积为0.956(95%CI 0.883~0.990),AUC0.9,说明对交通性脑积水的诊断价值较高。结论:MRI黑水序列无创、简便易行,能充分显示交通性脑积水患者脑脊液流动路线,可用于诊断交通性脑积水患者中脑导水管通畅性。     

颅内疾病对导水管脑脊液流量的影响

目的：探讨用磁共振相位对比电影(PC cine)对导水管脑脊液定量测量的临床应用价值。方法：将35例中枢神经系统不同疾病分三组，用PC cine方法进行导水管脑脊液流量测量。结果：在脑血管病组伴白质改变时导水管流量增加；梗阻性脑积水导水管流量减少，流动波形异常；交通性脑积水导水管流量增加，波形圆钝。结论：磁共振PC cine方法测量导水管脑脊液流量简单易行，可为临床提供更多的影像信息。     

MRI监测脑脊液动力学在外伤性脑静脉窦血栓形成临床诊治中的应用

目的探讨运用MRI监测脑脊液循环动力学异常在外伤性脑静脉窦血栓形成临床诊治中的价值。方法对75例脑外伤后临床颅脑血流动力学异常患者及健康志愿者40例,采用MRI 2D-PC cine法序列,以编码流速20cm/s,于颈1～2椎间隙水平测量患者的脑脊液流速、流量,在其接受尿激酶治疗过程中进行随访复查,并与腰穿脑脊液压力进行对照分析。结果颈1～2椎间隙水平脑脊液流动在一个心动周期内均表现为近似于正弦曲线的双向流动,脑外伤组治疗前收缩期、舒张期脑脊液峰值流速、流量均高于正常人群(P<0.05)。经尿激酶治疗后68例患者脑脊液压力恢复正常,其脑脊液收缩期、舒张期脑脊液峰值流速、流量均较治疗前降低(P<0.05)。脑脊液流速与脑脊液压力呈正相关(r=0.805,P<0.05),脑脊液向下净流量与脑脊液压力呈正相关(r=0.794,P<0.05)。结论静脉窦血栓形成前患者脑脊液循环动力学会发生相应改变,磁共振PC-cine法可以早期检测出其循环动力学改变,对脑外伤后患者颅内压改变的监测及预后评价有重要指导意义。     

第三脑室造瘘术后脑脊液流通性MRI不同序列评估的对比研究

目的：应用MRI 3D-CUBE T₂WI、三维稳态进动快速成像序列（3D-FIESTA）及相位对比MRI电影（Pc cine MRI）序列对神经内镜第三脑室造瘘术（ETV）术后患者造瘘口脑脊液通路进行评估,以比较3个序列间的差异及临床应用范畴,进一步实现ETV术后脑脊液评估的MRI个体化及最优化扫描。方法：应用3.0 T MRI对12例经ETV治疗的梗阻性脑积水患者行颅脑MRI复查,并分别行矢状位3D-CUBE T₂WI、3D-FIESTA及轴位Pc cine MRI序列扫描。结果：7例3个序列对造瘘口是否通畅的诊断分级完全一致;4例检查中1种序列评估存在可疑病变,经3种序列综合评估,最终诊断为通畅,后期随访中得到证实;1例心率不齐无法完成Pc cine MRI者,经3D-CUBE T₂WI、3D-FIESTA序列诊断为通畅,并在后期随访中得到验证。结论：3D-CUBE T₂WI在ETV术后评估中是最简单、有效的序列,在复杂或可疑患者中3D-FIESTA和Pc cine MRI可作为补充序列。     

MRI电影相位对比与超声对照对正常志愿者餐前、餐后门静脉血流定量研究

目的:采用MRI电影相位对比法(Cine PC MRI)对正常志愿者餐前、餐后门静脉血流动力学进行定量测量,并与多普勒超声(DUS)对照.方法:健康志愿者26例,男16例,女10例.分别于空腹和进食1000cal食物1h后定量测量门静脉血流.结果:电影相位对比法及多普勒超声(DUS)测量正常志愿者餐后门静脉血流参数较餐前明显增加(P＜0.01),电影法门静脉流速增长为(34.11±16.76)%,流量增长为(45.87±16.22)%;DUS餐后门静脉流速较餐前增长(29.11±15.55)%,流量增长(35.54±18.77)%.对餐前门静脉血流量行相位对比MRI与超声相关性分析,两者相关性较好(r=0.606,P＜0.01).结论:PC MRI与DUS均可反映餐前、餐后门静脉血流的变化;Cine PC MRI反映门静脉血流的变化更接近人体的生理状态.     

磁共振相位对比方法测量导水管脑脊液流量

目的 :探讨 0 .5TMR扫描系统测量导水管脑脊液 (CSF)流量的可行性、可靠性和精确性。方法 :对健康志愿者 8例、正常受检者 2 2例行导水管MR相位对比电影 (PCcine)序列扫描 ,用流动分析软件测量导水管脑脊液流量。结果 :正常人导水管CSF的峰速度 (PV)为 ( 7.987± 2 .95 7)cm /s ,平均速度 (ASV)为 ( 0 .3 0 3± 0 .2 46)cm/s ;导水管CSF搏动性流动与心动周期的关系为正弦波形。结论 :用磁共振相位对比方法测量导水管脑脊液流量 ,有助于对疾病状态下导水管CSF流量变化的分析     

MRI相位对比电影用于儿童脑积水行三脑室底造瘘的疗效评价

目的 了解脑积水患儿行神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术后的MRI相位对比电影的表现,评价其用于术后疗效判断的价值.方法 12例脑积水患儿行三脑室底造瘘术前后均行MRI常规序列扫描及相位对比电影检查,评估中脑导水管及三脑室造瘘口的脑脊液流动情况,测量脑脊液流动动力学指标(峰值流速、流量及流动波形),比较其前后的差异.结果 12例脑积水患儿造瘘口脑脊液流动在一个心动周期内表现为双向运动,与正常导水管流动波形相似.其中三脑室造瘘术前7例梗阻性脑积水患儿中脑导水管脑脊液双向流动减弱或消失,表现为低动力学改变;5例交通性脑积水患儿三脑室底造瘘术前中脑导水管脑脊液双向流动明显加快,表现为高动力学改变.三脑室底造瘘术后中脑导水管脑脊液流动不规则,循环减慢.12例患儿术后幕上脑室均较术前缩小,其中8例分别于术后半年及术后1年复查见脑室进一步缩小.结论 MRI相位对比电影法为脑积水患儿行三脑室底造瘘术提供可靠的影像学观察手段,可以作为评价三脑室底造瘘术疗效的有效方法.     

电影相位对比与屏气二维相位对比MRI对肝硬化门静脉血流的对照研究

目的探讨MRI电影法相位对比（Cine PC）与屏气二维相位对比（2D PC）在肝硬化患者和正常志愿者门静脉血流测量中的诊断价值。资料与方法对照组为82名志愿者,男45名,女37名,平均年龄26.65岁;肝硬化组24例,男14例,女10例,平均年龄42.00岁。空腹状态下采用CinePC技术对门静脉血流定量测量,同期采用2DPC技术3种不同屏气状态（正常吸气屏气,呼气屏气,平静呼吸屏气）与其进行比较。结果肝硬化患者门静脉血流速度较对照组略减低,除2D PC平静呼吸法,余方法两组差异均无统计学意义,肝硬化组门静脉血流量与对照组比较明显增大（P〈0.01）,但2DPC吸气屏气技术两者差异无统计学意义。采用相关性分析对屏气2DPC（不同呼吸状态）与Cine PC MRI方法定量门静脉血流速度、血流量,显示两种技术相关性很好（r〉0.8;P〈0.01）,但在对照组行相关性分析,仅呼气后屏气2D PC与Cine PC显示中度相关（r〉0.5;P〈0.01）,吸气后屏气与CinePC相关性较差（r〈0.4）。结论MRI Cine PC在正常呼吸情况下对门静脉血流行定量测量,接近人体生理状态,适合门静脉血流测量;正常呼吸状态屏气对肝硬化患者门静脉血流影响较正常人小,在肝硬化血流测量中,MRI Cine PC与屏气2DPCMRI法显示很好相关性。屏气2DPCMRI技术提供了一种简便、实用、相对准确的肝硬化门静脉血流测量方法。     

MRI-intracranial compliance analysis in patients with NPH

We devised a method for non-invasively assessing intracranial compliance with retrospective ECG-triggered phase contrast cine MRI. This method was examined in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) group and those with asymptomatic ventricular dilation or brain atrophy (VD group), and in healthy volunteers (control group). Intracranial volume change (DeltaV(max)) was calculated from arterial inflow, venous outflow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, and spinal cord motion at the C2 level during a cardiac cycle. Next, craniospinal CSF pressure gradient change (DeltaPG(max)) was calculated from measured CSF flow velocity using a simplified Navier-Stokes equation. Finally, Ci was obtained by dividing Delta V(max) into DeltaPG(max). Ci in the NPH group was significantly smaller and could be differentiated from other groups. This method makes it possible to non-invasively obtain a more detailed determination of the intracranial state and dynamics in NPH and to assist in its diagnosis.     

SPAMM, cine phase contrast imaging and fast spin-echo T2-weighted imaging in the study of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow

AIM: To compare the qualitative assessment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow using a SPAMM (spatial modulation of magnetization) technique with cine phase contrast images (cine PC) and fast spin echo (FSE) T2-weighted images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SPAMM, PC and T2-weighted sequences were performed on 22 occasions in 19 patients. Eleven of the studies were performed following a neuroendoscopic third ventriculostomy (NTV), and in these cases, the success of the NTV was determined by clinical follow-up. Two observers used consensus to grade the presence of CSF flow at nine different sites for each study. RESULTS: At 14 of the 178 matched sites, which could be assessed by both SPAMM and cine PC, SPAMM CSF flow grade was higher than that of cine PC. At a further 14/178 matched sites, the cine PC grade was higher than that of SPAMM. There was definite CSF flow at 113/182 (62%) of all the cine PC sites assessed, and 110/181 (61%) of all SPAMM sites assessed whilst 108/198 (54%) of FSE T2-weighted image sites demonstrated flow voids. Cine PC grades were higher than SPAMM at the cerebral aqueduct (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon sign rank test). Definite CSF flow within the anterior third ventricle was present in 4/5 (SPAMM) and 3/5 (cine PC) successful NTVs, 0/2 (SPAMM and cine PC) unsuccessful NTVs and 1/10 (SPAMM and cine PC) patients without NTV. CONCLUSION: SPAMM provides a comparable assessment of intracranial CSF flow to that of cine phase contrast imaging at all CSF sites except the cerebral aqueduct.     

Dynamic visualization of arachnoid adhesions in a patient with idiopathic syringomyelia using high‐resolution cine magnetic resonance imaging at 3T

A 39‐year‐old female patient with thoracic syringomyelia underwent routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 3 T MRI to investigate the value of retrospectively cardiac‐gated cine steady‐state free precession (SSFP) MRI in the preoperative and postoperative diagnosis of arachnoid membranes in the spinal subarachnoid space. Therefore, 3T MRI included sagittal and transverse retrospectively cardiac‐gated cine balanced fast‐field echo (balanced‐FFE) sequences both preoperatively and after microsurgical lysis of arachnoid adhesions and expansive duraplasty. Arachnoid membranes were detected and this result was correlated with intraoperative findings and the results of routine cardiac‐gated phase‐contrast cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow MRI. Retrospectively cardiac‐gated cine SSFP MRI enabled imaging of arachnoid membranes with high spatial resolution and sufficient contrast to delineate them from hyperintense CSF preoperatively and postoperatively. The images were largely unaffected by artifacts. Surgery confirmed the presence of arachnoid adhesions in the upper thoracic spine. Not all arachnoid membranes that were seen on cine balanced‐FFE sequences caused significant spinal CSF flow blockages in cardiac‐gated phase‐contrast CSF flow studies. In conclusion, retrospectively cardiac‐gated cine SSFP MRI may become a valuable tool for the preoperative detection of arachnoid adhesions and the postoperative evaluation of microsurgical adhesiolysis in patients with idiopathic syringomyelia. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Frequency analyses of CSF flow on cine MRI in normal pressure hydrocephalus

Our objective was to clarify intracranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics in normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Frequency analyses of CSF flow measured with phase-contrast cine MRI were performed. The CSF flow spectra in the aqueduct were determined in patients (n=51) with NPH, brain atrophy or asymptomatic ventricular dilation (VD), and in healthy volunteers (control group; n=25). The changes in CSF flow spectra were also analyzed after intravenous injection of acetazolamide. Moreover, a phase transfer function (PTF) calculated from the spectra of the driving vascular pulsation and CSF flow in the aqueduct were assessed. These values were compared with the pressure volume response (PVR). The amplitude in the NPH group was significantly larger than that in the VD or control group because of a decrease in compliance. The phase in the NPH group was significantly different from that in either the VD or the control group, but no difference was found between the VD and control groups. The amplitude increased in all groups after acetazolamide injection. The PTF in the NPH group was significantly larger than in the control group, and a positive correlation was noted between PTF and PVR. Frequency analyses of CSF flow measured by cine MRI make it possible to noninvasively obtain a more detailed picture of the pathophysiology of NPH. Electronic Publication     

磁共振脑脊液电影对四脑室囊虫病诊断意义的研究

目的：探讨磁共振脑脊液电影对四脑室囊虫病的诊断意义。材料与方法：经手术病理证实的四脑室囊虫病９例，回顾性分析其磁共振脑脊液电影表现。脑脊液电影采用头部正中矢状面，手指门控扫描技术。结果：（１）直接显示脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）循环通路及分布情况，四脑室内病灶均表现为ＣＳＦ的充盈缺损区。囊虫均为囊性，信号均、壁光整，壁可薄可厚。（２）ＣＳＦ流动为搏动性往复运动，以导水管区最明显。在心脏收缩期，导水管内的ＣＳＦ由三脑室流向四脑室，囊虫上方残余的四脑室腔扩张增大，舒张期缩小，顺应性良好。（３）四脑室囊虫存活期，边缘光整，ＣＳＦ于其上方前后分流呈杯口状，囊虫游离于四脑室内，并可滚动，其形态在一个心动周期内可有轻微变化；退变死亡期囊虫，周围室管膜出现炎性反应，并与囊虫壁粘连，ＣＳＦ循环受阻更明显。结论：磁共振不但能对四脑室囊虫病做出准确的定位、定性诊断，而且可通过脑脊液电影了解囊虫灶对ＣＳＦ循环的阻塞程度和方式，以及观察囊虫与室管膜是否有粘连，从而为选择治疗方案提供指导意义。     

应用3.0TMR电影相位对比成像定量研究颈椎管内脑脊液腹侧和后外侧运动的区别

目的应用磁共振电影相位对比方法定量研究活体颈椎管内蛛网膜下腔脑脊液腹侧和后外侧运动的区别。资料与方法无任何颅内及椎管内病变的健康志愿者80例,应用GEsigna EXCITE3.0T HD磁共振扫描仪分别于颈2～7椎间盘水平行磁共振电影相位对比法扫描,获得每一个椎间盘水平一个心动周期内不同时相的脑脊液流速与流向,分别测量腹侧、右后侧及左后侧峰值流速、峰值流量。结果颈椎管内每一个水平腹侧峰值流速、峰值流量明显大于右后侧、左后侧峰值流速、峰值流量(P<0.05)。颈椎管内不同椎间盘水平的腹侧、右后侧及左后侧峰值流速、峰值流量没有显著性差异。结论应用磁共振相位对比法测量颈椎管内蛛网膜下腔脑脊液流速发现椎管内腹侧峰值流速、峰值流量明显大于右后侧、左后侧峰值流速、峰值流量。椎管内腹侧脑脊液循环动力明显大于两后外侧脑脊液循环动力。     

MR phase imaging and cerebrospinal fluid flow in the head and spine

Summary Motion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in and around the brain and spinal cord was examined in healthy subjects and in a number of patients with abnormalities of the CSF circulation. The pulsatile motion of the CSF was determined by spin echo phase (velocity) imaging, sometimes in combination with gradient echo phase contrast cine. Differences in flow patterns across CSF spaces were observed: flow reversal in the cerebellomedullary cistern and lumbar area relative to cervical CSF, and in the posterior versus the anterior subarachnoid space in the spinal canal. Flow communication was demonstrated in known communicating cysts or cavities. Differences in flow were also noted across spinal narrowing or block, and across the walls of a variety of cystic lesions in the brain and spinal cord. MR phase imaging of CSF flow provides pathophysiological information of potential clinical importance for the assessment of diseases affecting the CSF circulation.