恶性肿瘤患者再发静脉血栓的研究进展

0 引言 自从Trousseau[1] 1865年首次描述肿瘤和静脉血栓(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的关系以来,越来越多的研究证实恶性肿瘤患者罹患VTE的风险增加,为非肿瘤患者的4～6倍[2].临床上,常见的VTE包括肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)和深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT).     

中国普通外科围手术期血栓预防与管理指南

随着人口老龄化不断进展和心血管疾病发病率上升，血栓栓塞性疾病的防治和处理逐渐受到各学科关注和重视。静脉血栓栓塞症（venous thromboembolism，VTE）包括肺血栓栓塞症（pulmonary embolism，PE）和深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis，DVT），PE和DVT是同一疾病不同阶段和不同部位的两种临床表现，二者统称为VTE。     

乳腺癌术后静脉血栓栓塞的发生及预防

静脉血栓栓塞（venous thromboembolism,VTE）包括深静脉血栓形成（deep venous thrombosis,DVT）和肺栓塞（pulmonary embolism,PE）,是肿瘤患者的常见并发症和死亡原因。癌症患者VTE的年发生率约为0．48％,是普通人群的4倍。这一方面可能与肿瘤导致的血液高凝状态有关,另一方面则与患者接受的治疗（包括手术、化疗、激素治疗、放射治疗及留置中心静脉导管）有关。     

老年髋部骨折静脉血栓栓塞症的防治

正静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)属静脉回流障碍性疾病,指血液在静脉系统内因血流瘀滞,血管内皮损伤或者凝血功能异常等原因造成血管内凝血从而完全或不完全阻塞血管,主要包括深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)和肺动脉血栓栓塞症(pulmonary thromboembolism,PE)两大类,其中DVT分为有症状(symptomatic)及无症状(asymptomatic)两类,PE分为致死性和非致死性两类。VTE是老年髋部骨折围手术期常见且风险极高的并发症,刘亚波~([1])和陆芸~([2])等报道我国髋部骨折围手术期     

髋膝关节置换术后血栓性疾病预防

综述 血栓性疾病(venous thromboembolism,VTE)是骨科手术后常见的并发症之一.下肢择期髋膝关节置换手术更容易引起VTE的发生,如下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT),如果同时出现肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE),将对患者的生命产生威胁[1].美国胸科医师协会(ACCP)认为药物治疗能够有效地预防VTE的发生[2].     

恶性肿瘤高凝状态及其干预

正恶性肿瘤患者90%以上存在高凝状态。高凝状态亦称血栓前状态,是指多种病理因素引起的机体血管内皮细胞损伤以及凝血、纤溶、抗凝系统等功能失调导致的血液凝固性增高,有利于血栓形成的状态。静脉血栓栓塞(venous thrombus embolism,VTE),包括深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)、肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)及动脉血管事件,已成为肿瘤患者的第二大死亡原因。血栓形成多提示预后不良。因此,在血栓前状态,即高凝状态时给予积极干预对恶性肿瘤患者的治疗意义重大。     

晚期恶性肿瘤患者合并静脉血栓栓塞症18例临床分析

静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)是指堵塞静脉血管的血凝块(血栓)形成,血栓形成在不同部位、不同阶段会出现不同表现,包括深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)和肺血栓栓塞症(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE),是目前医学界公认的具潜在致命性的常见疾病之一,是恶性肿瘤患者,尤其是长期卧床患者的主要合并症.2003至2007年我科共收治恶性肿瘤并发静脉血栓栓塞患者18例,现报告如下.     

全膝关节置换术后应用抗凝药物预防深静脉血栓的临床研究进展

正全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)是当今骨科关节组常见的手术,近年来由于人们对膝关节骨关节炎的重视,以及对生活质量要求的提高,行人工TKA的患者日益增多,随着手术技术的提高,手术治疗效果也越来越好,但是术后发生深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)成为影响手术效果的重要危险因素~([1])。TKA的主要并发症为术后DVT的形成,血管堵塞较轻的患者可出现     

恶性肿瘤相关静脉血栓形成因素及预防研究

静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)是肿瘤发展及抗肿瘤治疗过程中的常见并发症,主要包括深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)和肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE).由于患者肿瘤类型及其它危险因素的差异,其发生率为1%～25%.目前的观察数据显示肿瘤相关血栓形成呈上升趋势.     

恶性淋巴瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞的临床特征及血液学指标检测

目的:了解恶性淋巴瘤（malignant lymphoma,ML）患者并发静脉血栓栓塞（venous thromboembolism ,VTE ）的临床特点及血液学指标变化情况,为预防和治疗ML合并VTE 提供有效依据。方法:回顾性分析2010年10月至2014年4 月江苏大学附属昆山医院收治的65例ML合并VTE 患者的临床资料,观察凝血功能和血液流变学等血栓相关血液学指标。结果:ML合并VTE 患者男女比例为2.6 1:1,主要集中于较晚期的患者,81.54% 病例为ⅢB～Ⅳ期。66.15%（43例）在ML确诊后发现。55例（84.62%）并发深静肿血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis,DVT ）,7 例（10.77%）并发肺栓塞（pulmonary embolism,PE）,仅3 例（4.62%）同时并发DVT和PE。上肢和颈部静脉为DVT 的最常见发生部位,占67.27%（37例）。 ML合并DVT 主要表现为患肢肿胀、胀痛和皮温升高,而PE患者表现为不明原因的呼吸困难、胸痛和晕厥。55例DVT 患者治疗总有效率为49.09%（27例）,而PE患者仅为14.29%（1例）。 与单独ML患者相比,ML合并VTE 患者血小板聚集、D-dimer、血液高切黏度、低切黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞比容、红细胞聚集指数和刚性指数均明显升高,而APTT、血沉、变形指数和血平均流速明显降低。结论:ML合并VTE 多为DVT ,好发于男性,且集中于晚期患者,上肢和颈部静脉为好发部位,患者血液学指标向“易栓状态”变化。      

Silent venous thromboembolism before treatment in endometrial cancer and the risk factors

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) often occurs after surgery and can even occur before surgery in patients with gynaecological malignancies. We investigated the incidence of VTE before treatment of endometrial cancer and associated risk factors. Plasma D-dimer (DD) levels before initial treatment were examined in 171 consecutive patients with endometrial cancer. Venous ultrasound imaging (VUI) of the lower extremities was performed in patients with DD >or=1.5 microg ml(-1), as the negative predictive value of DD for VTE is extremely high. For patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary scintigraphy was performed to ascertain the presence of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Risk factors for VTE were analysed using univariate and multivariate analyses for 171 patients. Of these, 37 patients (21.6%) showed DD >or=1.5 microg ml(-1), 17 (9.9%) displayed DVT by VUI and 8 (4.7%) showed PTE on pulmonary scintigraphy. All patients with VTE were asymptomatic. Univariate analysis for various risk factors revealed older age, non-endometrioid histology and several variables of advanced disease as significantly associated with VTE before treatment. Obesity, smoking and diabetes mellitus were not risk factors. Multivariate analysis confirmed extrauterine spread and non-endometrioid histology as independently and significantly associated with risk of VTE. These data suggest that silent or subclinical VTE occurs before treatment in at least around 10% of patients with endometrial cancer. Risk factors for VTE before treatment might not be identical to those after starting treatment.     

免疫检查点抑制剂治疗相关静脉血栓栓塞症的研究进展

近年来,静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism, VTE)已成为仅次于恶性肿瘤本身的第二位死亡原因。在精准治疗时代,既往标准癌症治疗手段已证实与VTE形成密切相关,如手术、化疗以及抗血管生成靶向治疗等。当代基于程序性死亡受体及其配体(programmed cell death 1 or its ligand, PD-1/PD-L1)或细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4,CTLA4)为治疗靶点的免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs)的应用日趋成为常态并已成为指南推荐。然而,由ICIs诱导的各种非靶向自身免疫表现即免疫相关不良事件(immune-related adverse events, irAEs)不容忽视,其诱导的全身炎症对止血系统的影响迄今尚未得到适当研究。因此,临床医生非常有必要加强对ICIs相关VTE不良事件的认识。本文就ICIs相关VTE的发生率、危险因素、发病机制及临床管理原则等方面进行综述,以期为临床实践中免疫治疗相关静脉血栓的一级预防及精准治...     

妇科肿瘤围手术期并发血栓性疾病30例的临床分析

目的：探讨妇科肿瘤患者围手术期并发血栓性疾病的诊疗措施及相关因素。方法回顾性分析30例妇科肿瘤围手术期并发血栓性疾病患者的临床特征、诊治过程,并根据相关因素提出针对性的预防措施。结果29例深静脉血栓（ DVT）患者给予溶栓、抗凝及祛聚治疗后,28例痊愈,1例左侧下肢伴有轻微下肢功能障碍。1例肺栓塞（ PTE）患者转入心内科治疗后痊愈。大龄女性、静脉血栓史、合并慢性病、恶性肿瘤、术后服用止血药及雌激素、盆腔淋巴结清扫术是妇科肿瘤患者术后并发血栓性疾病的可能危险因素。结论手术前后积极预防,充分评估,早期诊断,及时治疗,可降低妇科肿瘤围手术期血栓性疾病发生的危险,改善并发PTE患者的预后。     

恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞症1例诊治分析

静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）在肿瘤患者中的发病率是非肿瘤患者的6~7倍，并且是肿瘤患者第二常见的致死原因，同时其发病率呈逐年上升趋势。因此，肿瘤患者合并VTE的早期诊断、早期治疗尤为重要。现介绍1例天津医科大学肿瘤医院介入治疗肿瘤科收治的胰腺癌合并下肢深静脉血栓形成患者的诊治经验及多学科讨论，以提高临床工作中对肿瘤患者合并VTE的重视，并注重多学科间的协作治疗。      

Managing cancer patients with acute venous thromboembolism: exploring safe alternatives to hospitalisation

Acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and potentially fatal complication that frequently occurs in cancer patients. Few data are currently available about the optimal management of this category of high-risk patients. In clinical practice, physicians have to deal with many problems related to cancer patients with acute VTE. For instance, cancer patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are frequently admitted to the hospital since their high rate of recurrent thrombotic events and/or bleeding-related therapy; however, most of them would prefer alternatives to prolonged hospitalisation. Then, it is not clearly whether data coming from a non-cancer population (such as that regarding the use of D-dimer test and/or pre-test clinical probability [PCP]), can be reliable applied in cancer patients. Finally, scanty information is present on the feasibility of the "home-treatment program" for DVT in this category of high-risk patients. In our review we present data on a population of cancer patients evaluated at the Emergency Care in whom we have evaluated: 1) the diagnostic accuracy of PCP and D-dimer test; 2) the safety and efficacy of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) as "protective anticoagulation" in case of deferred imaging for VTE and 3) the safety and efficacy of home treatment.     

Risk factors for venous thromboembolic events in cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients of the Department of Internal Medicine (Cancer Research) of the Essen University Medical School (Tumor Clinics), Germany, were examined and questioned with the aim of identifying those who run a high risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 2002 and April 2003, cancer therapy and DVT risk factors of 507 cancer patients (53% males, 47% females, mean age 56+/-12 years) were documented. During a mean follow-up of 8+/-5 months, 60 patients (12%) suffered from new venous thromboembolic events (VTE): 28 at the lower limb, 25 at the upper limb and 13 pulmonary embolisms. RESULTS: The following factors were considered as predictive for an increased VTE risk: inpatient treatment (P<0.0001), prior DVT in medical history (P=0.0275), DVT in family (P=0.0598), chemotherapy (P=0.0080), fever (P=0.0093) and CRP (P<0.001). After combining factors in one variable (number of factors) the predicted VTE risk increased with the number of factors in both outpatients (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.18-2.88, P=0.0071) and inpatients (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.63-3.36, P相似文献   

Ewing’s sarcoma of the fibula presenting with venous thrombosis

Malignancies account for about 20% of incidentally diagnosed venous thromboembolism. Surgery- or chemotherapy-induced risk of thrombosis is also high in patients with cancer. We report on a young male with skeletal Ewing’s sarcoma who presented with deep vein thrombosis in the affected limb, which is quite a rare clinical condition. Venous thrombosis of the lower extremities in young patients should prompt the clinician to search for underlying local malignancies.     

Prophylaxie primaire de la maladie thromboembolique veineuse chez les patients cancéreux ambulatoires traités par les antinéoplasiques

Patients treated with chemotherapy are at a high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolisms (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The evaluation of the risk of VTE is based on the Khorana risk score or the existence of a thrombogenic neoplasia or treatment. Clinical studies based on this prognostic score are expected. Clinical trials show a benefit of primary prophylaxy of venous thromboembolism with low-molecularweight heparins (LMWHs) for myeloma and advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancers, and it is therefore possible to offer it to patient with a low haemorrhagic risk. The place of primary prevention of VTE in patients with locaaly advanced or metastatic pulmonary cancer is still under debate. In other cases systematic primary prophylaxis is not recommended.     

肿瘤并发静脉血栓形成196例临床分析

背景与目的：静脉血栓形成(venous thromboembolism,VTE)是恶性肿瘤患者的第二常见死亡原因。通过了解复旦大学附属肿瘤医院5年间收治的患者VTE的发病情况,分析VTE的相关特点,以提高肿瘤合并VTE的诊断和防治意识,改善患者预后。方法：对复旦大学附属肿瘤医院2009年7月-2014年6月收治的196例肿瘤并发VTE的患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。分析肿瘤并发VTE的临床特点及发病情况,了解相关因素对VTE发病的影响,了解VTE首发情况。结果：复旦大学附属肿瘤医院5年间共收治肿瘤患者207 514例,其中VTE患者196例,肿瘤并发VTE发生率为0.94‰。腺癌在妇科肿瘤(56.5%)、胃肠道肿瘤(91.7%)、肺癌(71.4%)和胰腺癌(80%)中所占比例较高。单变量Logistic回归分析显示,腺癌为肿瘤患者并发肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)的高危险因素(OR=0.36,95%CI：0.146~0.885,P=0.026)。化疗大于2次者明显比化疗小于等于2次者VTE的发生率更高(χ²=10.976,P=0.001)。手术组VTE发生率高于非手术组。妇科肿瘤中有大量腹水者的非手术患者并发VTE者(>2 000 mL)更多(34.1% vs 10.7%,P=0.015)。术后和放化疗期间78%~88%的患者因出现深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)症状发现VTE,而术前检查期间主要是在下肢静脉加压超声(compression venous ultrasonography,CUS)检查发现(59.1%)。复旦大学附属肿瘤医院术后进行物理性预防血栓措施者为15例(13.9%)。结论：复旦大学附属肿瘤医院的肿瘤相关性VTE发生率较其他流行病学调查发生率低。肿瘤患者术后并发VTE的风险明显高于非手术者。腺癌更易并发PE。对于临床无VTE症状的肿瘤患者和大量腹水的妇科肿瘤患者应积极进行VTE的相关检查,术后应更积极采取物理抗栓措施。