鞍区Rathke囊肿的诊断及手术治疗(附13例分析)

目的探讨鞍区Rathke囊肿的诊断和治疗方法。方法对13例Rathke囊肿病例采用单鼻孔蝶窦入路或翼点入路显微外科手术治疗，切除部分囊壁，敞开囊腔，清除囊肿内容物。结果术后随诊6个月～3年，本组症状均有缓解，1例术后1年复发。结论鞍区Radthke囊肿CT、MRI检查无特异性，术前较难明确诊断。经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微外科手术是其有效治疗方法，可以明确诊断，缓解症状。     

Rathke囊肿的临床诊断及外科治疗分析(附7例报告)

目的分析和讨论Rathke囊肿的诊断和显微外科手术治疗方法及效果。方法对2000年5月至2009年6月间经手术和病理证实的7例Rathke囊肿病例,均采用经鼻—蝶窦入路并术中辅助内镜手术治疗。结果 7例Rathke囊肿手术治疗过程均顺利,无并发症发生,无死亡病例,术后患者临床症状均明显好转。术后1～2个月患者激素水平均恢复正常。随访6月至5年无复发。结论 Rathke囊肿术前较难明确诊断,CT与MRI检查有一定特异性,但难以与其它鞍区囊性病变相鉴别。经蝶窦入路显微手术是目前Rathke囊肿的最安全有效的治疗方法。     

鞍区Rathke囊肿的诊断与治疗

目的探讨鞍区Rathke囊肿的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析38例经手术和病理证实的鞍区Rathke囊肿患者的临床资料。结果随诊半年～7年，术后26例头痛患者中24例得到不同程度缓解，24例视力视野障碍患者中22例得到改善。结论鞍区Rathke囊肿临床症状多样，术前明确诊断较困难。MRI检查的诊断价值优于CT。显微外科手术是治疗本病的有效方法。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术治疗鞍区Rathke囊肿（附23例报道）

目的 探讨神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术治疗鞍区Rathke囊肿的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月 至2013年8月神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术治疗的23例鞍区症状性Rathke囊肿的临床资料。结果 术后临床症状均有不同程度改善或消失。术中发生2例脑脊液漏。23例术后均未行辅助放疗,随访3个月到2年,复查CT或MRI仅有1例复发。结论 神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术是治疗鞍区症状性Rathke囊肿的有效方法之一,可以缓解临床症状。     

鞍区Rathke囊肿的诊断及显微手术治疗

目的 探讨鞍区Rathke囊肿的术前诊断和手术治疗。方法 对2000年3月至2007年6月我院收治的21例经手术及术后病理检查证实的Rathke囊肿病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。此21例中。8例男性，13例女性；入院后21例病人均行了头颅CT和MRI检查。鞍区Ratllke囊肿患者临床表现包括头痛、视野缺损及内分泌功能紊乱等。15例经鼻-蝶窦入路，6例经右侧额下入路显微手术切除病变。结果 术前正确诊断为Rathke囊肿11例。其余10例均被误诊。术后随访3个月至5年，患者头痛症状和视力、视野障碍均有改善，术前有内分泌功能障碍者术后63．6％（7／11）得到改善，无复发病例。结论 鞍区Rathke囊肿术前较难明确诊断。MRI检查有助于其鉴别诊断。经蝶窦显微手术是有效的治疗方法。     

鞍区Rathke囊肿的诊断及神经内镜下手术治疗

鞍区Rathke（拉克氏囊肿）囊肿是发生于鞍区Rathke囊袋残余组织发育异常而导致的一种先天性非肿瘤性疾病,自2006年至2009年3月共收治了经手术病理证实有症状的鞍区Rathke囊肿6例,采用内镜经蝶手术,取得良好效果。     

神经内镜经鼻蝶手术治疗Rathke囊肿的疗效观察和治疗体会

目的探讨神经内镜经鼻蝶手术治疗Rathke囊肿的疗效和治疗体会。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年6月江南大学附属医院神经外科(9例)和无锡市第二人民医院神经外科(19例)采用神经内镜经鼻蝶手术治疗的28例Rathke囊肿患者的临床资料。术中均个体化清除囊内容物, 并行鞍底多层次修补。通过患者症状有无缓解、激素水平有无改善及鞍区MRI复查情况评估手术疗效。结果 28例患者的Rathke囊肿均达全切除。14例头痛患者中, 13例术后头痛缓解;9例视力、视野障碍的患者中, 7例术后改善;6例内分泌功能异常的患者中, 5例术后改善。5例患者术后出现一过性皮质醇或甲状腺功能低下, 6例出现尿崩症, 1例出现明显脑脊液漏。无一例发生颅内感染。28例患者的术后随访时间为(18.5±8.8)个月(3～36个月)。至末次随访, 所有患者复查头颅MRI均未见Rathke囊肿复发。结论采用神经内镜经鼻蝶手术治疗Rathke囊肿的疗效和安全性均较好, 术中予以个体化清除囊内容物、多层次鞍底修补, 创伤小且并发症少。     

Rathke囊肿并垂体腺瘤2例报告并文献复习

目的总结垂体腺瘤伴Rathke囊肿的临床特征与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2例经手术病理证实伴有Rathke囊肿的垂体腺瘤病例资料。结合临床特征、影像学表现、手术治疗以及相关文献进行分析。结果 2例病人均经翼点入路行开颅手术,术后病理结果为垂体腺瘤合并Rathke囊肿。1例术后随访13个月复查MRI示未见肿瘤及囊肿复发,1例术后视力较术前好转。结论伴有Rathke囊肿的垂体腺瘤临床罕见,鞍区MRI提示垂体腺瘤旁存在囊性信号应考虑合并Rathke囊肿。临床明确诊断依赖于组织病理学观察及免疫组化标记。对于压迫症状明显且伴有Rathke囊肿的垂体腺瘤可手术治疗。     

垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和手术治疗

目的分析和讨论垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和手术治疗。方法回顾分析41例经手术和病理证实的垂体Rathke囊肿的病例,男性16例,女性25例,平均年龄32.8岁,平均病程为20.6月。主要临床表现包括头痛(62.5%)、垂体功能紊乱(55%)、视功能障碍(32%)等。CT及MR检查发现鞍区囊性肿物。39例采用经口鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术,2例采用开颅手术,切除部分囊壁,敞开囊腔,清除囊肿内容物。结果术前正确诊断为垂体Rathke囊肿的仅为7例,术后随诊3月至8年,头痛病人的症状全部缓解,垂体功能紊乱病人55%得到改善,视功能障碍病人75%得到改善。41例病人术后均无复发。结论垂体Rathke囊肿术前较难明确诊断,MR检查信号呈多样性,无特异性。经口鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术可以明确诊断,缓解症状,患者预后良好,是治疗垂体Rathke囊肿的有效方法。     

垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和显微手术治疗

目的 分析和讨论垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和手术治疗。方法 回顾分析41例经手术和病理证实的垂体Rathke囊肿的病例，男性16例，女性25例，平均年龄32.8岁，平均病程为20.6个月。主要临床表现包括头痛（62.5%)。垂体功能紊乱（55%），视功能障碍（32%）等。CT及MRI检查发现鞍区囊性肿物。39例采用经口鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术，2例采用开颅手术，切除部分囊壁，敞开囊腔，清除囊肿内容物，结果 术前正确诊断为垂体Rathke囊肿的仅为7例。术后随诊3月至8年，头痛患的症状全部缓解，垂体功能紊乱患55%得到改善，视功能障碍患75%得到改善，41例患术后均无复发。结论 垂体Rathke囊肿术前较难明确诊断，MRI检查信号呈多样性，无特异性，经口鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术可以明确诊断，缓解症状，患预后良好，是治疗垂体Rathke囊肿的有效方法。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.