术中放射治疗晚期胰腺癌45例

目的　探讨术中放射治疗 (简称放疗 )对晚期胰腺癌的疗效。方法　使用直线加速器 ,对 1986～ 1997年期间收住我院 ,伴有严重背痛和腹痛的无法切除的晚期胰腺癌患者 45例进行术中放疗。结果　本组患者背痛和腹痛的完全缓解率为 5 6 % ,部分缓解率为 40 %。平均生存期为7 5个月。同期进行的 30例胰腺癌切除患者 ,其平均生存期为 7个月 ,两者差异无显著意义。结论　术中放疗尽管不能明显延长晚期胰腺癌患者的平均生存期 ,但能明显缓解患者的疼痛 ,提高患者的生活质量 ,仍然不失为一种有效的晚期胰腺癌姑息治疗方法。     

Intraoperative radiotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is an innovative treatment approach for cancer of the pancreas. The common causes of treatment failure in pancreatic cancer are regional recurrence and distant metastasis. While at present the benefit of IORT in unresectable pancreatic cancer is still controversial and awaits further prospective trials for its clarification, the experience gathered over a period of 30 years with IORT for pancreatic cancer does suggest that IORT should be part of the adjuvant therapy of surgical resection. A combination with pre- or postoperative external beam radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be beneficial for both resectable and unresectable patients. IORT was shown to be a relatively safe intervention and it notably improved the quality of life of patients with locally advanced pancreatic carcinomas by alleviating their pain. Here, we summarize and discuss the experience reported to date and present our historical analysis of IORT for pancreatic cancer. Received for publication or Sept. 18, 1997; accepted on March 25, 1998     

晚期胰腺癌术中放射治疗的疗效评价

目的 探讨术中放射治疗对晚期胰腺癌的疗效. 方法 对16例晚期胰腺癌患者作姑息性手术加术中放疗,用9-15Mev电子线照射病灶区域,照射20~25 Gy,并与同期未作术中放疗的20例姑息性手术治疗的患者(对照组)进行疗效比较. 结果 术中放疗组腰背痛及腹痛缓解率为93.8%(15/16),对照组腰背痛及腹痛缓解率为40.0%(8/20)(P<0.01),术中放疗组中位生存期为13.5月,对照组为8.6月(P<0.05). 结论 姑息手术联合术中放疗能有效地缓解晚期胰腺癌患者的腰背痛及腹痛,并可延长生存期.     

Intraoperative radiotherapy for head and neck and skull base cancer

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy (IORT) as an adjuvant modality in the treatment of advanced head and neck and skull base cancer. METHODS: Between 1991 and 1996, 34 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) and 10 patients with non-SCCA were enrolled in this prospective nonrandomized clinical trial. Most patients had been previously treated with combinations of surgery, external beam radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The most frequent sites treated were the skull base (56%) and the neck (44%). IORT was delivered in a dedicated operating room suite with energies of 6 to 15 MeV (6 MeV most commonly used) at doses of 12.5 to 22.5 Gy. RESULTS: At 2 years overall and disease-free survival was 32% and 21%, respectively, for the SCCA patients and 50% and 40%, respectively, for the non-SCCA patients. Tumor control rates at 2 years in the IORT field were 46% for the SCCA patients and 52% for the non-SCCA patients. For squamous cell histology, survival in patients with microscopic residual tumor did not differ from those with no residual tumor, but they both had significantly longer disease-free survival than those patients with gross residual at the time of IORT (p =.03), with a trend toward longer overall survival (p =.09). The only complication directly attributable to IORT was a neuropathy in a patient who received an IORT dose of 22.5 Gy (cumulative dose 130.1 Gy). CONCLUSIONS: IORT at a dose of 12.5 Gy is safe and produces tumor control and survival for patients likely to have microscopic residual disease in sites difficult to resect such as the skull base.     

腹腔镜下治疗不可切除胰腺癌(附10例报道)

目的探讨腹腔镜诊断胰腺癌不可切除之后的微创治疗。方法回顾分析10例腹腔镜诊断胰腺癌不可切除后,进一步经腹腔镜微创治疗肿瘤的技术操作和患者恢复情况。结果3例腹腔镜下胃网膜右动脉置入化疗泵和7例无水乙醇注射均成功,肿瘤区域显影良好,无副损伤和并发症,患者早期恢复顺利。结论腹腔镜下胃网膜右动脉置入化疗泵和注射无水乙醇治疗晚期胰腺癌方法简单可靠,对于腹腔镜诊断胰腺癌不可切除的晚期肿瘤患者提供了微创治疗技术。     

放射性125I粒子组织间植入治疗无法切除胰腺癌

目的 探讨术中放射性粒子组织间种植治疗无法切除胰腺癌临床应用的可行性、手术方法和疗效。方法 13例无法切除胰腺癌患者行开腹~(125)I粒子植入治疗。术前根据治疗计划,确定粒子活度和种植粒子个数,肿瘤匹配周边剂量为65-110Gy,每颗粒子活度为0.40-0.5mCi。直视下或超声引导下插入粒子种植针,Mick粒子植入器植入~(125)I粒子,粒子植入数11-38颗。7例患者粒子植入前或后行胃肠或胆肠吻合术。1例患者术后加30Gy外放疗。1例患者术前支架治疗,1例患者术后行支架治疗。结果 随访1-12个月,9例患者术后1-3d疼痛即开始缓解,其中7例患者疼痛完全缓解,2例部分缓解,有效率100％。13例胰腺癌患者中CR4例,PR5例,PD4例。1例出现乳糜瘘,3例患者粒子移位到肝脏。没有出血、胰瘘和胰腺炎等并发症。结论 放射性粒子组织间种植治疗胰腺癌具有安全、有效、创伤小和并发症发病率低等优势,是一种较好的补救治疗手段,值得临床推广。     

机器人手术系统行胰腺癌根治术的疗效分析

目的:探讨机器人手术系统行胰腺癌根治术的有效性、安全性及临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院外科自2010年4月至2013年8月收治并实施达芬奇机器人胰腺癌根治术的26例胰腺导管腺癌病人的临床资料。结果:26例病人中3例因肿瘤侵犯血管及周围脏器或术中分离困难,中转开腹手术。10例胰头癌根治术平均手术时间为(469.3±148.2)min,平均术中出血量为(594.0±304.5)mL;15例胰体尾癌根治术平均手术时间为(182.0±66.3)min,平均术中出血量为(343.3±376.8)mL;1例胰腺中段切除术手术时间为240 min,术中出血150 mL。全组26例清扫淋巴结(4.0±2.1)枚,术后胃肠功能恢复时间为(3.3±1.3)d,术后住院(24.1±12.0)d。10例出现术后并发症,其中胰漏5例,胆漏2例,吻合口出血1例,胰漏合并门静脉血栓形成1例,吻合口出血合并急性肾功能衰竭1例。除1例因术后出血、急性肾衰死亡,1例行栓塞治疗外,其余病人均经保守治疗后痊愈。25例随访时间为(10.8±5.6)(1~40)个月,术后肿瘤复发转移死亡10例,肿瘤局部复发1例。结论:机器人手术系统行胰腺癌根治术安全、可行,手术创伤小、术后恢复快,扩大了机器人手术在胰腺肿瘤治疗上的适用范围。     

联合腹腔干切除在胰体尾癌扩大根治术中的应用

目的 探讨胰体尾联合腹腔干切除在胰体尾癌扩大根治术中的应用及其效果。方法 回顾分析2003-2007年上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院普外科10例胰体尾联合腹腔干切除的临床资料。 结果 胰体尾肿块直径平均（5.0±1.3）cm,中位手术时间320（225～420） min,术中中位出血量900 （500～1500） mL;其中3例行肝总动脉重建。术后4例发生胰漏、乳糜漏、腹腔积液、感染等并发症;其中1例死于术后相关并发症。5例术后出现肝功能异常。9例术后住院时间平均（28.8±13.6）d,术后中位存活时间15个月。术后10例均有轻度腹泻（<5次/d）,多于术后2～6个月自行好转。6例术前有腰背痛、腹痛,其中5例术后疼痛明显缓解。结论 联合腹腔干切除的胰体尾癌扩大根治术是可行、安全的,能够提高胰体尾癌的手术切除率,一定程度延长病人术后生存时间,改善生存质量。     

不能切除肝癌不同方式综合治疗的临床分析——附140例

目的 探讨各种非手术治疗方法对不能切除肝癌的治疗效果和获得二期切除率。方法 回顾性分析我科自1987～1997年间收治140例不能一期手术切除的原发性肝癌病例。按不同的外科非手术治疗,分成两大组。观察其二期切除率与1、2、3、5年生存率和中位生存期。结果 单方法组的二期切除率7.32％(6/82),综合治疗组为24.14％(14/58)(P<0.01)。单方法组的1、2、3、5年生存率和中位生存期分别为56.1％、35.4％、17.0％、4.6％,17.19月;多方法组分别为73.7％、57.9％、32.8％、8.8％,26.04月。20例获得二期切除(14.3％),二期切除组的1、2、3、5年生存率和中位生存期分别为95.0％、90％、63.5％、32.9％,46.29月。非二期切除组分别为58.3％、38.3％、17.6％、5.5％,23.47月。结论 不能手术切除肝癌病人经预治疗后,可获二期切除,有助于延长生存期。以化疗栓塞为主的多种方法联合治疗更有效提高二期切除率和延长生存期。     

胰腺癌立体定向放射治疗的临床疗效

目的 探讨立体定向放射治疗胰腺癌的近期疗效.方法 :对我院采用立体定向放射治疗107例胰腺癌患者的临床资料及随访情况进行回顾分析.结果 :治疗后症状缓解86例(86/95),107例患者中95例有疼痛或黄疸症状,2~3个月CT复查93例,肿瘤消失8例(占8.6%),肿瘤缩小34例(占36.5%),肿瘤稳定38例(占40.8%),肿瘤较治疗前增大13例(占13.9%).血液肿瘤标记物CEA、CA19-9较治疗前降低.治疗过程中胃肠道反应发生率达29.5%.生存时间1年以上有31例(31/46,67.4%).结论 :胰腺癌的立体定向放射治疗近期疗效显著,是一种安全、可靠的治疗方法.     

未能切除的胰腺癌行区域性导向化疗临床应用报告

自１９８９－１９９２年间，作者共收治胰腺癌１９０例，其中有１５９例未能切除，对其中３０例采用了区域性导向化疗，即在手术中经胃网膜石动脉逆行置管至胃十二指肠动脉，术后经该导管注入５－ＦＵ等化疗药物，一般每日２５０ｍｇ，共达１－２个月。根据随诊的１０８例按手术方式分为Ａ组单纯探查２４例，Ｂ组单纯胆肠转流５４例，Ｃ组单纯探查加区域性化疗１８例，Ｄ组胆肠转流加区域性化疗１２例。中位期分别为Ａ组３．５个月，     

Prophylactic pylorus-preserving gastric transposition in unresectable carcinoma of the pancreatic head

Patients with unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas head often present with intestinal obstruction during their disease, but the efficacy of a prophylactic gastrointestinal anastomosis is still under debate. Some investigators consider the population of patients who eventually develop this complication too small to justify the prophylactic use of this procedure. When done prophylactically, the gastrointestinal anastomosis tends not to function and close. Other surgeons have proposed supplementing the gastric bypass using technique alternatives. To demonstrate the low morbidity, the feasibility, and the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure, we report our personal experience with transection of the duodenum and re-establishment of the continuity of the alimentary tract with a duodenojejunal anastomosis performed in 34 patients.     

Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a systematic review

BackgroundThe prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is extremely poor. The clinical outcome of preoperative radiotherapy (RT) is still controversial. This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of combined neoadjuvant RT and hepatectomy with hepatectomy alone for HCC with PVTT.MethodsComprehensive database searches were performed in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and the Web of Science to retrieve studies published from the database creation to July 1, 2020. Only comparative studies that measured survival between neoadjuvant RT followed by hepatectomy and hepatectomy alone were included. The characteristics of the included studies and patients were extracted, and the included data are presented as relative ratio (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all outcomes. The RRs of each study were pooled using a fixed or random effects model with Review Manager (the Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) version 5.3. The response rate to RT and the overall survival (OS) rate in neoadjuvant RT followed by hepatectomy and hepatectomy alone were measured.ResultsOne randomized and two non-randomized controlled trials with 302 patients were included. Most patients were classified as Child-Pugh A, and Type II and III PVTT were the most common types. After RT, 29 (22.8%) patients were evaluated as partial response (PR) and had a positive RT response, but nine (7.1%) had progressive disease (PD). Neoadjuvant RT followed by hepatectomy was received by 127 (42.1%) patients after excluding 15 (5.0%) patients with severe complications or PD after RT, and 160 (53.0%) patients received hepatectomy alone. In the randomized controlled trial (RCT), the 1-year OS rate in the neoadjuvant RT group and the surgery alone group was 75.2% and 43.1%, respectively (P<0.001). In the two non-randomized studies, a meta-analysis with a fixed effects model showed a longer OS in patients undergoing neoadjuvant RT followed by hepatectomy compared with hepatectomy alone at 1-year follow-up (RR =2.02; 95% CI: 1.45–2.80; P<0.0001).ConclusionsThis systematic review showed that neoadjuvant RT followed by hepatectomy in patients with resectable HCC and PVTT was associated with a longer OS than patients who received hepatectomy alone.     

Aggressive resection for advanced pancreatic carcinoma

An aggressive pancreatectomy was performed on a 53 year old Japanese man with advanced cancer of the pancreas. The tumor originated from the body of the pancreas and invaded the stomach, duodenum, left kidney, transverse colon and common hepatic artery. An unexpected cancer was also found in the head of the pancreas during the operation. Therefore, total pancreatectomy, total gastrectomy, left adrenonephrectomy, resection of the left transverse colon and dissection of the regional lymph nodes were performed. Resection of the common hepatic artery was also performed, followed by an end-to-end anastomosis between the common hepatic artery and celiac trunk. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was doing well until nine months after the operation when multiple metastatic lesions were noted in the liver. He died 391 days after the operation from hepatic failure.     

Results of surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer

We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 34 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent resection between January 1988 and December 1996. Adjuvant radiotherapy was performed in 24 patients, with 13 receiving both intra- and postoperative radiotherapy, 2 receiving postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) alone, and 9 receiving intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) alone. The 1- and 3-year survival rates for all 34 patients were 59% and 19%, respectively, with a median survival of 13 months. At the time of the analysis, three patients were still alive. Recurrence patterns were assessed in 25 patients who had had no distant metastases at the time of surgery, had survived more than 3 months after surgery, and had undergone close surveillance for recurrence. Based on computed tomography (CT) and autopsy findings, a total of 15 (60%) of these 25 patients had local recurrence, 13 (52%) had liver metastases, and 8 (32%) had both. Eight (62%) of the 13 patients who received IORT and/or PORT developed local recurrence, and we failed to detect any survival advantage of IORT and/or PORT over surgery alone. However, autopsies revealed a suppressive effect of radiation on cancer growth, and local recurrence was not considered to be the direct cause of death in any of the patients, nor did any of the patients develop gastrointestinal obstruction due to local recurrence. The incidence of liver metastasis in the patients with and without tumor invasion of the portal system was 80% (8/10) and 33% (5/15), respectively. The patients who did not develop liver metastasis had significantly longer survivals than who did. Further improvements of survival await effective prophylactic treatment for liver metastases. Received for publication on July 4, 1997; accepted on Aug. 27, 1997     

Intraoperative electron beam irradiation for patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma.

Since 1978 we have used electron beam intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) to deliver higher radiation doses to pancreatic tumors than are possible with external beam techniques while minimizing the dose to the surrounding normal tissues. Twenty-nine patients with localized, unresectable, pancreatic carcinoma were treated by electron beam IORT in combination with conventional external radiation therapy (XRT). The primary tumor was located in the head of the pancreas in 20 patients, in the head and body in six patients, and in the body and tail in three. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in 23 of the 29 patients. The last 13 patients have received misonidazole (3.5 mg/M2) just prior to IORT (20 Gy). At present 14 patients are alive and 11 are without evidence of disease from 3 to 41 months after IORT. The median survival is 16.5 months. Eight patients have failed locally in the IORT field and two others failed regionally. Twelve patients have developed distant metastases, including five who failed locally or regionally. We have seen no local recurrences in the 12 patients who have been treated with misonidazole and have completed IORT and XRT while 10 of 15 patients treated without misonidazole have recurred locally. Because of the shorter follow-up in the misonidazole group, this apparent improvement is not statistically significant. Fifteen patients (52%) have not had pain following treatment and 22 (76%) have had no upper gastrointestinal or biliary obstruction subsequent to their initial surgical bypasses and radiation treatments. Based on the good palliation generally obtained, the 16.5-month median survival, and the possible added benefit from misonidazole, we are encouraged to continue this approach.     

Intraoperative local adjuvant cancer chemotherapy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus

Two forms of effective, supplemental, intraoperative chemotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus have been devised, i.e., Bleomycin (BLM)-Spongel aimed at prevention of a local recurrence and trans-lymphnodal administration of BLM for prevention of recurrence in the intramediastinal lymph nodes. Fifty-one patients given one or both of these local cancer chemotherapy had a lower incidence of local and/or lymph node recurrence in twelve months after surgery than did the controls. As both procedures are simple and there are few adverse effects, further application of this form of chemotherapy is warranted.     

Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection for pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: a case report

Introduction We report a case of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) for the treatment of pancreatic head metastasis from renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Case report The patient was a 59-year-old male with a medical history of RCC 18 years ago. Abdominal imaging studies revealed a hypervascular mass localized in the pancreatic head without distant metastasis or tumor invasion into the adjacent organs including the common bile duct and duodenum. Under the preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic metastasis from RCC, the tumor was completely resected by DPPHR. The pathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed the preoperative diagnosis. Conclusion As lymph node metastasis has been rarely reported in previous cases of pancreatic metastasis from RCC, DPPHR should be considered as a less invasive surgical option to provide a favorable postoperative quality of life (QOL).     

Intraoperative echography for hepatic resection

Basic intraoperative ultrasonographic techniques for safe and accurate hepatic resection are described, with particular reference to understanding the locational relationships between tumors and intrahepatic vascular structures, echo guidance for needle puncture, portal area staining, orientation of the transected hepatic plane, evaluation of all tumors to be removed in the resected specimen, and assessment of blood flow and patency of reconstructed vessels. The use of this approach and the consequent selection of the most appropriate surgical techniques for the removal of multiple metastatic liver tumors are then described in three case reports.