不同避孕方法与育龄妇女贫血关系的现况研究

目的 了解江苏省农村育龄妇女的贫血状况并探讨不同避孕方法与贫血的关系。方法 资料来源于江苏省避孕药具不良反应监测点的基线调查，用非条件Logistic回归模型分析贫血的影响因素。结果 (1)江苏省农村育龄妇女的贫血患病率为42．54％。(2)贫血的危险因素为经济欠发达地区、年龄≥35岁(OR=1．125，95％CI：1．019～1．242)、月经周期≤24d(OR=1．489，95％CI：1．198～1．850)、多产次(OR=1．230，95％CI：1．125～1．346)、使用宫内节育器(OR=1．153，95％CI：1．047～1．269)；贫血的保护因素为：体重指数≥25kg／m^2(OR=0．693，95％CI：0．624～0．770)、非农民职业(OR=0．862，95％CI：0．776～0．957)、月经量少(OR=0．805，95％CI：0．744～0．871)。结论 农村育龄妇女的贫血患病率较高，已经成为严重的公共卫生问题；使用宫内节育器为贫血的影响因素．使用前应进行对象筛检。     

广州市大学生戒烟影响因素分析

目的了解广州市大学生戒烟情况及影响因素。方法采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,于2012年5月对广州市6所大学1～4年级学生进行问卷调查,采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析戒烟的影响因素。结果共调查11593人,戒烟人数360,戒烟率33．77％;女性戒烟率（43．24％）高于男性（32．24％）;家庭平均月收入、学生月生活费及父亲文化程度越高,学生戒烟率越低;城职户籍学生戒烟率低于农村户籍;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示戒烟的影响因素为：性别（OR=0．362,959CI：0．240—0．547）、学校（OR医学类与理工类=5．275,95％CI：2．872～9．689）、月生活费（OR〈500与〉12000=7．115,95％CI：2．538～19．945）、户籍（OR本省外市与本市=1．597,95％CI：1．044～2．442）、吸烟知识（OR=1．407,95％CI：1．047～1．891）、压力（OR无与中、重=0．503,95％CI：0．278～0．912）。结论吸烟大学生戒烟与否受多种客观因素的影响,需要社会、学校和家长联合对大学生开展控烟宣传教育以及加强管理工作,促使吸烟学生尽早改变吸烟行为。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病危险因素病例对照研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）发病的相关危险因素，为开展COPD的一级预防提供依据。方法采用按年龄±3岁进行1：1配比的病例一对照研究方法，对435例来源于2003年1月-2006年4月某市级医院的COPD患者及其对照者应用条件Logistic回归进行危险因素分析。结果单因素分析结果显示，性别（OR=1．802，95％CI：1．385--2．346）、药物过敏史（OR=4．346，95％CI：2．838～6．657）、吸烟（OR=2．857，95％CI：2．145～3．807）、吸烟年限〉10a（OR=2．719。95％CI：2．041～3．621）、日吸烟量〉10支（OR=2．250，95％CI：1．601～3．161）、开始吸烟年龄≤20岁（0R=1．909，95％CI：1．140。3．198）、吸烟指数大于300年支（OR=2．241，95％CI：1．645-3．054）和高血糖（OR=2．469，95％CI：1．772～3．441）为COPD的危险因素。多因素分析结果显示，性别（OR=1．595，95％CI：1．124～2．264）、药物过敏史（OR=4．029，95％（CI：2．411～6．735）、吸烟（OR：2．635，95％CI：1．844～3．764）和高血糖（OR=2．390，95％CI：1．632-3．502）为COPD的危险因素。结论男性、药物过敏史、吸烟和高血糖为COPD的主要危险因素。     

城市一般人群艾滋病相关知识、态度及其影响因素调查

目的 了解城市一般人群对艾滋病知识的认识、态度情况。以确定城市一般人群艾滋病知识水平及其影响因素，为今后在一般人群中采取针对性的艾滋病知识宣传策略提供依据。方法 于2002年12月1日在广州市商业区采用街头随机拦截的方式，对一般人群采用匿名自填问卷的方法调查其艾滋病相关知识和态度。结果 本次调查共发放问卷200份，收回有效问卷147份。结果显示，艾滋病知识总知晓率为63．3％；传播途径知识总知晓率为59．2％；预防知识知晓率为46．9％；对艾滋病感染／患正确态度率为49．7％。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，艾滋病知识知晓率的影响因素为年龄、性别、化程度和婚姻状况。30～39岁年龄组(OR=0．101，95％CI：0．015～0．678)和40岁及以上年龄组(OR=0．060，95％CI：0．007～0．498)艾滋病知识总知晓率低于15～20岁年龄组；女性艾滋病知识知晓率(OR=0．230，95％CI：0．099～0．532)低于男性；化程度初中(OR=14．161。95％CI：2．195～91．364)、高中(OR=23．455，95％CI：4．568～120．434)、大专以上(OR=35．378,95％CI:6．001～208．571)艾滋病知识知晓率高于小学及以下组；已婚(OR=5．761，95％CI：1．589～20．893)高于未婚。结论 目前城市一般人群的艾滋病知识水平仍然很低，因此应进一步加强对一般人群的艾滋病知识的宣传，尤其是针对化程度低、未婚及女性人群开展艾滋病知识的宣传教育。     

婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻危险因素的病例对照研究

目的研究婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻的影响因素。方法按1：1配对原则，分别选取74例社区对照和63例医院对照进行多重病例对照研究。结果母乳喂养期在6个月以内的婴儿(OR=0．147，95％CI=0．028～0．764)、住房的面积大(OR=0．22．95％CI：0．09～0．54)感染轮状病毒的危险性较小；但12个月后更长时间的母乳喂养(OR=3．278，95％CI：1．554～6．931)、母亲年龄较小(OR=41．89，95％CI：2．56～68．6；OR=12．77，95％CI：1．58～103)、老人看护(OR=11．39，95％CI：2～65．31)、经常抱孩子外出(OR=2．676，95％CI：1．042～6．821)会增加轮状病毒腹泻的感染率。结论母乳喂养在一定程度上可减少婴儿轮状病毒腹泻的发生，但喂养时间不宜过长；与外界环境接触机会增多。可能是导致轮状病毒腹泻的主要危险因素。     

心理压力及疲劳对大学生不同吸烟行为的影响

目的研究心理压力及疲劳对大学生不同吸烟行为的影响。方法采用整群抽样法抽取某大学1～3年级在校大学生8138名，以自填式结构问卷调查学生的心理压力、自身和同伴吸烟情况及社会经济学指标，Chalder疲劳量表测量其躯体和精神疲劳。以“从未吸烟者”作为对照组，分别以“尝试吸烟者”和“现吸烟者”作为病例组，进行Multinomial logistic回归分析心理压力及疲劳对大学生不同吸烟行为的影响。结果进入大学后仍有学生尝试或形成吸烟行为。调整社会经济学指标和同伴吸烟行为的影响后，躯体疲劳（OR=1．044，95％CI：1．013～1．075）、对学业和未来工作的担心（OR=1．020，95％CI：1．001～1．040）是男生尝试吸烟的危险因素；学习压力（OR=1．063，95％CI：1．012～1．117）是女生尝试吸烟的危险因素；人际与环境压力（OR=1．152，95％CI：1．012～1．312）是女生现吸烟的危险因素。结论心理压力及疲劳和大学生吸烟行为存在一定程度的关联，且对不同性别和不同吸烟行为的影响是不同的。     

浙江省宁波市江北区居民慢性病知信行现状调查及影响因素分析

目的目的调查宁波市江北区居民的慢性病相关知识、信念、行为情况,分析影响居民行为习惯的相关因素,探索适宜的慢性病防治措施。方法采用两阶段随机抽样方法抽取8个街道（镇）2354名常住居民进行人户面对面问卷调查。结果居民知信行水平总体不高,但对高血压相关知识知晓率较高。慢性病防治知识途径中对医务人员咨询和讲座需求率达52．3％和43．6％;对知信行总分的影响因素为性别（OR=1．243,95％ CI：1．053～1．466）、年龄（OR=1．232,95％CI：1．151—1．320）、文化程度（OR=0．741,95％CI：0．691—0．796）;健康知识得分高低影响健康态度（OR=3．545,95％CI：2．741—4．586）和行为（OR=1．797,95％CI：1．457—2．215）。结论应以慢性病危险因素知识教育为突破,开展慢性病高危人群干预工作;在现有健康教育基础上,开展针对不同人群的个体化健康教育和行为干预。     

北京市公务员工作及生活方式与慢性病患病关系研究

目的 了解北京市公务员工作状况、生活方式和慢性病患病现状及其关系.方法 采取分层整群抽样的方法,在北京市选取了朝阳、丰台、西城3个区,每个区随机抽取了1～2家公务员单位,并对抽中单位中的18 ～60岁的所有在职工作人员开展问卷调查.结果 共调查公务人员1106人,调查对象慢性病总体患病率为17.3％,其中,男性患病率20.5％,女性患病率为13.1％.多因素Logistic分析结果显示,男性与女性相比,患慢性病风险更大（OR=1.739,95％ CI：1.028 ～2.505）;与未婚人群相比,已婚（OR=4.738,95％ CI：2.255～9.953）、离婚或者丧偶者（OR=10.034,95％ CI：3.709 ～ 27.145）慢性病患病的风险更大;与无特殊饮食偏好的人相比,膳食偏咸的人患慢性病风险更大（OR=1.734,95％ CI：1.028～2.925）.结论 公务员群体慢性病患病率较低,慢性病患病情况与性别、婚姻状况、膳食习惯相关,与工作状况关系不大.     

南京市人群DNA修复基因XRCC1多态性与肺癌易感性的关系

[目的]研究碱基切除修复基因XRCC1多态性与南京市人群肺癌易感性的关系。[方法]采用配对病例．对照研究，收集南京籍原发性肺癌患者104例为病例组，同时按1：1配对选择非肿瘤、非呼吸道疾病患者104例为对照组，并进行流行病学调查。应用PCR-RFLP方法分析了病例组和对照组的XRCC1基因Arg194Trp和Arg399Gln两个位点的多态性，比较不同基因型与肺癌易感性的关系，以及基因多态性与吸烟之间对肺癌易感性的交互作用。[结果]携带399Gln等位基因的个体其肺癌危险性增高(OR=1．790，95％CI=1．033～3．103，P=0．038)，且主要增加患鳞癌的危险(OR=2．426，95％CI=1．123～5．237，P=0．023)；并与吸烟指数≥20的有一定的协同作用(OR=2．536，95％CI=1．043～6．165)。Arg194Trp与肺癌危险性之间未见显著性相关(0R=1．040，95％CI=0．600～1．805)。[结论]碱基切除修复基因XRCC1的多态性可能会对肺癌易感性产生影响，并可能与吸烟量之间存在一定的协同作用。     

中国农村人群高血压危险因素的meta分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨中国农村人群高血压发病的主要危险因素,为今后防治提供依据。方法以高血压、农村、危险因素等为主题词或关键词,检索1998—2013年发表的有关中国农村人群高血压发病危险因素的病例对照研究,按照文献纳入与排除标准选择文献、评价质量,提取数据,采用RevMan5．1软件进行meta分析。结果共17篇文献符合条件纳入研究,meta分析结果表明各危险因素的合并OR值及95％a分别为：年龄（OR=1．07,95％CI：1．06—1．08）、BMI（OR=1．36,95％CI=1,27～1．45）、高血压家族史（OR=1．79,95％CI=1．34—2．39）、吸烟（OR=1．20,95％CI=1．07～1．34）、饮酒（OR=1．20,95％CI=1．14—1．27）、嗜盐（OR：1．28,95％CI=1．17—1．41）、高脂肪摄入（OR=1．17,95％CI=1．05—1．31）、文化程度高（OR：0．78,95％CI=0．71～0．87）、经济收入高（OR=0．90,95％CI=0．86—0．94）、锻炼（OR=0．81．95％CI=0．69～0．94）、腰臀比（OR=1．51,95％CI=1．2—1．89）、性别（OR：1．28,95％Cl=1．15-1．42）。结论高血压家族史、腰臀比、BMI、嗜盐、性别、吸烟、饮酒、高脂肪摄入、年龄为中国农村人群高血压发病的危险因素,文化程度高、锻炼、经济收入高则为保护性因素。     

Correlates of smoking in pregnant women in six Brazilian cities

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of smoking in pregnant women sampled from hospitals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 5,539 pregnant women aged 20 or more who sought medical attention in prenatal clinics of affiliate hospitals of the Brazilian National Health System in the cities of Manaus, Fortaleza, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, S?o Paulo, and Porto Alegre from 1991 to 1995. Interviews were conducted using a standardized questionnaire that covered sociodemographics and smoking habits before and during pregnancy. Current smoking was defined as smoking at least one cigarette/day, former smoking as reporting having smoked at least one cigarette/day but having quit, and never smoking as never having smoked one cigarette/day. RESULTS: Smoking during pregnancy was associated with lower education (OR=2.13; CI 95%: 1.76-2.57) and greater parity (OR=1.84; CI 95%: 1.53-2.21). Positive associations were also found with increased gestational age and alcohol consumption. No significant association was found with skin color or occupation status. A protective effect was observed for women married or living with a partner (OR=0.55 CI 95%: 0.42-0.72). Having Manaus' women as a reference, Porto Alegre's women showed the greatest risk for smoking in pregnancy (OR=5.00; CI 95%: 3.35-7.38), followed by S?o Paulo's (OR=3.42; CI 95%: 2.25-5.20), Rio de Janeiro (OR=2.53; CI 95%: 1.65-3.88) and Fortaleza's (OR=2.56; CI 95%: 1.74-3.78). CONCLUSIONS: The study findings are similar to those described in the literature regarding education, parity, and marital status. However, no association with skin color was seen in the multivariate analysis. Former smokers had sociodemographic characteristics more similar to non-smokers than former smokers.     

Age and race/ethnicity-gender predictors of denying smoking, United States

Smoking is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases. Nearly all studies collecting smoking data use self-reports, which are very rarely validated. We identified 15,182 adults 18 years or older in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Denying smoking, the main outcome, was defined as cotinine-determined smokers self-reporting non-smoking. Multiple logistic regression modeling took into account the complex survey design and sample weights. Age and race/ethnicity-gender categories predicted denying smoking. Smokers denying smoking ranged from 0.0% for elderly (75 years and older) Mexican-American women to 67.8% for elderly non-Hispanic Black women. Among elderly smokers, non-Hispanic Black women were more likely to deny smoking than both non-Hispanic White women (odds ratio (OR) = 8.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1-38.3) and non-Hispanic Black men (OR=21.4 95% CI: 4.3-107.2). This U.S. population-based study of age-specific race/ethnicity-gender predictors of denying smoking suggests caution in interpreting smoking-related survey data.     

Cigarette smoking among medical college students in Wuhan, People's Republic of China.

BACKGROUND: This study examined cigarette smoking among a sample of medical college students in Wuhan, People's Republic of China. Specific cultural factors associated with cigarette smoking in China were discussed and issues which need to be studied in the future are presented. METHODS: A self-administrated questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,611 medical students in 1995. Smoking status was based on self-reported use of cigarettes within the preceding 180 days. Information about demographic characteristics, home residence, annual family income, and smoking status of family members was also obtained. RESULTS: A total of 1,540 (1,201 males and 339 females) completed and returned the questionnaires (response rate 95.6%). None of the 339 female students surveyed reported cigarette smoking. A total of 37.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 35.0-40.5%) of the male medical students were current smokers, and 5. 3% (95% CI = 4.0-6.6%) were former smokers. The mean age of beginning to smoke was 16.5 years (95% CI = 8.7-24.3 years). The major reasons for first smoking were stress (42.8%, 95% CI = 38.2-47. 4%), curiosity (34.4%, 95% CI = 29.6-38.4%), and loneliness (33.7%, 95% CI = 28.7-37.4%). Multivariate analyses suggested that age, college year, and having a family member who smoked were significantly associated with cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated a need to provide comprehensive tobacco use prevention programs among medical students.     

甘肃省15～69岁现在吸烟者戒烟意愿及影响因素

  目的  了解甘肃省现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿以及影响因素,为烟草防控工作提供科学依据。  方法  采用多阶段抽样方法,随机抽取15~69岁现在吸烟者作为调查对象。采用《全国居民吸烟情况调查问卷》开展面对面调查,分析不同特征现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿,采用Logistic回归分析模型分析现在吸烟者戒烟意愿的影响因素。  结果  甘肃省现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿为16.4%（95%CI:15.5%~17.3%）,农村地区（OR=1.199,95%CI:1.022~1.408,P=0.026）、家中禁止吸烟（OR=1.767,95%CI:1.273~2.454,P=0.001）、12个月内就医时医务人员劝阻吸烟（OR=1.599,95%CI:1.359~1.842,P < 0.001）、去过戒烟门诊（OR=3.089,95%CI:2.031~4.698,P < 0.001）、初中、高中、大专及以上文化程度（OR=1.383,95%CI:1.101~1.736;OR=1.627,95%CI:1.252~2.116;OR=1.374,95%CI:1.009~1.873,均有P < 0.05）、高烟草危害知识得分为1~,3~,5~6（OR=1.248,95%CI:1.030~1.514;OR=1.574,95%CI:1.289~1.922;OR=2.288,95%CI:1.879~2.786,均有P < 0.05）是现在吸烟者戒烟意愿的促进因素;年龄20~、30~岁组以及烟龄20~、30~年是现在吸烟者戒烟意愿的阻碍因素。  结论  甘肃省现在吸烟者戒烟意愿总体不高,今后应进一步在全社会普及烟草危害知识,加强医务人员戒烟服务能力培训,在诊疗过程中开展戒烟服务,同时应鼓励和支持医疗机构加快戒烟门诊建设。     

Psychological distress and depressed mood in employees with asthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema: A population-based observational study on prevalence and the relationship with smoking cigarettes

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if employees with asthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema can be characterized as a population of patients with a high prevalence of psychological distress and/or depressed mood. Above all, we wanted to examine the influence of smoking status on the relationship between chronic disease and psychological distress/depressed mood. METHODS: A postal survey was conducted among 12,103 employees participating in the Maastricht Cohort Study. RESULTS: Smoking employees, who reported having asthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema were more likely to report suffering from depressed mood compared to smokers with no long-lasting disease (prevalence rate, PR: 29.3 and 9.0%, respectively; OR for depressed mood = 4.04; 95% CI: 2.56-6.39) and when compared to smoking employees with a history of heart disease, hypertension or myocardial infarction (PR: 18.1%; OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.07-3.68), or rheumatoid arthritis (PR: 20.1%; OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 0.96-3.11). CONCLUSION: These findings provide health care professionals with additional evidence regarding the importance for including the assessment of psychological distress and depressed mood in the routine evaluation of the patient with asthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, especially with regard to smoking cessation.     

Smoking status and health-related quality of life: as findings from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between smoking status and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). DESIGN: Our study used a cross-sectional analysis with self-reported data from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). SETTING: United States. SUBJECTS: Subjects were a representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years and older. After excluding respondents who reported being pregnant and for whom smoking status could not be determined, we included 209,031 respondents. MEASURES: Multiple logistic regressions were performed to examine the associations of smoking status with the four HRQOL items, controlling for demographic and health-related characteristics. RESULTS: Current smokers had a higher likelihood of reporting poor general health status compared with nonsmokers and ex-smokers. Compared with nonsmokers, current smokers had a higher likelihood of reporting > or = 14 days of poor physical health (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51-1.77), poor mental health (OR = 1.99, 95% Cl = 1.84-2.16), and activity limitations (OR = 1.80, 95% Cl = 1.63-2.00). Similarly, compared with ex-smokers, current smokers had a higher likelihood of reporting > or = 14 days of poor physical health (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.19-1.42), poor mental health (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.50-1.81), and activity limitations (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.32-1.65). Age, income, and presence of comorbidities also significantly explained variation in HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reaffirms the significant association between smoking and HRQOL in a large nationally representative sample. Poor health associated with smoking persists as a major public health problem, and effective preventive and smoking cessation efforts should be undertaken.     

Nondaily smokers should be asked and advised to quit

BACKGROUND: Nondaily smokers are a growing subpopulation of smokers. Current cessation guidelines were developed for daily smokers, and how clinicians might help nondaily smokers is not clear. METHODS: Analyzing the 2000 National Health Interview Survey in 2004, we compared characteristics of nondaily smokers with never smokers and daily smokers. We used multivariate logistic regression to compare predictors of wanting to quit in 6 months between nondaily and daily smokers. RESULTS: About one in five current smokers was a nondaily smoker. Nondaily smokers reported better health than daily smokers, but had some health status indicators suggesting worse health than never smokers. Nondaily smokers were more likely to want to quit (odds ratio [OR]=1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.10-1.56) than daily smokers, but were less likely to report a physician having asked about tobacco use (41% vs 50%, p<0.0001) or advised quitting (31% vs 41%, p<0.0001). In both nondaily and daily smokers, physician advice (nondaily OR=1.50, 95% CI=1.03-2.2; daily OR=1.58, 95% CI=1.32-1.89), and the belief that secondhand smoke harms others (nondaily OR=1.48, 95% CI=1.04-2.1; daily OR=1.80, 95% CI=1.56-2.1), predicted wanting to quit. Higher-educated nondaily smokers were less likely to want to quit (OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.32-0.91), unlike in daily smokers (OR=1.48, 95% CI=1.15-1.89). Latino nondaily smokers were less likely (OR=0.43, 95% CI=0.30-0.64) than whites, and African-American daily smokers were more likely (OR=1.27, 95% CI=1.04-1.55) than whites, to want to quit. CONCLUSIONS: While daily smokers may seem a higher cessation priority, nondaily smokers may be more likely to quit with brief interventions. Cessation messages should address health risks of any smoking, ethnic differences, smoke-free messages, and situational triggers.     

Smoking health professional student: an attitudinal challenge for health promotion?

Tobacco is a major preventable cause of premature morbidity and mortality. Health professionals are uniquely positioned to provide targeted interventions and should be empowered to provide cessation counselling that influence patient smoking. A cross-sectional national survey was administered to all third year students in four disciplines at the University of Malta. The Global Health Professional Student Survey (GHPSS) questionnaire was distributed to collect standardised demographic, smoking prevalence, behavioural, and attitudinal data. 81.9% completed the questionnaire (n = 173/211). A positive significant association between tobacco smoke exposure at home and current smoking status was identified. Non-smokers regarded anti-tobacco policies more favourably than smokers, being more likely to agree with banning of tobacco sales to adolescents (OR 3.6; 95% CI: 2.5-5.3; p ≤ 0.001); and with a smoking ban in all public places (OR 8.9; 95% CI: 6.1-13.1; p ≤ 0.001). Non-smokers favoured a role for health professionals in promoting smoking cessation (OR 5.1; 95% CI: 3.1-8.5; p ≤ 0.001). Knowledge of antidepressants as tools for smoking cessation was also associated with a perceived role for skilled health professionals in cessation counselling (OR 4.9; 95% CI: 1.8-13.3; p = 0.002). Smoking negatively influences beliefs and attitudes of students toward tobacco control. There is a need to adopt a standard undergraduate curriculum containing comprehensive tobacco prevention and cessation training to improve their effectiveness as role models.     

Cigarette smoking behavior among US Latino men and women from different countries of origin

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to compare smoking behavior among Latino men and women from different countries of origin. METHODS: A telephone-administered survey was conducted in 8 cities with Latino men and women of different national origin living in census tracts with at least 70% Latino individuals. RESULTS: A total of 8882 participants completed the survey; 53% were women. The average age of respondents was 44 years; 63% were foreign-born, and 59% preferred Spanish for the interview. Current smoking was more prevalent among men (25.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 23.7, 26.3) than among women (12.1%, 95% CI = 11.1, 13.0). Smoking rates were not significantly different by national origin among men, but Puerto Rican women had higher rates of smoking than other women. Central American men and women had the lowest smoking rates. Foreign-born respondents were less likely to be smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.66, 0.90) than US-born respondents, and respondents with 12 years or less of education had an increased odds of smoking (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.35). High ac culturation was associated with more smoking in women (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.00-1.25) and less smoking in men (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.78-0.95). Puerto Rican and Cuban respondents were more likely to be current smokers and to smoke more than 20 cigarettes per day. CONCLUSIONS: Older, US-born, and more-educated respondents were less likely to be current smokers. Respondents of Puerto Rican and Cuban origin were more likely to smoke. Acculturation has divergent effects on smoking behavior by sex.     

Factors associated with smoking progression among Spanish adolescents

Smoking onset takes place in the early years of adolescence, and can be seen as a progression through stages of preparation, trying, experimentation, regular smoking and nicotine dependence or addiction. The objective of this study is to identify 1-year predictors of smoking consolidation among occasional smokers (experimenters) and of cessation among all smokers. A questionnaire developed to monitor trends in smoking and other health-related behaviors was administered in the spring of 1992 and again 1 year later (1993). The survey was carried out in six large, private schools in Barcelona and Raimat, in the Lleida province, in Catalonia (Spain). In total, 1460 schoolchildren aged 12-19 responded to both the baseline and follow-up questionnaires; 1236 questionnaires (84.7%) were matched through a personal code and were used for the longitudinal study. At the baseline survey 28% of the schoolchildren were regular smokers and 17.1 % were occasional smokers, with no differences by gender. At the follow-up survey, progression from occasional to regular smoking was observed in 42% of the girls and 22.7% of the boys. Other predictors of consolidation included drinking alcohol (OR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.1-10.1) and reporting the intention to smoke in the future (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.3-4.9). Among all the smokers at the baseline, predictors of cessation were smoking occasionally (versus regularly) (OR = 4.9; 95% CI = 2.8-8.6), negative attitudes regarding smoking (OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.9-5.4), reporting no intention to smoke in the future (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.3-3.8), gender (OR for boys = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.2-3.6), receiving weekly pocket less than 1000 ptas (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1-5.3) and age (OR for being 15 and younger = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1-4.9). We conclude that consolidation of smoking is twice as likely among girls than among boys. Intention to smoke seems to be a good predictor of future behavior, while attitudes may predict cessation, but not consolidation. Available pocket money seems to be a strong risk factor for smoking at this age.