肝细胞癌的非手术治疗

肝细胞癌（HCC）是原发性肝癌的最主要类型。肝切除术可根治 HCC,使患者长期生存,但肝切除术受到一定的限制,主要在于：（1）肿瘤细胞恶性程度高、病情进展快,极易发生播散和转移;（2）HCC 患者多存在严重的肝硬化基础,因为肝功能失代偿而无法手术;（3）大部分肿瘤为多中心发生,很难切除完全。因此,切除率低和复发率高乃是制约手术治疗 HCC 患者的主要障碍。联合应用手术治疗与各种非手术治疗,多种方案的优化组合将成为综合治疗 HCC 患者的优先选择,提高疗效[1,2]。目前,常用的非手术治疗方法主要有肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）、局部消融、放射治疗、系统化疗和分子靶向治疗等。     

局部消融在肝细胞癌治疗中的应用

手术切除和肝移植被认为是肝细胞癌(HCC)根治性治疗手段,但仅有10%~20%的HCC患者能接受这些治疗。近些年来,射频消融、微波消融、冷冻消融及新近出现的不可逆电穿孔消融等局部治疗方法逐渐成为无法手术患者的替代治疗。除了局部控制肿瘤生长改善预后外,消融技术还有助于肿瘤降级以便二次切除。重点介绍了射频消融及联合其他治疗手段治疗HCC的进展,对射频消融与其他局部消融进行了比较,简述了智能导航技术在辅助消融中的应用,认为随着影像医学的发展以及其他相关领域的进步,未来消融技术在临床应用中将更加广泛。     

肝细胞癌降期转化的治疗策略

手术是肝细胞癌(HCC)最重要的根治性手段,但初诊时能获得手术切除的HCC患者不足30%。如何将不能切除转化为可根治性切除成为提高HCC生存率的重要方面,也是近年来的研究热点。目前,综合运用经肝动脉插管治疗、放射治疗、靶向治疗等方法让HCC实现降期,或者通过门静脉栓塞、联合肝脏隔断和门静脉结扎使残余肝体积快速增大,均可实现转化成功从而获得根治性切除的机会。但是,如何优化多种治疗模式,规范复杂性肝癌患者的多学科诊疗路径,提高手术切除的效率和安全性,仍需要进一步深入探讨和研究。     

肝细胞癌诊治中的若干问题

随着肝细胞癌（HCC）肿瘤标志物和CT／MRI诊断的应用、手术切除及局部消融等治疗方法的进步,使HCC的5年生存率达到了63．4％。但是由于我国HCC早期诊断水平的不均衡,可进行手术切除的病例仅仅有20％～30％。对于高危人群定期开展血清肿瘤标志物和肝脏超声检查;提高三期动态增强CT和Gd—DTPA增强MRI等影像学诊断水平,同时积极开展多学科会诊,制定个性化治疗方案和减少术后肝功能衰竭发生等若干问题,是提高我国HCC早期诊断水平,提高治疗效果,延长生存期的有效手段。     

多模式治疗伴门静脉癌栓的进展期肝细胞癌

日本大阪大学医学院Morito Monden等认为，HCC的预后一般很差，即使是根治性切除后5年的生存率局限在25％～58％。虽然已经发展了各种治疗方法，但治疗后复发率非常高，许多患者病情进展到晚期伴血管侵犯和肝内多发转移。合并有门静脉主要分支癌栓（Vp3）的患者预后极差。几乎所有不能手术切除的患者，生活质量较差，多在几个月内死亡。即使是能够冒险手术切除，预后也很差。况且，常规的治疗方法不适合这些患者。尝试动脉灌注化疗，但效果不能令人满意。所以对这些难治性HCC伴门静脉癌栓的患者需要新的治疗策略。     

老年高危前列腺增生治疗的选择：1065例分析

目的提高老年高危前列腺增生（BPH）治疗效果。方法回顾分析了中日友好医院70岁以上的1065例高危BPH患者的治疗的安全性和有效性。平均每例合并心血管等高风险因素有4种以上。采用非手术治疗、膀胱造瘘术、腔内手术及开放手术切除前列腺四类治疗方法,观察效果。结果非手术治疗352例,应用药物及留置尿管,未加重合并症,但携带尿管引起生活不方便并发尿路感染。膀胱造瘘术102例,未加重合并症,但伴有尿路感染100％,生活不便。腔内手术切除前列腺326例,发生严重合并症11例,其中2例死亡。开放手术治疗85例,发生严重合并症14例,其中l例死亡。结论非手术治疗及膀胱造瘘术治疗方法安全,但效果有限,生活不便;手术切除前列腺提高生活质量明显,效果良好,但有加重合并症的风险。     

原发性肝癌化疗的挑战与机遇

原发性肝细胞癌（HCC）目前外科手术切除仍是提高生存率的主要有效手段。但由于80％以上的HCC手术时往往伴有严重的肝功能不全、肝内播撒和远处转移，手术切除率低，且手术后复发率高，故综合治疗（包括占重要地位的系统性化疗）一直是被公认的治疗模式。     

肝细胞癌治疗策略的循证学方法

美国纽约西奈山医学院Josep M．uovet教授在报告中总结了HCC治疗有效的证据。早期发现的HCC患者可以接受根治性治疗方法如肝切除术、肝移植和经皮消融术。在高度选择的患者中，肝切除术和肝移植效果最好（5年生存率为60％～70％），从意向治疗和前瞻性角度，认为其是首选方法。如果不能手术，可以选择局部、非手术治疗。     

碘油栓塞化疗与保守疗法对不能切除肝癌疗效的比较

碘油栓塞化疗已广泛用于不能手术切除的肝细胞癌(HCC)的治疗。它是否能提高生存率尚未得到阐明。为了验证下列假设:碘油栓塞化疗和保守治疗相比能使HCC患者八个月的生存率从50％提高到75％,作者对不能手术切     

信息动态

【据J Hepatol 2012年2月报道】题:brivanib作为一线药物治疗晚期肝细胞癌的II期开放性研究【(作者Finn RS等)肝硬化是肝细胞癌(HCC)发展过程中主要的危险因素,随着肝硬化患者生存期的改善,世界各地报道的HCC病例正随之增加。早期的HCC可以通过手术切除、经皮消融或肝移植这些治愈性手段来治疗,但大多数的HCC诊断之初即已处于晚期,此时治愈性治疗方式并不适用,因而死亡率很高。在过去的几年里,基于对HCC分子病理新的全面认识,新的治疗手     

Advances in non-surgical management of primary liver cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. There have been great improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC in recent years, but the problems, including difficult diagnosis at early stage, quick progression, and poor prognosis remain unsolved. Surgical resection is the mainstay of the treatment for HCC. However, 70%-80% of HCC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage when most are ineligible for potentially curative therapies such as surgical resection and liver transplantation. In recent years, non-surgical management for unrespectable HCC, such as percutaneous ethanol injection, percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, biotherapy, and hormonal therapy have been developed. These therapeutic options, either alone or in combination, have been shown to control tumor growth, prolong survival time, and improve quality of life to some extent. This review covers the current status and progress of non-surgical management for HCC.     

Chinese expert consensus on neoadjuvant and conversion therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma

The low resection and high recurrence rates in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are the major challenges to improving prognosis. Neoadjuvant and conversion therapies are underlying strategies to overcome these challenges. To date, no guideline or consensus has been published on the neoadjuvant and conversion therapies in HCC. Recent studies showed that neoadjuvant therapy for resectable HCC and conversion therapy for unresectable HCC are safe, feasible, and effective. Neoadjuvant and conversion therapies have the following advantages in treating HCC: R0 resection with sufficient volume of future liver remnant, relatively simple operation, and wide applicability. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct a widely accepted consensus among the experts in China who have extensive expertise and experience in treating HCC using neoadjuvant and conversion therapies, which is important to standardize the application of neoadjuvant and conversion therapies for the management of HCC. The strategies of neoadjuvant therapy include the selection of the eligible patients, therapy regimen, cycles, effect evaluations, and multidisciplinary treatment. The management of patients with insufficient volume of future liver remnant and patients who cannot achieve R0 resection is the key to the strategies of conversion therapy. Here, we present the resultant evidence- and experience-based consensus to guide the application of neoadjuvant and conversion therapies in clinical practice.     

Role of stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

The integration of new technologies has raised an interest in liver tumor radiotherapy,with literature evolving to support its efficacy.These advances,particularly stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT),have been critical in improving local control or potential cure in liver lesions not amenable to first-line surgical resection or radiofrequency ablation.Active investigation of SBRT,particularly for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),has recently started,yielding promising local control rates.In addition,data suggest a possibility that SBRT can be an alternative option for HCC unfit for other local therapies.However,information on optimal treatment indications,doses,and methods remains limited.In HCC,significant differences in patient characteristics and treatment availability exist by country.In addition,the prognosis of HCC is greatly influenced by underlying liver dysfunction and treatment itself in addition to tumor stage.Since they are closely linked to treatment approach,it is important to understand these differences in interpreting outcomes from various reports.Further studies are required to validate and maximize the efficacy of SBRT by a large,multi-institutional setting.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma： Therapy and prevention

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. The major etiologies and risk factors for the development of HCC are well defined and some of the multiple steps involved in hepatocarcinogenesis have been elucidated in recent years. Despite these scientific advances and the implementation of measures for the early detection of HCC in patients at risk, patient survival has not improved during the last three decades. This is due to the advanced stage of the disease at the time of clinical presentation and limited therapeutic options. The therapeutic options fall into five main categories: surgical interventions including tumor resection and liver transplantation, percutaneous interventions including ethanol injection and radiofrequency thermal ablation, transarterial interventions including embolization and chemoembolization, radiation therapy and drugs as well as gene and immune therapies. These therapeutic strategies have been evaluated in part in randomized controlled clinical trials that are the basis for therapeutic recommendations. Though surgery, percutaneous and transarterial interventions are effective in patients with limited disease (1-3 lesions, <5 cm in diameter) and compensated underlying liver disease (cirrhosis Child A), at the time of diagnosis more than 80% patients present with multicentric HCC and advanced liver disease or comorbidities that restrict the therapeutic measures to best supportive care. In order to reduce the morbidity and mortality of HCC, early diagnosis and the development of novel systemic therapies for advanced disease, including drugs, gene and immune therapies as well as primary HCC prevention are of paramount importance. Furthermore, secondary HCC prevention after successful therapeutic interventions needs to be improved in order to make an impact on the survival of patients with HCC. New technologies, including gene expression profiling and proteomic analyses, should allow to further elucidate the molecular events underlying HCC development and to identify novel diagnostic markers as well as therapeutic and preventive targets.     

Local injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world and ranks the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Surgical resection, liver transplantation and percutaneous ablation are generally considered the only curative treatment for early stage HCC. Besides the limitations of insufficient organ donors and a long waiting time for liver transplantation, however, resection is applied only to patients with good hepatic reserve and localized tumors, with a resectability of 30%. DATA SOURCES: Local ablation therapy, which is minimally invasive but contributes to the significant improvement of survival in patients with unresectable tumor, hasbeen widely used in treating small HCC. Among the techniques of local therapy, percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) with a complete response in 80% of HCCs less than 3 cm has been accepted as an alternative to surgery in patients with small HCC. Moreover, percutaneous hepatic quantified ethanol injection (PHQEI) or PEI according to the standard criteria has been confirmed to benefit patients with HCC, especially when quantified ethanol is given at a short interval (QESI, the interval was 2-3 days). RESULT: Several limitations related to local percutaneous methods may result in incomplete therapeutic effect in case of larger HCC nodules (>3 cm). CONCLUSION: The combined use of different methods according to the clinical status of patients or tumors may be essential to the effective treatment of HCC.     

Treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan over the last three decades: Our experience and published work review

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. In the last few decades, there has been a marked increase in therapeutic options for HCC and epidemiological characteristics at HCC diagnosis have also significantly changed. With these changes and advances in medical technology and surveillance program for detecting earlier stage HCC, survival in patients with HCC has significantly improved. Especially, patients with liver cirrhosis are at high risk of HCC development, and regular surveillance could enable early detection of HCC and curative therapy, with potentially improved clinical outcome. However, unfortunately, only 20% of HCC patients are amenable to curative therapy (liver transplantation, surgical resection or ablative therapies). Locoregional therapies such as radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, microwave coagulation therapy and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization play a key role in the management of unresectable HCC. Currently, molecular‐targeted agents such as sorafenib have emerged as a promising therapy for advanced HCC. The choice of the treatment modality depends on the size of the tumor, tumor location, anatomical considerations, number of tumors present and liver function. Furthermore, new promising therapies such as gene therapy and immunotherapy for HCC have emerged. Approaches to the HCC diagnosis and adequate management for patients with HCC are improving survival. Herein, we review changes of epidemiological characteristics, prognosis and therapies for HCC and refer to current knowledge for this malignancy based on our experience of approximately 4000 HCC cases over the last three decades.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma: From diagnosis to treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the sixth most prevalent malignancy worldwide and is a rising cause of cancer related mortality. Risk factors for HCC are well documented and effective surveillance and early diagnosis allow for curative therapies. The majority of HCC appears to be caused by cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus. Preventive strategies include vaccination programs and anti-viral treatments.Surveillance with ultrasonography detects early stage disease and improves survival rates. Many treatment options exist for individuals with HCC and are determined by stage of presentation. Liver transplantation is offered to patients who are within the Milan criteria and are not candidates for hepatic resection. In patients with advanced stage disease, sorafenib shows some survival benefit.     

Current systemic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A review of the literature

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common form of human cancer worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths. The strategies of various treatments for HCC depend on the stage of tumor, the status of patient’s performance and the reserved hepatic function. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system is currently used most for patients with HCC. For example, for patients with BCLC stage 0 (very early stage) and stage A (early stage) HCC, the curable treatment modalities, including resection, transplantation and radiofrequency ablation, are taken into consideration. If the patients are in BCLC stage B (intermediate stage) and stage C (advanced stage) HCC, they may need the palliative transarterial chemoembolization and even the target medication of sorafenib. In addition, symptomatic treatment is always recommended for patients with BCLC stage D (end stage) HCC. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the historical perspective and the current developments of systemic therapies in BCLC stage B and C in HCC.