SHNH法和NHS-MAG3法标记的99mTc-寡聚核苷酸的比较

比较研究采用联肼尼克酰胺(Hydrazino Nicotinamide Derivative, SHNH)法和N-羟基琥珀酰胺基S-乙酰巯基乙酰三氨基乙酸(N-hydroxysuccinimidyl S-acetylmercaptoacetyltriglycline,NHS-MAG3)法以99mTc标记反义寡聚核苷酸(Antisense Oligonucleotide,ASON)的标记物的放射化学和生物学特性.合成SHNH和NHS-MAG3后,分别以SHNH和NHS-MAG3为双功能络(螯)合剂,用99mTc标记ASON;比较标记物99mTc-SHNH-ASON和99mTc-MAG3-ASON的体内外稳定性、兔血浆蛋白结合、正常BALB/C小鼠体内分布及结肠腺癌HT29细胞摄取的情况.结果显示,采用NHS-MAG3法标记的标记物99mTc-MAG3-ASON的标记率和稳定性明显高于SHNH法标记的标记物99mTc-SHNH-ASON(P＜0.05)、血浆蛋白结合率显著低于99mTc-SHNH-ASON(P＜0.05);99mTc-MAG3-ASON在血液、心脏、胃、肠的分布显著低于99mTc-SHNH-ASON(P＜0.05),而在肝、脾的分布略低于99mTc-SHNH-ASON(P＞0.05),但在肾的分布显著高于99mTc-SHNH-ASON(P＜0.05);99mTc-MAG3-ASON的HT29细胞摄取率显著高于99mTc-SHNH-ASON(P＜0.05).因此,采用NHS-MAG3法的标记物99mTc-MAG3-ASON的放射化学和生物学特性明显优于SHNH法的标记物99mTc-SHNH-ASON.     

肺癌特异性靶向多肽的131I标记及其对小鼠的急性毒性试验

目的：探讨肺癌特异性靶向小分子多肽的131I标记方法,观察131I标记多肽及未修饰多肽静脉注射小鼠后的急性毒性试验。方法：小分子多肽的氨基酸序列为cNGQGEQc,在固相合成多肽的过程中直接完成多肽与酪氨酸的偶联,然后采用氯胺-T法进行多肽的131I标记。取72只小鼠,分为3组,每组24只小鼠,第一组和第二组分别为经腹腔注入50μg/0.7ml未修饰多肽cNGQGEQc和18.5MBq/0.7ml标记多肽131I-cNGQGEQc溶液,第三组为经腹腔注射0.7ml生理盐水。给药后分别观察各组小鼠的急性毒性反应。结果：与生理盐水对照组相比较,腹腔注入未修饰多肽cNGQGEQc组和131I-cNGQGEQc多肽组小鼠全部成活,一般状态正常,体重增长,未见明显急性毒副反应。结论：未修饰多肽及131I标记多肽经腹腔途径给药后,在小鼠体内没有引起明显的急性毒副反应。     

利用体内噬菌体展示技术筛选及鉴定肺癌特异性结合肽

目的利用体内噬菌体展示技术筛选并鉴定与肺癌特异性结合的多肽。方法用肺癌细胞A549接种裸鼠复制荷瘤动物模型,将随机肽库尾静脉注入裸鼠体内,循环15 min后取肿瘤组织中结合的噬菌体,如此进行3轮体内筛选后挑取噬菌体克隆,ELISA初步鉴定噬菌体克隆对肺癌细胞的亲和力、特异性。将阳性噬菌体克隆扩增、测序获得外源多肽氨基酸序列,化学方法合成多肽,鉴定多肽对肺癌细胞和组织的亲和力、特异性。结果ELISA结果显示,随机挑选的20个噬菌体单克隆中,1个对A549具有很强亲和力。测序获得多肽,命名为zp2。化学合成多肽zp2。竞争抑制、细胞免疫荧光和组织免疫荧光实验结果表明多肽zp2与肺癌细胞A549及肺癌组织特异性结合。结论利用体内噬菌体展示技术筛选出与肺癌细胞A549特异性结合的多肽,为肺癌诊断及治疗药物的研制奠定基础。     

肺癌靶向多肽荧光分子探针的研制及其应用

目的:选择能与整合素α3受体结合的小分子多肽cNGQGEQc-L作为靶向载体，将羧基荧光素（FAM）与cNGQGEQc-L连接构建荧光分子探针，通过荧光成像探讨荧光多肽分子探针用于肺腺癌显像的可行性。方法:利用倒置荧光显微镜观察FAM-cNGQGEQc-L与肺腺癌A549细胞结合部位，流式细胞仪检测荧光多肽与A549细胞的竞争抑制实验，观察FAM-cNGQGEQc-L随浓度的增加与肺腺癌A549细胞结合能力的变化情况。通过小动物活体成像仪，观察荧光多肽在荷瘤裸鼠体内的生物分布特点。结果:倒置荧光显微镜显示荧光多肽cNGQGEQc-L能与A549细胞结合，结合部位在细胞膜和细胞质中。流式细胞仪测试结果证明荧光多肽与A549细胞的结合具有特异性和饱和性，当FAM-cNGQGEQc-L浓度为0.125 mmol/L时，荧光多肽与A549细胞的结合趋近饱和。荷瘤裸鼠活体成像显示移植瘤能够摄取荧光多肽，且荧光多肽通过泌尿系统和胆道系统排泄。结论:体外、体内荧光实验结果显示，荧光多肽分子探针FAM-cNGQGEQc-L可与肺腺癌A549细胞、肺癌移植瘤结合，能够特异性靶向肺腺癌。     

利用体内噬菌体展示技术筛选膀胱癌特异性结合肽

目的:利用体内噬菌体展示技术筛选与人膀胱移行细胞癌特异性结合的小分子多肽。方法:将人膀胱移行细胞癌细胞BIU87接种于裸鼠体内,制备膀胱癌荷瘤小鼠模型,尾静脉注射噬菌体展示环七肽库,然后筛选与膀胱移行细胞癌特异性结合的含外源多肽的噬菌体,经过3轮体内筛选后,免疫组织化学法及ELISA法鉴定单克隆噬菌体对BIU87的亲和力。提取阳性单克隆噬菌体单链DNA进行测序,并推导出外源多肽氨基酸序列,化学合成多肽、制备分子探针后采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜术及流式细胞术鉴定多肽对膀胱癌细胞和组织的特异性。结果:3轮体内筛选后,噬菌体富集率达到4.334×102倍。免疫组化结果显示,肿瘤组织中噬菌体肽的含量随着每一轮筛选呈增长趋势,且结合逐渐增强,同时由于噬菌体经肝、肾代谢,可见肝脏结合大量非特异性的噬菌体。ELISA结果显示,随机挑选的30个单克隆噬菌体斑中,有24个阳性噬菌体,其中10个噬菌体对BIU87有较强的亲和力,对其测序并推导出3种多肽序列,重复率最高的序列CSSPIGRHC(8/10)命名为NYZL1。化学合成FITC-C6-NYZL1,通过激光扫描共聚焦显微镜术、流式细胞术均证明多肽NYZL1可以特异性结合膀胱癌细胞。结论:利用体内噬菌体展示技术筛选出了与人膀胱移行细胞癌特异性结合的小分子多肽NYZL1,为膀胱癌早期诊断和靶向治疗提供一定的理论依据。     

制备脂质体包裹的99m锝标记c-myc mRNA反义寡聚核苷酸的研究

探讨脂质体包裹的 99m-锝标记 c- myc m RNA反义寡聚核苷酸的制备方法 ,为反义显像和反义治疗的实验研究奠定基础。合成 15 bp的反义寡聚核苷酸 (DNA)和双功能螯合剂 -联肼尼克酰胺衍生物 ,DNA与双功能螯合剂偶联后 ,用 99m锝标记 ,然后用 C1 8Sep- Pak反相柱进行纯化 ,根据纯化结果 ,绘制淋洗曲线 ,计算标记率。再用阳离子脂质体对纯化产物进行包裹 ,获得脂质体包裹的 99m锝 - DNA。用纸层析测定脂质体包裹的 99m锝 - DNA的放射性化学纯度及与水、血清孵育后的稳定性。结果 ,不同放射性活度的 99m Tc O4 - 标记时的标记率为 :14 80 MBq时为 6 3.37%± 3.5 1% ,74 0 MBq时为 6 2 .5 2 %± 3.6 9% ,5 92 MBq时为 5 9.82 %± 5 .12 % ,经 χ2检验无显著性差异。脂质体包裹 99m Tc- DNA的放射化学纯度 =96 .4 7%± 3.0 1% ,与水、血清孵育后脱落的 99m Tc极少 ,可见 99m Tc- DNA的稳定性极好。由此可见 ,以脂质体作载体 ,联肼尼克酰胺衍生物作为双功能螯合剂 ,可制备脂质体包裹的 99m锝标记的单链寡聚核苷酸     

多肽修饰可促进心血管植入材料的内皮化

背景:将多肽类生物信息分子应用于心血管植入材料的表面修饰,人工模拟细胞外基质功能蛋白,可以促进材料的内皮化。目的:回顾近年来关于多肽修饰在心血管植入材料内皮化方面的相关研究,为相关研究提供新的实验思路。方法:应用计算机检索1990年1月至2013年12月PubMed数据库中有关多肽修饰促进材料内皮化方面的研究,检索关键词为"peptides,surface modification,endothelialization",根据纳入排除标准选择,最终选择43篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:选择来源于细胞外基质功能蛋白的短肽表面修饰各类材料,既能促进内皮细胞的黏附,也能避免直接引入天然细胞外基质成分的缺陷。非特异性多肽主要包括RGD和YIGSR等,此类多肽均能促进包括内皮细胞在内多种细胞类型的黏附。特异性多肽主要包括REDV、CAG和SVVYGLR等,这些多肽可选择性促进内皮细胞的黏附和扩展。应用此类多肽表面修饰,可特异性促进材料的内皮化。联合应用几种多肽或联合特异性多肽与其他一些生物信息分子也许是未来应用多肽修饰促进心血管植入材料内皮化的理想方案。     

血清CEA、CA15-3和SF联合检测对肺癌的应用价值

肺癌是一种恶性程度高、发展迅速的恶性肿瘤,因此,肺癌的早期诊断尤为重要.血清肿瘤标志物的检测已在肺癌的诊断中得到广泛应用,但单项标志物检测的敏感性及特异性均有限.为此,本文对99例肺癌患者进行血清CEA、CA15-3和SF联合检测,探讨其对肺癌的诊断价值.现报道如下:     

HBV特异性IFN-γ分泌细胞的体外扩增和功能研究

目的:体外分离扩增HBV多肽特异性IFN-γ分泌细胞,并进行自体扩增,检测其扩增后的多肽特异和IFN-分泌功能。方法:酶联免疫斑点法筛选HBV自然感染献血个体,分离外周血单核细胞,体外刺激并分选IFN-γ分泌细胞,并进行自体细胞体外扩增,流式细胞术检测扩增后细胞的CD4、CD8表型,多肽负载自体淋巴瘤细胞系(lymphoblastoid cell lines,LCLs)细胞检测其多肽特异性和IFN-γ分泌能力。结果:经过4周体外自体扩增,HBV特异性IFN-γ分泌细胞扩增数量达1000多倍,CD4和CD8比例变化不显著,4周扩增后的T淋巴细胞能有效识别HBV特异性多肽并分泌IFN-γ。结论:HBV多肽特异性IFN-γ分泌细胞能在体外有效扩增并保持功能表型不变。     

鱼卵小分子多肽对SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增殖作用的影响

目的观察不同浓度的鱼卵小分子多肽对SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（BM-MSCs）增殖作用的影响。方法分离、培养SD大鼠BM-MSCs,并采用流式细胞仪进行鉴定。选取第3代细胞进行观察和检测。实验组选取25、50、75、100、125、150、200、250、300μg/ml 9个多肽浓度,对照组加入不含小分子多肽的DMEM完全培养基。各组孵育24 h后采用MTT法检测其细胞增殖情况,确定其最佳作用剂量。在最佳作用量下,于12、16、20、24、32、40、48 h 7个时间点观察鱼卵小分子多肽对SD大鼠BM-MSCs增殖的情况。并采用流式分析鱼卵小分子多肽对BM-MSCs细胞周期的影响。结果鱼卵小分子多肽对BM-MSCs的促增殖作用的最佳浓度为100μg/ml,与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。流式分析显示鱼卵小分子多肽可提高SD大鼠BM-MSCs非G1/G0期细胞比例。结论鱼卵小分子多肽对SD大鼠BM-MSCs有促增殖作用,最佳作用浓度为100μg/ml。     

噬菌体肽库与NCI-H1299细胞筛选肺癌特异性结合多肽ZS-9的初步研究

目的：利用噬菌体肽库与肺癌NCI-H1299细胞筛选出肺癌特异性结合的多肽,研究其亲和力和特异性。方法：以肺癌细胞NCI-H1299为靶细胞,肺二倍体成纤维细胞MRC-5为吸附细胞,与噬菌体随机十二肽库进行三轮筛选,挑取单克隆扩增并测序,进行生物信息学分析、比对;利用ELISA、细胞免疫化学、组织免疫化学方法测定多肽的亲和力和特异性。结果：经过三轮减性筛选发现,随机挑选的9个单克隆中,其中1个对〖JP〗NCI-H1299和A549均具有较高亲和力,将其命名为ZS-9,测序结果为CAT AAT AAG CAT CTT CCG TCT ACG CAG CCT CTT GCG,根据测序结果推导出ZS-9的氨基酸序列HNKHLPSTQPLA,生物信息学分析表明ZS-9的氨基酸序列与美国国立生物技术信息中心(NCBI) GenBank DNA序列数据库和Swiss-Prot蛋白数据库中的已知基因和蛋白无同源性,表明我们筛选到一种新的肺癌相关抗原的配体。结论：利用噬菌体随机十二肽成功筛选出与肺癌细胞NCI-H1299和A549具有较高亲和力的多肽ZS-9,为肺癌的早期诊断和靶向治疗奠定基础。     

肝癌特异性黏附肽的鉴定和分析

利用体内噬菌体随机肽库技术筛选出肝癌特异性噬菌体肽A54,随后用化学合成法在体外合成该多肽,并标记荧光素和生物素,在组织和细胞水平对该肽进行了体内外肝癌特异性的鉴定及其抗原定位。将生物素(Biotin)标记的A54肽通过尾缘静脉注射入荷瘤裸鼠体内,通过免疫组化方法,检测A54肽与肝癌组织特异性结合的情况;并用免疫荧光细胞化学技术,对荧光素(FAM)标记A54肽进行了细胞水平的肝肿瘤特异性鉴定及抗原定位。体内外检测结果表明,A54肽仍保留了特异性识别肝癌组织的特性,且结合于肝癌细胞的膜表面。实验证明,化学合成的多肽,在体内仍然具有靶向肝癌细胞膜表面的作用,这进一步证明了筛选出来的目标噬菌体克隆其特异性靶向作用确实是由其表面插入的小分子多肽所介导的,为肝癌特异性导向药物载体的研究提供了科学依据。     

Identification of an epitope from the epithelial cell adhesion molecule eliciting HLA-A*2402-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses

Because the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) is expressed in almost all carcinomas and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A*2402 is the most common allele in many ethnic groups, including Japanese, the identification of peptide sequences, which elicit HLA-A*2402-restricted Ep-CAM-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses, would facilitate specific immunotherapy for various histological types of carcinomas. An epitope was identified through the following steps: (i) computer-based epitope prediction from the amino acid sequence of Ep-CAM, (ii) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) stabilization assay to determine the affinity of the predicted peptide with HLA-A*2402 molecules, (iii) stimulation of CD8+ T cells with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells and (iv) testing the CTL specificity by means of enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays, CTL assays and MHC/peptide-tetramer staining. Peripheral CD8+ T cells of four of five healthy donors after three rounds of stimulation with the peptide Ep-CAM173-181 (RYQLDPKFI) secreted interferon-gamma in ELISPOT assays when exposed to the peptide. A CTL clone specific to the peptide efficiently lysed Ep-CAM-expressing cancer cell lines in an HLA-A*2402-restricted fashion. Endogenous processing and presentation of the peptide in a lung cancer cell line were confirmed by means of cold target inhibition assays. The CTL clone was also lytic to normal bronchial epithelial cells but to a lesser extent at low effector: target ratios. All these data suggest that the peptide-specific CTL responses may play some roles both in anti-cancer and autoimmune reactions. The peptide should prove useful to study anti-Ep-CAM CTL responses among population possessing HLA-A*2402.     

Gastrin releasing peptide in human neuroendocrine tumours

Neuroendocrine tumours of the lung and gut are known to possess bombesin-like immunoreactivity. The recent observation that gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), a 27 amino acid peptide isolated from the porcine intestine, may be the mammalian analogue of bombesin led us to look for this peptide in a variety of human neoplasms. Formalin-fixed tissues from 85 tumours were examined by the immunoperoxidase technique, using specific antisera to the GRP molecule (1-27) and the GRP fragment (1-16). Intense cytoplasmic GRP immunoreactivity was seen in thyroid medullary carcinomas (3/3), carcinoids of lung, pancreas, and intestine (22/36), and paragangliomas (2/3). Less frequent staining was present in pulmonary small cell (oat cell) carcinomas (1/8) and pituitary adenomas (1/6). Complete absence of immunoreactivity was observed in three phaeochromocytomas, five Merkel cell tumours, six neuroblastomas and 15 non-neuroendocrine tumours. Normal neuroendocrine cells of the thyroid (C-cells) and bronchial mucosa (Kulchitsky cells) exhibited GRP immunoreactivity; nerve fibres from all sites failed to demonstrate staining for GRP. In each positive case, the pattern of staining for GRP (1-27) and GRP (1-16) was identical, although the GRP (1-16) immunostaining was weaker. These findings indicate that bombesin immunoreactivity in human neuroendocrine cells and tumours is attributable to GRP-like molecules and that GRP is a useful marker of neuroendocrine differentiation in many tumours.     

Bcl-2 protein expression in lung cancer and close correlation with neuroendocrine differentiation.

For determination of the cellular distribution of bcl-2 expression in lung cancer and clarification of its correlation with cell neuroendocrine differentiation, Bcl-2 immunostaining was carried out on a large series of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung cancer samples, and four general neuroendocrine marker and seven peptide hormone stainings were carried out on all Bcl-2-positive squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung as well as on 8 pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas histologically diagnosed. In addition, 3 small cell lung cancer cell lines were studied by Western blotting. Neuroendocrine differentiation in Bcl-2-negative squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas was examined with chromogranin A and alpha-subunit of Go protein stainings. Bcl-2 protein was detected in 104/111 small cell carcinomas, 8/8 neuroendocrine carcinomas, 0/6 typical (well differentiated) carcinoids, 23/64 squamous cell carcinomas, 4/65 adenocarcinomas, and all 3 small cell lung cancer cell lines. All 8 neuroendocrine carcinomas, 11 of the Bcl-2-positive squamous cell carcinomas, and all 4 Bcl-2 positive adenocarcinomas expressed multiple neuroendocrine markers. The distributions of Bcl-2 and neuroendocrine marker immunoreactivity closely paralleled each other on consecutive sections. In squamous cell carcinomas, Bcl-2-positive cells could be roughly subdivided into those with neuroendocrine differentiation features, usually demonstrating intense Bcl-2 staining, with basaloid tumor cells usually expressing weak to moderate Bcl-2 staining. The present study clearly shows Bcl-2 protein expression to be remarkably differentially regulated according to histological types of lung cancers and to appear to quite likely be closely associated with neuroendocrine differentiation of tumor cells, indicating that bcl-2 is importantly involved in cell development and differentiation, in addition to protecting cells from apoptosis. Bcl-2 might be usable as a neuroendocrine marker in lung cancers and possibly also in neural-crest-derived tumors.     

血清NSE、ProGRP、CEA、SCCA和CYFRA21-1联检在肺癌诊断中的意义

目的:探讨胃泌素释放肽前体(progastrin-releasing peptide,ProGRP)、神经特异性烯醇化酶(neuronspecific enolase,NSE)、癌胚抗原(carcino-embryonic antigen,CEA)、鳞状细胞癌抗原(squamous cell carcinomaantigen,SCCA)及细胞角蛋白19(CYFRA21-1)在肺癌诊断中的价值和临床意义。方法:分别采用化学发光法或电化学发光法检测14例肺部良性疾病、12例小细胞肺癌、29例非小细胞肺癌患者血清ProGRP、NSE、CEA、SCCA、CYFRA21-1含量。结果:NSE、ProGRP对SCLC诊断的敏感性分别为66.7%、83.3%,且NSE与ProGRP具有很好的相关性,CYFRA21-1对鳞癌诊断的敏感性为63.6%,CEA对腺癌诊断的敏感性为64.3%。SCLC组ProGRP、NSE水平均显著高于NSCLC组、肺良性疾病组,差异有统计学意义。NSCLC组,CYFRA21-1水平显著高于其余两组,差异有统计学意义。ProGRP、NSE联检对SCLC的检出率可达91.7%,CYFRA21-1、SCCA、CEA联检对腺癌、鳞癌的检出率分别为71.4%、72.7%。结论:ProGRP及ProGRP+NSE是SCLC诊断的较好指标,CYFRA21-1、CEA分别对鳞癌、腺癌具有一定的诊断价值。     

人MutS同源蛋白2(hMSH2)过表达的肺癌细胞模型的构建

目的构建人Mut S同源蛋白2(h MSH2)过表达的肺癌细胞模型,探究h MSH2分子介导γδT细胞杀伤肺癌细胞的效应。方法 PCR扩增h MSH2编码序列,同源重组法构建h MSH2-EGFP融合蛋白过表达载体;转染肺癌细胞系NCI-H520细胞以构建h MSH2分子过表达的NCI-H520细胞模型;Western blot检测细胞中h MSH2分子表达,流式细胞计量术检测细胞膜上h MSH2分子表达,体外扩增人外周血单个核细胞中的γδT细胞,乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测γδT细胞对过表达h MSH2的NCI-H520细胞的杀伤效率。结果获得h MSH2编码序列(2 805 bp),构建Fugw-h MSH2重组载体,酶切鉴定结果与预期目的条带大小相符;h MSH2-EGFP融合蛋白在NCI-H520细胞中得到表达,过表达h MSH2的NCI-H520细胞表面的h MSH2分子水平显著升高(P0.001);γδT细胞对过表达h MSH2的NCI-H520细胞的杀伤效率较野生型NCI-H520细胞显著升高(P0.05)。结论成功构建h MSH2分子过表达的肺癌细胞模型;细胞膜上表达水平上调的h MSH2分子增强了γδT细胞对肺癌细胞的细胞毒作用。     

Differential expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVES:

The aim of this study was to compare the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor in small cell lung cancer and subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer and examine their relationships with clinicopathologic factors, response to treatment and survival.

METHODS:

We examined samples obtained by bronchial endoscopic biopsy from 55 patients with inoperable lung cancer (16 with adenocarcinoma, 17 with squamous cell carcinoma, and 22 with small cell lung cancer). Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor were detected using immunohistochemistry. The diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients were conducted according to the standard practice.

RESULTS:

A significant difference (p = 0.022) in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression was observed between non-small cell lung cancer (75.8% positive) and small cell lung cancer (45.5% positive). The frequency of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α nuclear expression was 88.2% in squamous cell carcinoma, 62.5% in adenocarcinoma, and 45.5% in small cell lung cancer. A significant correlation was observed between hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor expression (Fisher''s exact test, p = 0.001) when all types of lung cancer were examined, either collectively or separately.

CONCLUSIONS:

The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α differs significantly between subtypes of lung cancer. These findings could help elucidate the biology of the different types of non-operable lung carcinomas and have implications for the design of new therapeutic approaches for lung cancer.