一种新型肌腱周边缝合方法的生物力学研究

目的通过比较连续周边缝合(Running)、Cross-stitch、Halsted及一种新型肌腱周边缝合方法的生物力学特性,为该方法的临床应用提供理论依据。方法将36根新鲜成年猪后蹄Ⅱ区屈肌腱随机分成4组,分别用连续周边缝合(Running)、Cross-stitch、Halsted及一种新型肌腱周边缝合方法进行修复。将缝合好的肌腱等速拉伸至完全断裂,并用材料力学测定仪(Instron4411)测定2-mm间隙形成负荷、最大负荷,计算断裂功耗。结果新型肌腱周边缝合法的2-mm间隙形成负荷为(53.2±6.0)N、最大负荷为(68.8±6.9)N、刚度为(6.6±0.7)N/mm,为各组中最高;断裂功耗为(0.784±0.075)J与Halsted法相近,高于Cross-stitch及Running法。结论该新型肌腱周边缝合法的生物力学强度高于目前临床应用的Running、Cross-stitch、Hal-sted法,能提供较大的抗张强度、有效抵御间隙形成、操作简便,有利于肌腱早期主被动功能锻炼。     

Biomechanical analysis of a step-cut technique for flexor tendon repair.

We compared the strength of a new step-cut technique for flexor tendon repair with that of the widely used Kessler-Tajima technique, giving special attention to the relative contributions of the core and epitendinous sutures. 36 flexor digitorum profundus tendons from human cadavers were used. Corresponding digits from the same donor were paired, and the two tendons of each pair were placed in the Kessler-Tajima and step-cut groups, respectively. Each group had three subcategories of repair: (1) core repair alone; (2) epitendinous repair alone; and (3) full repair. In the Kessler-Tajima repair, the core stitch contributed more to ultimate tensile strength, while the epitendinous stitch contributed more to gap formation resistance. In the step-cut repair, however, the epitendinous stitch contributed more to both measures of strength. The full step-cut repair was 65% stronger in resisting gap formation and had 84% more ultimate tensile strength than the full Kessler-Tajima repair. We attribute the greater strength of the step-cut repair to the additional number of epitendinous loops, which lie perpendicular to the long axis of the tendon.     

指屈肌腱双环加强缝合法及其生物力学研究

目的：介绍作者设计的指屈肌腱双环加强缝合法。方法：用３６条人体指屈肌腱标本，行双环加强缝合法、改良Ｋｅｓｓｌｅｒ法、Ｌｅｅ法、Ｂｅｃｋｅｒ法和Ｓａｖａｇｅ法缝合肌腱，并进行生物力学测定比较。结果：５种缝合方法的平均抗拉强度分别为６７．５Ｎ、３５．８Ｎ、３６．７Ｎ、７４．７Ｎ、９６．８Ｎ。结论：双环加强缝合法操作简单，抗拉强度足够临床需要，术后可早期进行主动屈指活动，具有较大的安全系数     

Biomechanical assessment of a new type of flexor tendon repair

A four-strand adaptation of the Kessler repair is described and the results of biomechanical testing in pig tendons are reported. The strength of our repair was compared against standard Kessler repairs using Ethibond or Ti.cron as the core sutures. The average tensile strength for the Ethibond Kessler repair was 33 Newtons and that of the Ti.cron Kessler repair was 31 Newtons. The average tensile strength for the Evans repair was 52 Newtons. This new method of flexor tendon repair is significantly stronger than the modified Kessler repair and is simpler to use than other multi-strand repair techniques.     

Early active motion flexor tendon protocol using one splint.

This article describes an early active motion protocol for use after a four-strand flexor tendon repair. The protocol uses a simple dorsal blocking splint with the wrist in neutral and four fingers in rubber band traction for the first five weeks, then gradually advances the patient over the next seven weeks. The patient is able to perform the exercises without changing the splint at home during the first five weeks of the protocol. The results of the retrospective chart review are promising. Of 40 digits, 95% experienced excellent and good results in zone II, and 87.5% experienced excellent and good results in zones I, II, and III. One rupture (2.5%) occurred in a noncompliant patient. The DASH scale was used to determine functional outcome, with results of 7.82 on the physical function/symptoms category, 16.07 in sports/ performing arts, and 10.23 in the work category.     

Biomechanical analysis of knotless flexor tendon repair using large-diameter unidirection barbed suture

Purpose

In traditional flexor tendon repairs, suture knots can be sites of weakness, impair tendon healing, stimulate an inflammatory response, and increase the bulk of the tendon repair. Because of this, there has been an increased interest in knotless flexor tendon repair using barbed suture. Since knots are not required, it may be possible to increase the strength of the tendon repair by using a large-diameter barbed suture. The purpose of this study was to biomechanically compare a traditional four-strand tendon repair using 3-0 braided polyester with a similar knotless four-strand tendon repair using 0 unidirectional barbed suture.

Methods

Twenty-two matched cadaveric flexor digitorum profundus tendons were lacerated and assigned to repair by a four-strand modified Kirchmayr–Kessler technique using 3-0 braided polyester (n = 11) or knotless four-strand modified Kirchmayr–Kessler repair using 0 unidirectional barbed suture (n = 11). Repaired tendons were linearly distracted to failure at 20 mm/min after 1 N preload. Maximum load and load at 2-mm gap formation were recorded. Maximum load and load at 2-mm gap formation were compared with the Student’s t test, and p values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

The mean maximum load of the barbed, knotless suture repair was higher than that of the traditional repair (52 vs. 42 N). There was no difference between the two groups in the mean load required to produce a 2-mm gap.

Conclusions

The four-strand knotless tendon repairs using a large-diameter unidirectional barbed suture were stronger than the traditional four-strand repairs using 3-0 braided polyester, and had similar 2-mm gap resistance.     

Gliding characteristics of tendon repair in canine flexor digitorum profundus tendons.

The gliding resistance between the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon and the proximal pulley system was measured using the method of S. Uchiyama, J.H. Coert, L. Berglund, P.C. Amadio, K.N. An (J. Orthop. Res. 13 (1995) 83) in 108 adult dog digits in vitro. The FDP tendons were then lacerated to 80% of their transverse section. Each tendon was repaired with one of the following six suture techniques: Kessler, modified Kessler, Savage, Lee, Becker and simple running suture alone. Each repaired tendon was then tested again using the same method. The Student-Newman-Keuls test for multiple comparisons was performed for statistical analysis. The average gliding resistances of the Kessler, Savage, and Becker repairs were significantly greater than the resistances of the Lee, modified Kessler, and running suture alone repairs (P < 0.05). The Lee suture technique had a significantly greater resistance than the modified Kessler repair and the running suture (P < 0.05). The results of the peak gliding resistance followed the same trends, except that the modified Kessler repair was significantly higher than the running suture alone (P < 0.05). Suture techniques with a multi-strand core suture, with knots located outside the tendon surface, and with multiple-loops on the tendon surface may result in increased gliding resistance between the tendon and pulley system after tendon repair.     

屈肌腱愈合早期在曲线模型中生物力学变化的实验研究

目的比较握持缝合法(改良Kessler法)和锁扣缝合法(Tsuge法)修复屈肌腱在术后不同时间曲线模型下的生物力学变化规律和特点。方法分别以改良Kessler法和Tsuge法缝合三黄鸡的第3趾屈趾深肌腱各42条,分别于术后即刻,1,4,7,10,14,21d取材,进行生物力学测试。测试内容包括拉伸断裂负荷和功耗。结果拉伸断裂负荷：改良Kessler法在术后10d出现明显降低(13N),术后21d恢复到即刻水平;Tsuge法术后10d以后持续性降低(21N);Tsuge法术后即刻组和术后7d组较改良Kessler。法能承受更高的拉伸断裂负荷。拉伸断裂功耗：改良Kessler法术后10d(65mJ),14d(40mJ)组较术后即刻(170mJ),1(222mJ),4(188mJ),7d(196mJ)组明显降低,术后21d恢复到即刻水平;Tsuge法术后14d(72mJ),21d组(59mJ)较术后即刻(283mJ),1(219mJ),4(216mJ),7(279mJ),10d(191mJ)组明显降低;Tsuge法术后即刻组(283mJ)较改良Kessler法(170mJ)具有更高的拉伸断裂功耗。结论两种缝合方法都是在术后10d以后生物力学性能显著下降,改良Kessler法在术后21d恢复到即刻水平,而Tsuge法则不能在术后21d恢复到即刻水平。两种缝合方法的力学性能在术后10d以后无差异。     

Flexor digitorum profundus tendon excursions during controlled motion after flexor tendon repair in zone II: a prospective clinical study.

Intratendinous metal markers were used to study flexor digitorum profundus tendon excursions during early controlled motion with dynamic flexion traction and to evaluate their significance for results after flexor tendon repair in zone II. The mean excursion was 1 mm along the middle phalanx and 5.6 mm along the proximal phalanx. This corresponded to a mean excursion per 10 degrees of controlled distal and proximal interphalangeal joint motion of 0.3 and 1.2 mm, respectively. Compared to active motion, controlled motion of the distal interphalangeal joint mobilized the tendon with an efficiency of 36% and controlled motion of the proximal interphalangeal joint mobilized the tendon with an efficiency of 90%. Controlled-motion excursions induced by the distal interphalangeal joint along the middle phalanx had little influence on subsequent active range of motion in the distal interphalangeal joint, whereas excursions along the proximal phalanx (for which the proximal interphalangeal joint was largely responsible) did have a significant influence on subsequent total active interphalangeal range of motion.     

Primary repair of a flexor tendon after a human bite.

Successful uncomplicated primary closure of a human bite injury of the hand with simultaneous zone II flexor tendon injury has not been previously reported to our knowledge. We report the case of a man who was bitten on his left ring and right middle and index fingers. He was treated with antiseptic lavage, intravenous antibiotics, and operation. He had complete transsection of the flexor digitorum profundus at the middle phalanx. This was repaired primarily and he made a good recovery.     

Tendon repair using flexor tendon splints: An experimental study

Mechanical strength of tendon repair using Dacron tendon splints across the laceration site were evaluated in human cadaver profundus tendons; the splints were placed both on the dorsal surface and internally within the tendon substance. Comparison was made to modified Kessler, Becker, and Savage repair techniques. Ultimate tensile strength was 2.55 kgf for the Kessler, 3.00 kgf for the Becker, 8.29 kgf for the Savage, 8.46 kgf for the internal tendon splint, and 8.10 kgf for the dorsal tendon splint; the Savage and both Tendon Splints techniques had significant higher tensile strength than the Kessler and Becker. Gap strength was 1.44 kgf for the Kessler, 2.22 kgf for the Becker, 2.45 kgf for the Savage, 2.05 kgf for internal tendon splint, and 3.15 kgf for the dorsal tendon splint. The dorsal tendon splint technique showed significant greater gap strength than the other four techniques. There was no significant difference in the magnitude of the gap during cyclic testing of these techniques; however, three of seven Kessler repairs failed and one of six Becker repairs failed. The results of these cadaver studies suggest that both tendon splint repair techniques are comparable to the Savage and may have sufficient strength to allow postoperative active motion against minimal resistance. Further in vivo testing is in order.     

屈指肌腱损伤修复后早期生物力学性能的变化

目的以改良Kessler法和Tsuge法修复鸡趾深屈肌腱,观察术后早期肌腱生物力学性能的变化特点,并探讨两种缝合方法修复屈指肌腱损伤后早期主动或被动功能锻炼的可行性。方法取42只三黄鸡,随机分成两组,每组21只(42趾)。选用改良Kessler法和Tsuge法修复鸡右足第二、四趾趾深屈肌腱,分别于术后即刻、1、4、7、10、14、21d取材,进行生物力学测试,检测肌腱的拉伸断裂负荷、拉伸断裂伸长率。结果改良Kessler法拉伸断裂负荷在术后10d～两周降到最低,3周时恢复到即刻水平;Tsuge法在术后10d降至最低,2周后开始恢复,3周时尚未恢复到即刻水平;Tsuge法的拉伸断裂负荷在术后即刻和1d较改良Kessler法高,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。改良Kessler法拉伸断裂伸长率在术后1周逐渐下降,Tsuge法在术后4d逐渐下降,两者均在术后3周达到最低点,两种缝合方法之间不同时间点差异均无显著性。结论Tsuge法较高的力学特性术后丢失快,恢复慢;改良Kessler法的力学特性仅在术后10d有显著降低,2周后即可恢复。