荧光定量PCR用于重组杆状病毒鉴定及病毒滴度检测的研究

目的：建立一种高效﹑简便的荧光实时定量PCR方法，用于重组杆状病毒鉴定及病毒滴度的检测。方法：利用Bac-to-Bac载体系统在昆虫细胞中构建含人IL-18基因的重组杆状病毒，收获的病毒母液以10倍梯度系列稀释后，提取病毒基因组DNA。以10倍梯度稀释的重组杆状病毒穿梭质粒（bacmid）作为标准模板，进行荧光定量PCR反应扩增IL-18基因片段并绘制标准曲线，然后以上述的重组杆状病毒基因组DNA作为模板，采用同样体系进行实时PCR反应检测，同时用琼脂糖空斑法测定病毒母液的滴度。结果：成功构建了重组杆状病毒并建立了病毒滴度的实时荧光PCR检测方法。运用标准模板进行的PCR反应显示该方法的线形范围为101-108拷贝，病毒母液的DNA拷贝浓度（vg/mL）值约为空斑检测的滴度 pfu/mL值的10倍。结论：荧光定量PCR方法可灵敏快速地鉴定重组杆状病毒，并在较大的线形范围内检测重组杆状病毒滴度，较之空斑法更准确地反映了重组杆状病毒的实际数量。     

狂犬病病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立和阳性对照的制备

目的 建立狂犬病病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,制备狂犬病病毒(rabies virus,RV)的假病毒颗粒阳性对照.方法 在RV的N基因保守区设计引物和探针,建立反转录实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,克隆得到噬菌体MS2的装配蛋白和壳蛋白基因(MS2),将其重组到质粒pET-28b(+)中,再将RV的N基因片段重组到MS2下游,经原核表达得到RV假病毒颗粒.结果 实时荧光定量PCR检测RV重组质粒最低检测限为15拷贝/μl,重组表达质粒经原核表达可形成耐RNase的RV病毒样颗粒.结论 建立了反转录实时荧光定量PCR检测RV核酸的方法,成功构建了可耐受RNase且无传染性的RV阳性对照.     

荧光定量PCR法在重组逆转录病毒pLXSN-BDNF滴度测定中的应用

目的制备含大鼠脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）基因的逆转录病毒，建立荧光定量PCR测定滴度的方法。方法扩增BDNF基因，构建重组质粒pLXSN-BDNF，将其转染包装细胞，经G418筛选、病毒浓缩后用荧光定量PCR法和克隆形成法测定滴度。结果经PCR、酶切和测序鉴定，BDNF基因成功插入逆转录病毒载体中，筛选得到稳定的分泌重组病毒细胞系。重组病毒100倍浓缩后经荧光定量PCR法和克隆形成法测定的滴度分别为6．92×10^6拷贝/ml和3．2×10^5CFU/ml，两种方法测得的结果差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论成功扩增BDNF基因，制备了重组病毒pLX—SN-BDNF，建立了荧光定量PCR检测滴度的方法，为基因治疗青光眼性视神经损伤的实验研究提供重要参考指标。     

马尔堡、埃博拉病毒双重荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

目的 建立一种快速、敏感、特异的双重实时荧光定量PCR方法,可同时检测马尔堡病毒和埃博拉病毒.方法 通过序列比对挑选出两种病毒基因组中高度保守的序列,分别设计引物及Taqman探针,两条探针分别标记FAM和Texas Red荧光报告基因,建立双重实时荧光定量PCR反应体系.结果 双重荧光定量PCR方法检测两种病毒阳性标准品的灵敏度分别为30.5拷贝/μl和28.6拷贝/μl,通过检测日本脑炎病毒、黄热病毒、登革热病毒无交叉反应,有较好的灵敏度和特异性.结论 建立了马尔堡、埃博拉病毒双重荧光定量PCR检测方法,实现了两种病毒同时实时定量检测,在传染病防控领域有较好的应用前景.     

人线粒体DNA荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

建立SYBR Green I实时荧光PCR定量检测人线粒体DNA的方法。选取人线粒体DNA高度保守基因片段,将该基因片段与pCF-T载体连接后,转化入E.coli DH5α,提取重组质粒PCR及测序鉴定后,作为阳性模板建立SYBR-Green I荧光定量PCR标准曲线和熔解曲线。结果表明:构建的标准曲线线性关系良好(反应体系中含101~108拷贝时,扩增反应CT值与拷贝数的对数成线性关系),相关系数为0.997。批内和批间重复性测定的变异系数分别为1.23%~3.29%以及3.10%~5.21%。我们成功建立了实时荧光定量PCR检测人线粒体DNA的方法,该方法可作为进一步研究线粒体DNA的方法,在相关疾病诊断和监测中具有一定的应用前景。     

绿色荧光标记重组人偏肺病毒空斑形成滴度测定方法的建立

目的 建立用于绿色荧光标记的重组人偏肺病毒(GFP-rhMPV)空斑形成滴度测定方法.方法 基因组中插入绿色荧光蛋白基因的hMPV全序列cDNA质粒和主要蛋白质表达质粒转入细胞293T后获得感染性重组hMPV.GFP-rhMPV在Vero-E6细胞中连续传代提升病毒滴度并保存.将等倍稀释的重组病毒液接种常规制备的Vero-E6细胞单层,用含或不含胰酶的低熔点琼脂精凝胶覆盖细胞,孵育一定时间后,采用荧光显微镜下计数荧光空斑数和抗原抗体蓝斑形成法计算病毒滴度.结果 感染后3 d,荧光显微镜下GFP-rhMPV可在低熔点琼脂糖凝胶覆盖层下形成分界较为清晰的绿色荧光集落,接种后3 d荧光空斑相对独立,便于计数.蓝斑形成法在感染后第5天蓝斑较大,易观察.此前拯救获得的GFP-rhMPV在宿主细胞Vero-E6中的复制滴度可达1×106 PFU以上.结论 成功建立了GFP-rhMPV的空斑形成实验滴度定量检测方法,为hMPV的致病机制、防治手段研究奠定了基础.     

小鼠IL-10重组慢病毒载体的构建和病毒包装

目的:构建小鼠IL-10重组慢病毒表达载体并进行包装,为进一步研究IL-10基因修饰树突细胞在哮喘免疫耐受中的作用提供实验基础。方法:小鼠IL-10基因片段经PCR扩增后,与酶切线性化的慢病毒载体进行定向连接,获得PGC-LV-IL-10重组慢病毒并转化细菌感受态细胞。克隆菌落行PCR鉴定,对阳性的重组质粒进行测序并转入293T细胞,荧光显微镜下观察GFP表达并行Western blot鉴定。将重组质粒与慢病毒包装系统一同转染293T细胞进行病毒包装,Real-time定量PCR法检测病毒滴度。结果:DNA测序结果及Western blot鉴定证实成功构建小鼠IL-10重组慢病毒载体,对其进行包装后测定慢病毒滴度为2×108TU/ml。结论:成功构建并包装小鼠IL-10重组慢病毒表达载体。     

Hsa-mir-196b慢病毒表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的构建Hsa-mir-196b慢病毒表达载体并对其进行鉴定。方法以正常人外周血DNA为模板,PCR扩增得到目的基因。通过HpaⅠ/XhoⅠ双酶切及其后的连接将其插入Lentilox3.7（pLL-3.7）质粒中。PCR筛选阳性克隆,测序鉴定。用pLL-3.7-mir-196b、pCMV-VSV-G和pCMV-dR8.91三质粒系统共感染HEK-293FT细胞,包装生产慢病毒。将所得病毒悬液梯度稀释后感染HEK293FT细胞,以检测病毒滴度,并用实时定量PCR检测慢病毒感染后Hsa-mir-196b的表达变化。结果 PCR及测序结果证明成功构建了pLL-3.7-mir-196b重组质粒。所得慢病毒上清滴度为（7.2±1.1）×107TU/ml。感染慢病毒的239FT细胞中,Hsa-mir-196b的表达量相对于未感染细胞提高了约24倍。结论成功构建Hsa-mir-196b慢病毒表达载体。     

大鼠ferroportin 1过表达慢病毒载体构建及其转染PC12细胞

目的:构建含大鼠ferroportin 1(FP1,膜铁转运蛋白1)基因和EGFP(绿色荧光蛋白)基因的过表达慢病毒载体并转染PC12细胞。方法:化学合成含有目的基因FP1的质粒,将酶切获得的目的基因连接入线性化慢病毒载体,构建重组质粒PGC-FU-FP1并进行测序鉴定;鉴定正确的阳性克隆采用Lipofectamine2000转染293T细胞,通过荧光显微镜和Western Blot检测FP1表达情况;在脂质体介导下将PGC-FU-FP1、pHelper1.0和pHelper2.0三质粒系统共转染入293T细胞,包装产生慢病毒,并通过实时荧光定量PCR法检测病毒滴度。以重组慢病毒载体质粒PGC-FU-FP1转染PC12细胞,荧光显微镜下观察EGFP的表达,实时荧光定量PCR和Western Blot法分别检测FP1mRNA和蛋白表达情况。结果:FP1基因序列经测序后与GeneBank报道的序列完全一致;重组质粒PGC-FU-FP1中携带有正确的FP1基因并能在293T细胞中表达;病毒滴度为2×108TU/ml。荧光显微镜、实时荧光定量PCR和Western Blot法证实目的基因FP1能被重组慢病毒高效导入PC12细胞并得到过表达。结论:成功构建携带FP1基因的慢病毒载体,并获得FP1基因修饰的PC12基因工程细胞。为进一步研究FP1在帕金森病中的作用及基因治疗奠定基础。     

重组杆状病毒表达的EIAV Env蛋白与含有env基因重组痘苗病毒的联合免疫

目的：构建新型的马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)的候选疫苗：方法：利用BAC—To—BAC杆状病毒表达系统，将中国马传贫驴白细胞弱毒疫苗(EIAV DLV)及其亲本株(EIAV LN)env基因导入到杆状病毒基因组中。转染昆虫细胞后，得到的重组病毒用SDS—PAGE和Western blot检测表达产物。以本实验室构建的含有EIAV env基因的重组痘苗病毒，单独或与重组杆状病毒表达的EIAV Env蛋白联合免疫小鼠。结果：构建的重组杆状病毒能正确表达全长Env蛋白。与单独免疫组相比，联合免疫组免疫应答显著增强，其中中和抗体的滴度提高5～9倍。结论：含有EIAV env基因的重组痘苗病毒与Env蛋白抗原联合免疫，能够诱导高滴度的中和抗体。     

A rapid method for estimation of baculovirus titer based on viable cell size

Baculovirus protein expression system is a powerful tool for producing recombinant proteins. To optimize conditions for efficient recombinant protein expression, it is important to determine titer of virus stock for arriving at an optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) that maximizes recombinant protein expression. Traditionally plaque assays have been used for titer determination. Other methods such as endpoint dilution, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry have been developed to aid the determination of virus titers. However, most of these methods are time-consuming and labor intensive. In this regard, a simple and rapid method for determination of virus titers based on the cytopathic effects that lead to viable cell size increase following virus infection is presented in this paper. In this study, the Vi-CELL (Beckman Coulter) was used to measure cell-diameter over a range of virus dilutions, following infection. Applying statistical modeling techniques, the viable cell-diameter data was used to estimate the virus titer. The results indicated that the viable cell-diameter based titer estimation to be reliable and comparable to titers determined by the traditional plaque assay.     

Real-time PCR for detection and quantitation of hepatitis B virus DNA

A sensitive and reproducible real-time PCR assay based on TaqMan technology was developed for the detection and quantitation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in serum, and compared with an "in-house" qualitative PCR assay. HBV DNA was measured in 125 serum samples from 76 hepatitis B patients, consisting of 22 patients with an acute infection, 20 patients with a previous history of hepatitis B infection, and 34 patients with a chronic hepatitis B. Four patients with a chronic infection were treated with either an IFN-alpha monotherapy or a combination of IFN-alpha and lamivudine. Twenty-nine sera from healthy individuals and non-hepatitis B patients served as negative controls. The assay was validated by using a 10-fold dilution series of the World Virological Quality Control (VQC) sample containing 3.73 x 10(7) genome equivalents per ml. The detection limit for the real-time PCR was 3.73 x 10(2) genome equivalents per ml (geq/ml), while it was 3.73 x 10(3) geq/ml for the in-house PCR. The real-time PCR assay had an 8-logarithm dynamic range spanning from 10(2) to 10(10) geq/ml. In clinical serum samples, the real-time PCR and the in-house PCR detected HBV DNA in 81% (101/125) and 66% (83/125) of samples, respectively. HBV DNA was not detected among the negative controls by either of these assays. In conclusion, real-time PCR is a sensitive, specific, and a reproducible approach for the detection and quantitation of HBV DNA in clinical serum samples, useful also for monitoring the efficacy of antiviral treatment.     

Improved assay to detect neutralizing antibody following vaccination with diluted or undiluted vaccinia (Dryvax) vaccine

The assessment of immunogenicity of a diluted vaccinia vaccine for possible widespread use of a diluted vaccine in the event of a bioterrorist attack prompted us to focus on the development of a sensitive and specific plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assay to assess the antibody response of volunteers to a vaccinia (Dryvax) vaccine. Two incubation times, 1 h or overnight (approximately 15 h), were explored for the neutralization step of the assay. In addition, serum samples were evaluated using both sonicated and nonsonicated virus in PRN assays with 1 and 15 h of incubation. The use of the overnight incubation method resulted in the detection of antibody in two vaccinated individuals who exhibited a take, i.e., a major reaction indicative of successive vaccination as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but did not have a fourfold increase in antibody to vaccinia virus by the 1-h-incubation method and increased the sensitivity from 94 to 100%. In addition to the increased sensitivity of the assay, we noted a significant increase (approximately 40-fold) in the PRN titer of serum samples tested with the 15-h-incubation method. The use of sonicated virus increased the reproducibility of the virus titers and PRN titers. Forty-two percent of the samples tested using sonicated virus had a PRN titer that was fourfold higher or greater than that of nonsonicated virus in the assay. A PRN titer that was threefold higher or greater was observed in more than half (58%) of the samples using sonicated virus. Therefore, the more sensitive, specific, and reproducible plaque neutralization assay for the detection of antibody to vaccinia virus is the method using a 15-h-incubation time and freshly sonicated vaccinia virus.     

Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统表达小鼠GITRL蛋白并鉴定

目的:利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统表达小鼠糖皮质激素诱导的肿瘤坏死因子受体的配体(G ITRL)蛋白。方法:用EcoRⅠ和SalⅠ双酶切GITRL-PMD18T载体,回收目的基因G ITRL,并定向克隆入穿梭质粒pFastBacHTA中。以pFastBacHTA-G ITRL转化感受态DH10Bac细菌,在DH10Bac细菌内重组pFastBacHTA与杆粒发生转座。筛选阳性克隆,提取重组杆粒,转染Tn昆虫细胞株,获取完整的重组杆状病毒。反复感染Tn细胞,扩增病毒同时表达目的蛋白,用Western blot法进行蛋白鉴定。结果:经核苷酸序列测定及PCR鉴定,成功地获得含GITRL基因的重组杆粒。在杆粒转染的Tn细胞中表现有细胞病变,推断转染成功并获得重组杆状病毒。Western blot法鉴定显示,在Mr20000处有特异性的蛋白条带。结论:利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统成功地表达了小鼠GITRL蛋白,为进一步研究其生物学活性及功能奠定了实验基础。     

Titration of avirulent Newcastle disease virus by the plaque assay method

Parameters of a plaque assay for avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were optimized for reproducibility and optimum titer in LLC-MK₂ cells. Plaques were visible after 2 days and maximum virus titers were reached in 3 days. Virus titers were not affected by continued incubation through 6 days, although plaque size increased. An adsorption volume of 0.1 or 0.2 ml per 60 mm Petri dish was optimal, as was an adsorption time of 45 min. Trypsin (2.5 μg/ml) and magnesium sulfate (0.03 M) were essential requirements of the overlay medium and the presence of DEAE-dextran (0.02%) resulted in a 30% increase in titer. The use of cell monolayers, 1, 2, or 3 days old facilitated the performance of multiple assays per week and did not affect the virus titer.     

Rhinovirus detection: comparison of real-time and conventional PCR

Rhinoviruses are important human respiratory viruses and the major causative agents of the common cold. Historically, detection of rhinovirus has been by virus culture and this was significantly improved by the use of PCR assays. Recently real-time PCR was developed but to date there have been no reported comparisons of conventional and real-time PCR assays for detection of rhinovirus. In this study, we first compared real-time PCR (SYBR Green I) to conventional PCR for the detection of rhinovirus in serially diluted standard DNA and rhinovirus stock to determine the limits of detection. Next, assays were compared for sensitivity to detect rhinovirus in cell culture with a known number of infected cells. Finally, the assays were compared using clinical samples known to contain rhinovirus. Real-time PCR was 10-fold more sensitive than conventional PCR to detect rhinovirus in standard DNA and in virus stock and >10-fold more sensitive to detect rhinovirus in cultured cells. Real-time PCR was significantly superior for detection of rhinovirus in patients' nasal aspirates (sensitivity 72% versus 39%, P < 0.05). In summary, we found that real-time PCR was more sensitive than conventional PCR and reduced post-PCR processing. Hence, real-time PCR is suitable for both research and clinical purposes.