对OGTT 60分钟时相高血糖老年男性患者的7年随访与转归

目的了解口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）检查时仅显示60分钟时高血糖（1hHG）患者的临床特征和转归。方法对连续7年在我院门诊行糖尿病（DM）普查时行OGTT的老年男性人群中空腹和服糖后2h血糖正常、仅服糖后1h血糖≥11．1mmol／L（OGTT-1hHG）的189患者进行随访，记录相关临床资料（包括高血压、冠心病、脑血管病等相关病史、BMI、血脂等检测指标）和每1～2年复查OGTT的情况，对可能的影响因素进行分析。结果随诊中，由OGTT-1hHG转为DM者19例（10．1％），转为糖耐最低减（IGT）者78例（41．3％），转为正常糖耐量（NGT）者2例（1．1％），保持OGTT-1hHG状态者90例（47．6％）。较同期检出IGT转为DM（21．1％）者比率低（x^2=13．05，P〈0．01），转为NGT者（0．4％）比例略高（x^2=2．46，P〉o．05）。OGTT-1hHG组合并高血压、冠心病、脑血管病及高甘油三酯血症的比例均高于NGT组（P〈0．05），与IGT组相似。结论OGTT-1h高血糖作为OGTT异常的一种特殊表现形式，是糖代谢异常的一个组成部分，其中约1／2将转为DM或IGT，也具有较多血管病变的危险因素，是一个应该关注的人群。     

糖耐量异常的老年男性冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特征

目的探讨糖耐量异常的老年男性冠心病(CAD)患者的冠状动脉病变特征。方法将114例老年男性CAD患者,根据血糖水平分为血糖正常组(NGT组)、糖耐量异常组(IGT组)、糖尿病组(DM组)。分析三组患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂代谢及冠状动脉造影结果,并将其进行统计学处理。结果患者糖耐量结果显示,DM组和IGT组的FPG、PPG、HbA1c水平明显高于NGT组(P0.05);血脂代谢结果显示,三组患者的甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)无显著差异(P0.05);三组患者年龄、吸烟史、高血压病史、体重指数(BMI)相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。DM组和IGT组冠状动脉多支病变发生率明显高于NGT组(P0.05);DM组冠状动脉弥漫性病变患病率明显高于IGT和NGT组(P0.05,P0.01);DM组和IGT组冠状动脉重度狭窄、完全闭塞性患病率明显高于NGT组(P0.05)。结论 IGT的老年男性CAD患者其冠状动脉病变特征以更为严重、多支、弥漫性病变为主。     

糖耐量低减的真胰岛素水平与β—细胞功能

目的 研究真胰岛素水平测定在评价糖耐量低减（IGT）β-细胞功能中的意义。方法 对99例患者[IGT30例,糖耐量正常（NGT）30例,2型糖尿病（DM）39例]行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）及真胰岛素（TI）、胰岛素（NS）、C肽（CP）释放试验。对三组血糖曲线下面积（AUCG）／胰岛素曲线下面积（AUCI）比值、负荷后净增胰岛素／净增血糖比值（ΔI60/ΔG60）、胰岛素敏感指数（IAI）的结果进行比较。结果 各组各点的TI均比INS值低,且以空腹值低得更明显。空腹INS为DM组＞IGT组＞NGT组,而空腹TI则为NGT＞IGT＞DM;负荷后的INS和TI均为IGT组＞NGT组＞DM组。用TI或INS计算均显示AUCG／AUCI比值IGT组＞NGT组;IAI显示NGT组＞IGT组＞DM组;ΔT60／ΔG60以TI计算显示IGT组＞NGT组＞DM组。结论 IGT患者有显著高胰岛素血症、胰岛素敏感性下降和胰岛素抵抗增强。TI比INS检测的结果更具准确性。     

老年男性人群高血压合并糖耐量减低与全因死亡风险的相关性

目的 探讨高血压合并糖耐量减低(IGT)对老年男性人群全因死亡风险的影响.方法 纳入2005年5月至2007年5月在解放军总医院第二医学中心行口服葡萄糖耐量试验检出的老年男性IGT患者和正常糖耐量(NGT)人群,根据基线时是否存在高血压病史和IGT分为4组:非高血压(NH)+正常糖耐量(NGT)组、高血压(H)+NGT...     

2型糖尿病家族史是糖耐量正常个体发生代谢综合征的独立危险因素

目的研究糖耐量正常（NGT）的2型糖尿病（T2DM）一级亲属中代谢综合征（MS）的相关危险因素。方法采用横断面研究，比较182例T2DM家族史阳性（FH^＋）与126例家族史阴性（FH^-）NGT个体的人体测量指标和代谢参数的差异，分析MS的相关危险因素。结果FH^＋个体的腰围和OGTT血糖曲线下面积显著高于FH^-个体，而胰岛β细胞功能指数则显著低于FH^-个体。Logistic分析显示，T2DM家族史是MS和中心性肥胖的独立危险因素，OR值分别为3．33和2．59；中心性肥胖是高血压、高TG血症及低HDL-C血症的独立危险因素，OR值分别为1．41、1．43及1、07。结论T2DM家族史可能是NGT的一级亲属发生中心性肥胖和MS的独立危险因素。早期生活方式干预可使该人群避免发生中心性肥胖，从而减少发生MS甚或心血管疾病的风险。     

社区老年正常糖耐量人群胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能研究

入选老年正常糖耐量(NGT)者2 929名、糖耐量受损(IGT)者448例和2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者1143例.NGT者根据空腹血糖(FBG)四分位数和十分位数分别分为4个亚组和10个亚组.结果显示,中国老年NGT人群随着血糖升高,空腹胰岛素和稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)逐渐升高.以HOMA-IR的75％位点2.15为切割点,≥2.15者在4个NGT亚组、IGT组、T2DM组中的比例逐渐升高;超重或肥胖、高血压和高甘油三酯组HOMA-IR≥2.15比例明显升高;相反,中国老年NGT人群中随着血糖升高,稳态模型评估的胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)逐渐下降,以HOMA-β 25％位点41.79为切割点,＜41.79者在4个NGT亚组、IGT组、T2DM组中的比例逐渐升高;非肥胖、正常血压和正常甘油三酯血症患者HOMA-β＜41.79的比例明显升高.logistic回归分析显示年龄和处置指数是影响老年2型糖尿病独立的危险因素.     

老年糖耐量受损人群合并代谢异常及其转归分析

目的分析老年糖耐量受损(IGT)人群合并代谢异常的情况及其转归。方法对象为1996年至2002年间健康体检诊断IGT的老年人群。方法:行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)、血脂、血尿酸、尿白蛋白排泄率等指标的测定,每二年随访一次。结果对1 059例IGT患者8年的随访中,222例转变为糖尿病(DM,21.0%),47例转变为糖耐量正常(NGT,4.4%),790例仍为IGT(74.6%)。NGT组、IGT组和DM组在基线状态下的体重指数(BMI)、收缩压、负荷后血糖(餐后2h血糖、OGTT1 h和2 h血糖)均逐组增高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。基线状态时代谢异常项目越多者转变为DM的比率越高。Logistic多元回归分析显示仅负荷后血糖对IGT的转归具有独立影响。结论负荷后血糖指标是决定老年IGT人群转归的独立危险因素,合并多项代谢异常也是增加老年IGT患者向DM转化的重要因素。     

山东沿海地区居民糖尿病患病率及危险因素调查

目的调查山东沿海地区20岁以上居民2型糖尿病（DM）的患病情况及其危险因素。方法采用随机、分层、整群抽样的方法，调查青岛、烟台、威海、日照和东营常住居民5000人的DM患病情况。结果（1）DM的患病率为8．37％，按照2000年第五次全国人口普查资料进行年龄调整标化后，标化患病率为7．98％。糖调节受损（IGR）的患病率为10．5％，标化后为9．84％。（2）新诊断的DM有215例，占患病总人数的51．3％。（3）男性DM、IGR30岁以后的患病率随年龄的增加而明显增加（P〈0．01）；女性则在40岁以后随年龄增加而听显增加（P〈0．05～0．01）。（4）由正常糖耐量（NGT）、IFG、IGT至DM，年龄、BMI、腰臀比（WHR）、SBP、DBP、TG、TC、血尿酸（UA）和FPG、胰岛素（Ins）、HOMA-IR逐渐升高，且IFG、IGT、DM组均较NGT组显著升高（P均＜0．01），HDL-C显著降低（P〈0．01）；而UA在IGT组最高。（5）非条件logistic回归分析显示年龄、SBP、TG、TC、BMI、WHR为DM危险因子，HDL—C为保护因素。结论山东沿海居民DM的患病人群明显年轻化。高血压、脂代谢紊乱、中心性肥胖和增龄为糖代谢紊乱的危险因素。     

游离脂肪酸在糖尿病与糖耐量降低患者中的分布特征及其影响因素

目的 探讨游离脂肪酸（free fatty acid，FFA）在糖尿病与糖耐量降低患者中的水平及影响因素，尤其与胰岛素抵抗（Insulin resistance，IR）的关系。方法 采用横断面及病例对照方法研究。选择对照（NGT）组59例，糖耐量降低（IGT）组48例，2型糖尿病（T2DM）组71例，测量血压、身高、体重，计算体重指数（BMI）。做口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGGT）及胰岛素释放试验，测定空腹血样FFA及血脂水平，用胰岛素敏感指数和稳态模式法评估IR。结果 T2DM组FFA较IGT组和NGT组显著升高（P〈0．05），且与TG、FPG、HOMA．IR呈正相关，与HDL呈负相关。多元逐步回归分析显示：血压、FPG、FINS、HOMA-β和TG是影响FFA水平的主要因素。结论 高FFA可能导致IR，而IR又可能使FFA升高。     

不同糖耐量水平者C反应蛋白与内皮功能的相关性研究

内皮功能障碍是发生动脉粥样硬化的“启动子”。C反应蛋白（CRP）是一种敏感的非特异性的炎症标记物。糖耐量低减（IGT）是糖尿病（DM）发生前的一个临床阶段，IGT患动脉硬化性血管病变的发生率已经高于糖耐量正常（NGT）人群。本研究通过对不同糖耐量水平高敏CRP水平进行比较分析，探讨IGT及DM患炎症标记物与内皮功能的关系。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.