中药促结肠动力作用的筛选研究

目的 :探讨中药的促结肠动力作用 ,以筛选出具有开发价值的促结肠动力药物。方法 :制备大鼠结肠纵肌和横肌肌条 ,以 0 .85 %氯化钠溶液和乙酰胆碱为对照 ,观察元胡、香附、白芍、生白术、蒲公英、小茴香、大腹皮、大黄、莱菔子、厚朴、槟榔 11味中药对离体结肠肌收缩活性的效应。结果 :该 11味中药对肌条均有不同程度的兴奋效应 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,其中 ,槟榔、莱菔子、小茴香、生白术对横肌及纵肌均有显著性的兴奋作用 ,蒲公英对平滑肌肌条的兴奋作用以横肌较为显著 ,白芍作用较弱。结论 :槟榔、小茴香、蒲公英、莱菔子、生白术具有较强的促结肠动力作用 ,可以进一步研究开发。     

调气中药对豚鼠体外胃平滑肌运动的影响

[目的]观察同归脾、胃经具有调理气机功能的莱菔子、大腹皮、白术、小茴香、莪术,香附、蒲公英等7味中药对豚鼠体外胃纵行肌条的收缩作用,探讨其促胃动力作用规律。[方法]制备豚鼠胃底、胃体平滑肌条,以0.85%氯化钠(NS)和乙酰胆碱(ACh)作对照,观察7味中药对豚鼠体外胃纵行平滑肌的收缩效应。[结果]7味中药对胃底胃体纵行肌条均有不同程度的兴奋作用。与NS组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。以ACh标化实验数据,莱菔子的收缩作用最强,与大腹皮比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与其他5味中药比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),白术、蒲公英、小茴香的作用次之,无论在胃体还是胃底,莪术和香附的收缩作用均稍弱,分别与其他5味药比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]7味中药均有较强的促胃动力作用,其中莱菔子、大腹皮作用显著,值得进一步开发研究。从脾胃论治,结合气机升降理论开展促胃肠动力中药筛选是一条有效途径。     

莪术对大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩的促进作用及机制

目的:观察莪术对离体大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩运动的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制.方法:制备大鼠结肠平滑肌肌条,以9 g/LNaCl溶液(NS)为对照组,观察不同浓度莪术对结肠平滑肌的收缩效应;以莪术为对照组.分别观察酚妥拉明、维拉帕米和阿托品3种阻断剂孵育肌条后,莪术对肌条的收缩效应.结果:莪术高浓度组对离体大鼠结肠平滑肌的促进作用明显,与NS对照组比较,莪术1g/L、10 g/L组引起的肌条最大收缩振幅和曲线下面积均有统计学意义(63.92±2.06,76.27±2.28vs100%;44.09±11.10,55.66±10.29vs100%,P<0.05或<0.01);与单独莪术组比较,阻断剂维拉帕米和阿托品对莪术引起的肌条收缩有抑制作用,其最大收缩振幅和曲线下面积均有统计学意义(87.35%±50.49%,73.80%±9.37%vs 100%,33.97%±15.18%,27.55%±11.56% vs 100%,P<0.05或<0.01).结论:莪术对大鼠结肠平滑肌的收缩活动有兴奋作用,且与剂量呈正相关,其引起的收缩效应可被阿托品和维拉帕米阻断,而未能被酚妥拉明阻断.     

白细胞介素6对豚鼠离体近端结肠平滑肌收缩的影响

目的:研究白细胞介素6(IL-6)对豚鼠近端结肠平滑肌的影响及其机制.方法:观察IL-6对结肠收缩的影响;用河豚毒素(TTX)阻断肠神经后观察不同浓度IL-6对结肠平滑肌收缩的影响;损伤Cajal间质细胞(ICC)后观察IL-6对结肠平滑肌收缩的影响.结果:在带有ICC的近端结肠纵行肌加入IL-6后,结肠平滑肌的收缩振幅增加和频率加快,呈浓度依赖性:加入TTX后,收缩的幅度和频率,同拮抗前相比分别降低和减慢(0.206±0.027 g vs 0.300±0.039 g;9.770±1.711 s vs 8.483±1.113 s:P<0.01,P<0.05):TTX阻断后加入IL-6(80μg/L),振幅增加和频率加快(P<0.01,P<0.05):破坏结肠ICC,收缩幅度和频率分别与损伤ICC后加入IL-6无显著性差异(80μg/L),而与正常结肠收缩振幅和频率有显著性差异(P<0.01).结论:IL-6对豚鼠近端结肠平滑肌的收缩活动有兴奋作用,其兴奋效应主要是通过肠神经元介导.ICC是IL-6对平滑肌兴奋途径的一个不可缺少的中间环节.     

莱菔子,蒲公英,白术对家兔离体胃,十二指肠肌的动力作用

以等长收缩形式观察莱菔子、蒲公英、白核对家兔离体体胃、十二指产滑肌的影响。结果表明，家兔离全胃、十二指肠平滑肌在分别加入莱菔子、蒲公英、白术后收缩力增强，与用药前比较，差异有极显著性意义；阿托品可阻断莱菔子、蒲公英、白术对家兔十二指产滑肌的收缩作用。     

防风对大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩的抑制作用及其机制

目的: 观察防风(RS)对离体大鼠结肠平滑肌的影响,并探讨其机制.方法: 制备大鼠结肠平滑肌肌条,以9 g/LNaCl溶液为对照,观察防风对肌条自发收缩以及对乙酰胆碱(Ach)引起的肌每收缩的影响.并观察防风对用3种工具药,即纳络酮(NLT)、心得安(XDA)和酚妥拉明(FTLM)充分孵育后的平滑肌肌条的抑制作用.结果: RS各组较NS组均对离体大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩有一定程度的抑制(振幅:F=8.388,P<0.01;面积:F=33.390,P<0.01),在10-40 g/L范围内随浓度的增大而增强.RS可以抑制Ach引起的离体大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩,加入Ach后加入不同浓度的RS平滑肌收缩振幅和面积均可部分抑制(F=6.093,P<0.0l:F=15.383,P<0.01).与对照组(NS RS)比较,FTLM组对平滑肌收缩的振幅(88.92%±9.93%)和面积(91.5%±12.59%)均可抑制(均P<0.01),NIT RS组面积有差异(72.6%±15.26%,P<0.05),而XDA组振幅和面积均无统计学意义.结论: 防风能够抑制离体大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩,其机制与肾上腺素能α-受体、M胆碱受体有关.     

莱菔子、蒲公英、白术对家兔离体胃、十二指肠肌的动力作用

以等长收缩形式观察莱菔子、蒲公英、白术对家兔离体胃、十二指肠平滑肌的影响。结果表明，家兔离休胃、十二指肠平滑肌在分别加入莱菔子、蒲公英、白术后收缩力增强，与用药前比较，差异有极显著性意义（P＜0．01）；阿托品可阻断莱菔子、蒲公英、白术对家兔十二指肠平滑肌的收缩作用。     

皱皮木瓜总黄酮松弛胃肠平滑肌的效应机制

目的:探讨皱皮木瓜总黄酮(FLC)松弛胃肠平滑肌作用机制及其与Ca~(2 )的关系.方法:采用家兔离体空肠、回肠和结肠带生物测定法,在离体标本灌流槽中以Tyrode's液平衡家兔空肠、回肠和结肠带,分别观察FLC对空肠自律性收缩、对Ach诱导空肠收缩、对高钾所致结肠带收缩、以及CaCl2诱导回肠平滑肌收缩的影响.结果:FLC和Ver对高K~ 去极化所致结肠带收缩呈剂量依赖性松弛作用,压低最大效应(Emax);FLC(8g/L)对空肠自律性收缩(频率:5.83±2.64 vs 12.52±0.41,P<0.01;张力:0.76±0.26 g vs 2.13±0.21g,P<0.01)和Ach诱导的收缩反应(频率:7.00±2.44 vs 13.10±0.90,P<0.01;张力:0.87±0.34 g vs 3.47±0.57g,P<0.01)均具抑制作用;FLC剂量依赖性抑制Ca~(2 )诱导回肠收缩作用,4、8 g/L时收缩幅度显著低于对照组(2.53±0.45,1.35±0.57 mm vs 5.41±0.64mm,P<0.01).结论:FLC抑制胃肠平滑肌的功能与阻断电压依赖性的钙通道有关.     

胆囊收缩素对胆固醇结石豚鼠离体胆囊肌条的影响

目的:建立胆固醇结石实验动物模型,探讨胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin,CCK)对胆固醇结石豚鼠离体胆囊肌条收缩的影响,并研究胆道动力因素在胆固醇结石形成中的作用.方法:喂养致石饲料构建豚鼠胆固醇结石模型.采用灌流法加药,利用张力换能器记录豚鼠离体胆囊肌条张力的变化,观察10-9、10-8、10-7 mol/L的CCK-8对正常豚鼠离体胆囊肌条(A组)、喂养致石饲料4 wk(B组)、8 wk(C组)豚鼠离体胆囊肌条及正常豚鼠损伤Caial间质细胞(interstitial cell of cajal,ICC)后离体胆囊肌条(D组)的影响.结果:A组无结石发生,B组及C组共有13例结石发生:A组、B组及C组加入CCK后收缩振幅均增加,呈浓度依赖性:B、C两组振幅加入CCK后的效应值同A组相比变小,起作用时间慢(P<0.05);损伤胆囊ICC后,收缩幅度增加不明显,与CCK浓度无显著差异,而与A组相比效应值有显著性差异(10-9mol/L:0.461±0.071 vs 1.461±0.252:10-8mol,L:0.608±0.118 vs 2.484±0.283:10-7mol/L:0.641±0.129 vs 3.312±0.311,均P<0.01).结论:离体胆囊肌条肌张力降低及对CCK的效应性降低在胆囊结石病的发生发展中有重要作用;而损伤ICC后,胆囊离体肌条对CCK的效应性明显降低,ICC可能在胆囊结石等胆囊动力性疾病中发生作用.     

A型肉毒毒素对P物质引发的离体食管下括约肌收缩的抑制作用

目的观察A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)对电场刺激(EFS)、内源性及外源性P物质(SP)引发的SD大鼠离体食管下括约肌(LES)收缩的影响。方法 SD大鼠叩击头部致昏后剪取食管下段与贲门交界处组织制备肌条。使用EFS诱发肌条内源性递质释放,阿托品阻断胆碱受体作用后,观察NK1受体拮抗剂(APTL-SP)、BTX-A对LES收缩的影响;观察不同浓度APTL-SP、BTX-A,对外源性SP引发的LES收缩变化影响。采用Biolap BL-420E生物机能实验系统同步记录肌条的收缩变化曲线。结果 EFS可增强LES的收缩张力及振幅(P<0.01),BTX-A、阿托品、APTL-SP均可单独抑制其效应(P<0.05或P<0.01),而阿托品作用后BTX-A可进一步降低LES的收缩张力及振幅(P<0.05);EFS的增强LES收缩效应,在被阿托品抑制后,可被后加入的APTL-SP进一步抑制(P<0.05);阿托品与APTL-SP对EFS引发的LES收缩的协同抑制效应和BTX-A的抑制效应对比,二者无统计学差异(P>0.05)。外源性加入的SP可显著增强LES收缩张力(P<0.01)及振幅(P<0.05)。结论 BTX-A可抑制EFS诱发的内源性SP引发的LES缩增强,其对外源性SP引发的LES收缩也具有抑制效应。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.