老年人群代谢综合征与脑血管病的相关分析

目的 :调查老年干部体验人员脑血管病与MS的关系。方法 :检测血糖、血脂、胰岛素、血压、体重指数、胰岛素抵抗指数、CT/MRI。结果 :MS各组的血栓性脑梗死和腔隙性脑梗死的患病比例均高于对照组。血栓性脑梗死组患者血胆固醇、甘油三酯、胰岛素、体重指数、胰岛素抵抗指数高于对照组 ;腔隙性脑梗死组患者血胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数高于对照组。结论 :胰岛素抵抗、高血糖、血脂紊乱、肥胖增加老年人缺血性脑病危险性     

2型糖尿病并发脑梗死临床分析

目的研究2型糖尿病并发脑梗死的危险因素及治疗措施。方法随机选取我院2010-02—2011-01收治的2型糖尿病患者52例,所有患者未进行溶栓治疗,采用改善微循环、改善脑代谢、常规脱水、控制血压、控制血糖等治疗,观察治疗效果。结果 26例患者病残程度为0级,功能缺损评分减少91%～100%,基本痊愈;18例患者病残程度为1～3级,功能缺损评分减少46%～90%,显著进步;5例患者功能缺损评分减少18%～45%,进步;3例患者死亡。另经统计发现,肥胖尤其是腹型肥胖、高血压、胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、血脂代谢紊乱、高血糖等与糖尿病并发脑梗死发病有关。结论 2型糖尿病并发脑梗死的患者经改善微循环、改善脑代谢、常规脱水、控制血压、控制血糖等治疗后,效果显著。控制肥胖、高血压、胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、血脂代谢紊乱、高血糖等危险因素可有效预防脑梗死的发生。     

代谢综合征与缺血性脑血管病

近年来，临床医学实践中发现糖尿病、血脂紊乱、高血压病、肥胖等常合并发生，其发生机制与胰岛素抵抗（Insulin resistence，IR）密切有关。1999年WHO对这一情况命名为代谢综合征（mebolic syndrome，MS）并提出了以下诊断标准^[1]：胰岛素抵抗（2型糖尿病，糖耐量或空腹血糖异常，正常血糖胰岛素钳夹技术测得的葡萄糖摄取率处于最小四分位数以下），同时有下列2个或2个以上组成部分：     

OSAHS患者血清LCN-2、Lipin1水平和胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)患者血清脂质运载蛋白2(LCN-2)、脂素蛋白1(Lipin1)水平和胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法根据睡眠呼吸监测数据,将患者分为轻度OSAHS组、中度OSAHS组、重度OSAHS组和正常对照组,检测并比较各组血清LCN-2、Lipin1和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等生化指标,并研究其相关性。结果重度OSAHS组、中度OSAHS组患者较正常对照组血清LCN-2和HOMA-IR升高、Lipin1降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);重度OSAHS组较轻度OSAHS组LCN-2和HOMA-IR升高、Lipin1降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);LCN-2与BMI、LDL-C、HOMA-IR呈正相关;Lipin1与BMI、LDL-C、HOMA-IR呈负相关;多元线性相关分析示AHI与腰围、HOMA-IR、LCN-2和Lipin1有线性回归关系,其中与Lipin1负相关。结论 OSAHS患者可能通过升高LCN-2及降低Lipin1引起胰岛素抵抗。     

伴药源性肥胖的精神分裂症患者事件相关电位P300、血清脑源性神经营养因子及胰岛素抵抗的研究

目的:探讨伴药源性肥胖精神分裂症患者事件相关电位P300特征、血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平及胰岛素抵抗的状况。方法:对伴药源性肥胖的精神分裂症患者32例(肥胖组)、不伴药源性肥胖的精神分裂症患者47例(非肥胖组)及正常人42名(正常组)。以事件相关电位P300评价其认知功能,酶免疫法测定血清BDNF水平,常规检测血脂及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果:肥胖组P300潜伏期较非肥胖组和正常组延长(P均0. 01),非肥胖组P300潜伏期也较正常组延长(P 0. 01);肥胖组P300波幅较非肥胖组和正常组下降(P均0. 01),非肥胖组P300波幅也较正常组下降(P 0. 01);肥胖组、非肥胖组及正常组之间血清BDNF水平差异无统计学意义(F=1. 81,P0. 05);肥胖组HOMA-IR高于非肥胖组及正常组(均P 0. 01);精神分裂症患者中P300潜伏期与HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0. 34,P 0. 01),P300波幅与HOMA-IR呈负相关(r=-0. 29,P 0. 05)。结论:伴药源性肥胖的精神分裂症有更明显的认知功能缺陷,并与BDNF无关;胰岛素抵抗可能参与了药源性肥胖相关认知损害的病理生理过程。     

食源性肥胖大鼠2型糖尿病模型的建立

背景：高脂饮食加小剂量链脲佐菌素是目前国内最常用的2型糖尿病大鼠造模方式，但高脂饮食仅能诱导50%大鼠发生胰岛素抵抗，因此还需寻找更理想的2型糖尿病大鼠建模方法。 目的：选择食源性肥胖大鼠进行小剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射，建立更理想的2型糖尿病动物模型。 方法：将SD大鼠随机分成对照组和高脂饮食组。4周后，据大鼠体质量将高脂饮食组分为食源性肥胖组和食源性肥胖抵抗组。8周后，所有大鼠均给予小剂量链脲佐菌素(30 mg/kg)腹腔注射，将注射10 d后空腹血糖> 7.8 mmol/L且稳定2周以上者纳为2型糖尿病大鼠模型。检测各组大鼠的空腹血糖、血脂、胰岛素；评价各组大鼠的胰岛素抵抗程度；比较各组大鼠的2型糖尿病成模率。 结果与结论：与对照组及食源性肥胖抵抗组相比，食源性肥胖组大鼠出现明显的体质量增加、高血脂、高胰岛素血症及胰岛素抵抗(P < 0.01)。注射链脲佐菌素后食源性肥胖组2型糖尿病成模率高达100%，食源性肥胖抵抗组成模率仅为12.5%。由结果可知选择食源性肥胖组大鼠作为2型糖尿病造模对象，是2型糖尿病造模方法的成功改良。     

中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与糖代谢异常的相关性研究

目的探讨中枢性呼吸睡眠暂停综合征与糖代谢异常的相关性。方法选择睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(SAHS)肥胖患者36例为观察组,无SAHS 36例正常体质量人群为对照组。根据多导睡眠图监测结果计算呼吸暂停低通气指数;测量空腹血糖、胰岛素、血氧饱和度、口服糖耐量(DGTT)等,采用IR稳定状态模式评估方法(HOMA-IR)指数评估IR。结果 SAHS的糖代谢异常明显高于对照组;SAHS组HOMA-IR明显高于对照组;SAHS组最低脉搏、血氧饱和度低于对照组。结论SAHS与2型糖尿病高发和糖耐量受损有关,是胰岛素抵抗的独立危险因素,睡眠呼吸暂停与空腹胰岛素水平有一定的相关性,睡眠呼吸暂停的严重程度与胰岛素抵抗有关。     

抗精神病药引起的代谢综合征与TCF7L2和SLC30A8基因

可以引起明显的体重增加、糖脂代谢异常及胰岛素抵抗等代谢综合征的症状。代谢综合征(Metabolic Syndrome,MS)又名胰岛素抵抗综合征,是由一些可以引起心血管疾病的风险因子组成的集合,包括高血压、高血糖、肥胖、高血脂等。MS是心脑血管疾病及糖尿病的危险因素[1]。     

络病理论与中风、代谢综合征相关性探讨

中风主要指脑血管微循环方面的疾病,又称脑卒中。高血压、心脏病、糖尿病、高脂血症等是其高度危险因素。代谢综合征(MS)是一组以中心性肥胖、糖尿病或糖调节受损、高血压、血脂异常等为主的多种代谢性疾病合并出现的临床症候群。其中腹型肥胖、慢性亚临床炎症及在此基础上产生机体的胰岛素抵抗,是MS发生发展的重要机制,其核心理论是"胰岛素抵抗—高胰岛素血症—多种危险因素—糖尿病—动脉粥样硬化—心脑血管病"。     

脑白质疏松与胰岛素抵抗和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1的关系

目的探讨脑白质疏松患者胰岛素抵抗(IR)与血浆单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)水平的关系。方法选择48例脑白质疏松患者,以30例健康者作为对照组。采用放射免疫法测定两组的空腹血胰岛素(FINS)水平,同时检测空腹血糖(FBG)、血脂,以稳态模型评估法(HOMA)评价胰岛素抵抗(HOMA-IR)。采用ELISA法测定血清MCP-1水平。结果脑白质疏松组的MCP-1水平高于健康对照组(P<0.01);脑白质疏松组FINS、HOMA-IR均高于健康对照组(P<0.01)。相关性分析显示脑白质疏松患者血清MCP-1水平与FPG、TC、LDL-C、血清胰岛素、HOMA-IR呈明显正相关(P<0.01)。结论脑白质疏松患者存在胰岛素抵抗,MCP-1与胰岛素抵抗密切相关。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.