胎儿窘迫孕妇血及脐血一氧化氮及其与新生儿窒息的相关研究

为了解胎儿窘迫时孕妇血及脐血中一氧化氮 (NO)水平的变化及其与胎儿窘迫及新生儿窒息的关系。对 42例胎儿窘迫孕妇 (胎儿窘迫组 )及 36例正常晚孕妇女 (对照组 )母血、脐血中 NO代谢产物亚硝酸 /硝酸基 (NO- 2 / NO- 3 )进行测定 ;以血气分析仪测定脐血 p H值。结果显示　胎儿窘迫组母血及脐血 NO水平均较对照组明显下降 (P均 <0 .0 1 ) ,胎儿窘迫组与对照组相比 :脐血 p H下降 (P<0 .0 1 ) ;新生儿Apgar评分下降 (P<0 .0 1 ) ;新生儿一分钟 Apgar评分≤ 7分的例数所占比例上升(P<0 .0 1 )。母血 NO≤ 2 .6 6 umol/ L,脐血 NO≤ 2 .0 3umol/ L时新生儿窒息率明显上升 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,与脐血 p H值 <7.2 0时相比 ,两者新生儿窒息率无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。新生儿脐血 p H值与脐血 NO水平呈高度正相关 (r=0 .74,P<0 .0 1 )。结论　母血及脐血 NO下降与胎儿窘迫有一定关系 ;NO水平下降在预测新生儿窒息时与脐血 p H值有同等价值 ;监测母血及脐血 NO水平可作为诊断胎儿窘迫的指标之一。指导临床及时处理胎儿窘迫 ,为减少新生儿窒息的发生起很重要的作用。     

新生儿脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关研究

本文探讨脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关性,为预测和诊断新生儿窒息及减低围产窒息的发生提供重要依据和帮助,对102例新生儿出生后立即采集脐静脉血进行血气分析,据其有无围产因素影响分为两组进行对照,并结合Apgar评分进行分析.结果显示在围产因素组60例中,Apgar评分≤7分者7例,占11.67%;对照组42例中,Apgar评分≤7分者2例,占4.76%.二者比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01).在脐血pH值＞7.10时,两组新生儿窒息发生率分别为5.56%及4.76%,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).脐血pH值＜7.10者,有围产因素组6例,占10%,且其中4例Apgar评分≤7分;对照组脐血pH值＜7.10者为0,二者有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结果提示,围产因素与新生儿窒息密切相关,并对脐血pH值的影响显著.当脐血pH值＜7.10时,新生儿窒息发生率为66.67%.脐血血气分析与Apgar评分互补,可作为诊断新生儿窒息的重要指标.     

围产期窒息母儿血浆催乳素水平变化研究

为探讨窒息新生儿母、儿血浆催乳素( PRL)水平变化与相关性及其意义,采用放射免疫分析法对 25例围产期窒息儿及 20例正常对照组母血、脐血及新生儿血浆 PRL水平进行测定并进行动态观察.结果显示窒息组母血、脐血及新生儿血浆 PRL水平均显著高于正常对照组( P均 <0.01);重度窒息组母血、脐血及新生儿血浆 PRL水平均高于轻度窒息组,差异具有显著性( P<0.01, <0.001, <0.01),窒息儿母血、脐血及新生儿血浆 PRL水平具有显著的正相关关系( r=0.54,P<0.05).窒息新生儿复苏后血浆 PRL水平显著增高,生后第 2 d PRL水平逐渐下降,生后第 10 d血浆 PRL水平虽高于正常对照组,但差异无显著性( P>0.05).提示围产期窒息新生儿血浆、脐血、母血 PRL水平显著增高,其可能的机理是窒息时缺氧缺血导致脑组织释放兴奋性氨基酸增加,进而刺激垂体前叶释放 PRL,导致血浆及脐血 PRL水平增高.因此认为,血浆 PRL水平可作为判断新生儿窒息程度及由窒息缺氧所致新生儿脑损伤恢复状况的一项参考指标.     

孕妇血及脐血同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B12水平与胎儿生长受限的相关性

目的 通过检测孕妇血与脐血同型半胱氨酸( homocysteine,Hcy)、叶酸(folic acid,Fa)及维生素B12( vitamin B12,VB12)水平,探讨其与胎儿生长受限的相关性及相互作用.方法 选取2010年2月至2010年11月间我院产科住院分娩的孕妇及其新生儿各44例,根据胎龄与出生体重百分位数的关系分为胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction,FGR)、适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)、大于胎龄儿(large for gestational age,LGA)三组.采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别测定孕妇及其新生儿脐血Hcy、Fa、VB12水平.分别测量胎儿的出生体重、身长、头围、腹围及胎盘重量,计算体重指数(body mass index,BMI),Rohrer's身体指数,评估新生儿生长状态,记录新生儿分娩方式、性别.结果 (1)孕妇血清Fa、VB12水平FGR组小于AGA、LGA组,Hcy水平FGR组大于AGA、LGA组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);脐血VB12水平FGR组小于AGA、LGA组,Hcy水平FGR组大于AGA、LGA组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).孕妇血Fa水平与脐血Fa、VB12水平均呈正相关(P均＜0.01),孕妇血VB12水平与脐血VB12水平呈正相关(P＜0.01).(2)孕妇血、脐血Hcy水平与新生儿各项生长参数均呈负相关(P均＜0.01);孕妇血Fa水平与新生儿出生体重呈正相关(P均＜0.05);孕妇血VB12水平与新生儿头围、腹围呈正相关(P均＜0.05).(3)胎盘重量FGR组均小于AGA、LGA组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).FGR组新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、腹围、BMI与胎盘重量未见明显相关(P＞0.05),LGA、AGA组新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、腹围及BMI与胎盘重量呈正相关(P均＜0.01).(4) Rohrer's身体指数:FGR组胎龄≤37周小于2.00,胎龄＞37周小于2.20,LGA、AGA组均大于2.20;身长/头围比值三组均大于1.36.结论 妊娠期缺乏Fa及VB12可能发生高Hcy血症,FGR发病可能与血Hcy水平升高有关.妊娠晚期孕妇血清Fa、VB12、Hcy水平对胎儿体格状况有重要影响.胎盘重量在胎儿生长发育中具有重要作用.     

一氧化氮在妊娠期肝内胆汁瘀积并胎儿窘迫中的作用

目的 探讨一氧化氮(NO)与妊娠期肝内胆汁瘀积(ICP)并胎儿窘迫(胎窘)的关系。方法 采用硝酸根还原酶与Griess反应相结合的方法,测定40例正常晚期妊娠妇女(晚孕组)、36例无胎窘ICP孕妇(ICP组)、33例ICP并胎窘(胎窘组)孕妇静脉血及脐血中NO代谢产物亚硝酸基/硝酸基(NO2-/NO3-)进行测定。结果 胎窘组母血NO2- /NO3-含量显著低于另两组(P <0.01);胎窘组脐血NO2-/NO3-水平显著低于晚孕组及ICP组(P<0.01);脐血NO2-/NO3-水平与pH、PO2呈显著正相关,与PCO2呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。结论NO含量的降低是导致ICP患儿发生胎窘的一个重要因素。     

脐血血气分析评价围生期窒息及新生儿预后的相关研究

目的通过分析脐动脉血血气与胎儿宫内窘迫、Apgar评分及新生儿窒息后并发症等因素之间的相关关系,探索脐血血气在评价围生期窒息及新生儿窒息预后中的作用。方法对2 281例新生儿生后即采集脐动脉血进行血气分析,同时将脐血pH值与出生后Apgar评分、宫内窘迫及窒息后并发症等相关因素进行对比分析。结果出生后Apgar评分与脐血pH值相关性强,评分越低,脐血pH值也越低。胎儿宫内窘迫与Apgar评分无显著相关,但与脐血pH值关系密切。低Apgar评分新生儿,如果脐血pH<7.20,尤其是pH<7.00,容易发生窒息后并发症。结论脐血血气分析比Apgar评分更客观、更直接地反映胎儿缺血、缺氧程度,并有助于判断新生儿预后。对有宫内窘迫征象及出生低Ap-gar评分的新生儿应常规做脐血血气分析。     

脐血血小板聚集在新生儿窒息发病中的作用

为研究脐血血小板聚集与胎儿窘迫和新生儿窒息的关系,探讨血小板聚集功能在新生儿窒息发病中的作用,对窒息新生儿进行脐血体外血小板聚集率(PAgT)测定和血小板计数,并与正常新生儿对照.结果显示,窒息新生儿脐血血小板聚集率明显高于正常对照组,(P＜0.05),血小板计数与对照组比较差异无显著(P＞0.05).因此,窒息新生儿脐血血小板聚集率升高,血小板聚集功能在新生儿窒息发病中起重要作用.     

胎儿宫内窘迫孕妇静脉血及脐血孤啡肽的变化

目的探讨宫内窘迫脐血孤啡肽(OFQ)的变化及其临床意义。方法采用放射免疫法测定30例正常妊娠妇女(对照组)及23例胎儿宫内窘迫孕妇(缺氧缺血组)静脉血及脐血OFQ的含量,同时行脐动脉血血气分析。结果1.缺氧缺血组脐血OFQ(23.46±6.72)ng/L,对照组为(13.29±4.14)ng/L,两组相比有显著差异(P<0.05)。2.脐动脉血血气分析,pH 为(7.00±0.15),p(O2)为(1.70±0.42)kPa,p(CO2)为(8.80±0.69)kPa;OFQ与脐血pH、p(O2)呈显著负相关(r= -0.418,-0.437 P均<0.05),与p(CO2)呈显著正相关(r=0.442 P<0.05)。3.缺氧缺血组及对照组母血浆OFQ含量分别为(9.23±3.01)ng/L及(8.57±2.83)ng/L,两组相比无显著差异(P>0.05).4.脐血OFQ含量与母血OFQ含量无显著相关(r=0.287 P>0.05)。结论OFQ与缺氧缺血导致的胎儿窘迫及新生儿窒息的发生发展密切相关。     

肿瘤坏死因子α、X-连锁凋亡抑制蛋白在特发性胎儿生长受限中的表达

目的 探讨特发性胎儿生长受限(IFGR)患儿母血和脐血TNF-α及胎盘组织中X-连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)的表达及其意义.方法 选取郑州大学第三附属医院2010年7月-2011年7月行剖宫产分娩的IFGR孕妇34例作为实验组,同期因社会因素行剖宫产分娩的健康足月孕妇30例作为健康对照组.采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定2组母血、脐血TNF-α水平,免疫组织化学法检测2组胎盘组织中XIAP的表达.结果 1.实验组母血、脐血TNF-α水平[(90.12±6.43)μ·L-1,(98.73±7.29)μg·L-1]均明显高于健康对照组[(72.97±8.51)μg·L-1,(80.87±6.92)μg.L-1],差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05).2.实验组XIAP在胎盘合体滋养细胞中的表达(114.56±5.17)明显低于健康对照组(144.40±7.31),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).3.实验组母血、脐血中TNF-α与胎盘组织中XIAP均呈负相关(Pa＜0.05);健康对照组母血、脐血中TNF-α与胎盘组织中XIAP均无相关性(Pa＞0.05).4.实验组母血、脐血中TNF-α与新生儿体质量均呈负相关(Pa＜0.05),健康对照组母血、脐血中TNF-α与新生儿体质量均无相关性(Pa＞0.05).5.实验组新生儿并发症显著高于健康对照组(P＜0.05).结论 母血、脐血中TNF-α升高及胎盘组织中XIAP表达降低,可能通过促进胎盘滋养细胞过度凋亡参与IFGR的发病,并影响新生儿预后.     

窒息新生儿脐血促生长激素释放多肽与超敏C反应蛋白的水平变化及临床意义

目的 探讨窒息新生儿脐血中促生长激素释放多肽( Ghrelin)及超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平,为进一步了解患儿的病情、评估预后提供新的依据.方法 选择80例窒息新生儿,按窒息严重程度分为轻度窒息组(40例)及重度窒息组(40例);同期住院无窒息史的40例健康新生儿为对照组.检测各组新生儿脐血Ghrelin和hs-CRP水平.结果 轻度、重度窒息组患儿脐血Ghrelin水平明显低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);重度窒息组患儿脐血Ghrelin水平低于轻度窒息组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).轻度、重度窒息组患儿脐血hs-CRP水平明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).重度窒息组hs-CRP水平低于轻度窒息组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 窒息新生儿脐血中Ghrelin水平降低,hs-CRP水平升高,其中Ghrelin水平更能反映新生儿窒息程度,为防治新生儿窒息提供依据.     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.