解剖性耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术

虽然近年来腹腔镜手术及机器人辅助腹腔镜手术发展迅速,但解剖性耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术仍是治疗局限性前列腺癌的金标准。经过20多年的不断改进与创新,这项手术技术无论在安全性还是从有效性上都得到了很大的提高,同时也存在一定的并发症,如术中出血、直肠损伤、术后尿失禁、勃起功能障碍等。本文结合临床经验体会,对解剖性耻骨后前列腺癌根治术的要点进行详尽探讨,并对近年来手术技巧方面的改进作一简要阐述。     

Elimination of serum complexed prostate-specific antigen after radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and complexed PSA were determined in venous blood from 12 patients with prostate cancer before and after radical prostatectomy by using Immuno 1 PSA assays. The elimination kinetics of complexed PSA were compared with that of total PSA. Nearly constant concentrations of complexed PSA were found during the first six hours after surgery, in contrast to the rapid elimination of free PSA and the significant decrease of total PSA. From day one to ten there was a continuous and nearly identical decrease of complexed PSA compared to total PSA. Our findings suggest that the initial rapid decrease of free PSA immediately after operation could be caused by formation of new PSA-complex.     

Transrectal ultrasound guidance for early transurethral recatheterization after radical prostatectomy

Purpose

To study the usefulness of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) for catheter guidance in cases of early reinsertion after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Methods

Since 2007, we have used TRUS for catheter guidance when early reinsertion after RP is required. A preliminary TRUS examination is done to carefully check the state of the vesicourethral anastomosis. The entire catheter insertion, from bulbar urethra to the bladder, is followed step by step by transrectal ultrasound imaging that tracks, while the probe pushes the catheter through a correct entering line. This prevents the incorrect placement of the catheter across the posterior aspect of the anastomosis in a posterior extravesical place.

Results

Between 2007 and 2011, 2,165 RPs were performed at reference hospital for prostate cancer. Early catheter reinsertion was required for 56 patients (2.6 %). All procedures were successful. The incidence of vesicourethral stricture after long-term follow-up was not different from that of patients without early recatheterization who were operated with RP in the same period of the study (4.4 vs 4.2 %, respectively; p = 0.47).

Conclusions

If early recatheterization is required in patients recently operated with RP, we suggest catheter guidance with TRUS.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜实施前列腺癌根治术的护理配合

探讨了机器人辅助腹腔镜实施前列腺癌根治术的护理配合.器械护士做好术中机器人系统的无茵操作,以及机械手臂的更换;巡回护士做好有效的体位安置,术中密切观察病情变化,确保术中机器人系统的正常运转,以及术后机器人系统的维护和管理.手术患者均能很好地配合.护理人员专业技术的正规培训、充分的术前准备、良好的沟通、设备的有效管理是确保手术成功的关键.     

Radical retropubic vs. radical perineal prostatectomy: a comparison of relative benefits in four urban hospitals

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oncological and functional outcome of retropubic and perineal approaches to radical prostatectomy. METHOD: Data from 1,304 patients who underwent either radical retropubic (RRP) or radical perineal prostatectomy (RPP) over a 12-year period were compared. Variables included age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level preoperative, prostate volume, Gleason score, estimated blood loss (EBL), blood transfusion rate (BTR), operative duration, surgical margin, pathological stage, short and long-term complication rates, impotence, and incontinence rates. RESULTS: RRP had a longer operative duration, higher EBL, higher BTR, and longer hospital stay. The 5-year biochemical-free survival rates were not significantly different between the two techniques. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate there are no significant differences in oncological and functional outcomes between RRP and RPP. However, RPP demonstrates minimal EBL, low BTR, and shorter operative duration.     

Stratification of patient risk based on prostate-specific antigen doubling time after radical retropubic prostatectomy

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of local recurrence, systemic progression, and death from cancer among patients who experience biochemical relapse after radical retropubic prostatectomy and to stratify those patients by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time (DT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified patients who experienced biochemical recurrence (defined as a PSA level < or =0.4 ng/mL) after radical prostatectomy from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 1999, for prostate adenocarcinoma. The PSA-DT was calculated by log linear regression using all PSA values within 2 years of biochemical recurrence. Local recurrence- and systemic progression- free survival and cancer-specific survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed by the log-rank test and Cox models. RESULTS: Biochemical recurrence was noted in 1521 (27%) of 5533 men during the follow-up period. Of the 1064 patients with a calculable PSA-DT, 322 (30%) had a PSA-DT of less than 1 year, 357 (34%) had a PSA-DT of 1 to 9.9 years, and 385 (36%) had a PSA-DT of 10 years or more. Patients with a PSA-DT of 10 years or more were less likely to have a higher preoperative PSA level, Gleason score, advanced pathologic stage, and seminal vesicle invasion. Patients with a PSA-DT of 10 years or more were at low risk of local recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06-0.14; compared with patients with a PSA-DT of <1 year), systemic progression (HR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.13), or death from cancer (HR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05-0.43). CONCLUSIONS: Prostate-specific antigen DT is an independent predictor of clinical disease recurrence and mortality after surgical biochemical failure. Risk stratification into high-, intermediate-, and low-risk categories based on the PSA-DT provides helpful clinical information and assists in the development of salvage therapy trials.     

Early clinical experience with water-jet dissection (hydro-jet) during nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy

Summary

Successful preservation of the neuro-vascular bundle (NVB) during anatomical nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy (NS-RRP) for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer is a great operative challenge. We employed a new dissection method using water-jet technology for the preservation of the NVB. We evaluated intraoperative parameters, complications and early functional results regarding continence and potency. The results were compared to a conventional operative technique. Bilateral NS-RRP was performed by the same urologist in 36 consecutive cases between January and December 2000. Eighteen patients underwent NS-RRP using water-jet dissection (ERBE Helix Hydro-Jet). Eighteen patients underwent a standard NS-RRP. Water-jet dissection was used exclusively for nerve-sparing. We assessed blood loss, operation time, complications and incidence of blood transfusions. Early continence and potency rates were evaluated. Nerve-sparing using the Hydro-Jet technique appeared to be easier, more subtle and faster compared with the standard surgical technique. The exact dissection of the layers allowed a selective dissection and better control of crossing vessels to the prostate. Blood loss was reduced by 36% (p=0.02), no blood transfusion was necessary and the operation time was reduced by 20% (p=0.02). There were no major complications. Continence rates 3 months after RRP were 77.7% in the water jet group and 66.6% in the standard group, and overall potency rates (any grade of erection) were 77.7% and 55.5% respectively. Water-jet dissection is a feasible, safe and efficient technique to facilitate NS-RRP. There is a minimal learning curve with comparable functional results to the conventional procedure. Further improvements in the water-jet application and a longer follow-up might lead to further improvements in continence and potency rates in patients undergoing NS-RRP.     

Radical retropubic prostatectomy and blood transfusion

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a reduction in blood loss and blood transfusions associated with radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) by measuring the amount of blood loss and incidence of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions over time along with factors that may influence transfusions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent RRP with and without the nerve-sparing dorsal venous complex (DVC) technique from 1985 to 1993 and in 1999. Transfusion rate, mean RBC loss, and preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin values were assessed. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 438 RRPs (276 DVC technique, 162 non-DVC technique) were reviewed and included in the study. The percentage of patients receiving allogeneic RBC transfusion decreased from 69% during 1985 to 1986 to 7.1% during 1999, and there was a decline in discharge hemoglobin values from 12.0 to 10.9 g/dL during this period. There was a significant reduction in mean hemoglobin concentration lost over time in the DVC technique group from 4.9 to 4.0 g/dL (P=.04) during the 1985 to 1990 study period, which persisted in 1999. CONCLUSION: Improvement in surgical technique and reduction in transfusion triggers resulted in large decreases of allogeneic RBC transfusions in patients undergoing RRP.     

Comparison of functional outcomes after retropubic,laparoscopic and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: A meta-analysis

AIM: To assess the 6-mo and 12-mo functional outcomes after retropubic, laparoscopic and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy retropubic radical prostatectomy(RRP) laparoscopic radical prostatectomy(LRP); robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy(RARP). METHODS: A literature search was conducted using the Pub Med, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and the Web of Knowledge databases updated to March, 2014 for relevant published studies. After data extraction and quality assessment via the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk ofbias, meta-analysis was performed using Rev Man 5.1. Either a random-effects model or a fixed-effects model was used. Potential publication bias was assessed using visual inspection of the funnel plots, and verified by the Egger linear regression test. RESULTS: Thirty-seven studies were identified in total: 14 articles comparing LRP with RRP, 12 articles comparing RARP with RRP, and 11 articles comparing RARP with LRP. For urinary continence, a statistically significant advantage was observed in RARP compared with LRP or RRP both at 6 mo [odds ratio(OR) = 1.93; P 0.01, OR = 2.23; P 0.05, respectively] and 12 mo(OR = 1.47; P 0.01, OR = 2.93; P 0.01, respectively) postoperatively. The continence recovery rates after LRP and RRP, with obvious heterogeneity(6-mo: I2 = 74%; 12-mo: I2 = 75%), were equivalent(6-mo: P = 0.52; 12-mo: P = 0.75). In terms of potency recovery, for the first time, we ranked the three surgical approaches into a superiority level: RARP LRP RRP, with a statistically significant difference at 12 mo [RARP vs LRP(OR = 1.99; P 0.01); RARP vs RRP(OR = 2.66; P 0.01); LRP vs RRP(OR = 1.34; P 0.05)], respectively. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses according to adjustment of the age, body mass index, prostate volume, Gleason score or prostate-specific antigen did not vary significantly. CONCLUSION: Current evidence suggests that minimally invasive approaches(RARP or LRP) are effective procedures for functional recovery. However, more high-quality randomized control trials investigating the long-term functional outcomes are needed.     

The role of ketorolac tromethamine in a clinical care pathway for men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy

The use of ketorolac in managing postoperative pain after a variety of surgical procedures has potential advantages over the use of narcotic analgesics alone. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of ketorolac influenced the time to resumption of a full diet, hospital discharge, and postoperative complication rates, compared to a group of patients receiving only narcotic analgesics whose postoperative management was otherwise similar. The group receiving ketorolac had an earlier return to full diet than those receiving narcotics alone. Similarly, the median length of hospital stay was shorter in the ketorolac group then the group treated with narcotics alone. The inclusion of ketorolac in the postoperative pain management of patients after radical retropubic prostatectomy appears to be a safe and effective strategy.     

延续性护理在机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后患者中的应用

目的：分析延续性护理在机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后患者中的应用效果。方法：选取48例机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的前列腺癌患者,随机分为观察组和对照组各24例,对照组实施常规护理,观察组实施电话、微信以及视频宣教、回馈教学等方法的延续性护理,共干预3个月。对两组患者应用生命质量测定量表、90项症状清单评分和尿失禁问卷简表进行效果对比。结果：观察组患者在疼痛、疲乏、便秘、失眠、总体健康状况方面均优于对照组;观察组患者在躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、偏执、精神性方面均优于对照组;观察组患者尿失禁发生率低于对照组;差异均具有统计学意义 (P<0.05)。结论：对接受机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的前列腺癌患者实施延续性护理,可以提高生活质量,减轻心理症状,降低尿失禁发生率,改善患者的预后。     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术与开放手术的比较

目的 通过腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(LRP)和开放前列腺癌根治术(ORP)的对照研究,评价LRP在临床的应用价值.方法 收集前列腺癌根治术病例44例,其中行LRP15例、ORP 29例.比较两组间手术疗效及安全性.结果 LRP组15例,成功完成14例.患者平均手术时间为(271.21±109.20)min,平均出血量(395.57±310.07)ml.ORP组29例患者平均手术时间(154.73±64.95) min,平均出血量(746.62±604.55)ml.两组出血量和手术时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=4.39、2.04,P均＜0.05);而两组住院时间和术后血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)比较,差异均无统计学意义(t分别=1.98、1.27,P均＞0.05).结论 LRP在出血的控制方面优于ORP,LRP是安全可行的.     

耻骨上经膀胱单孔机器人前列腺癌根治术的初步尝试

目的:总结耻骨上经膀胱单孔机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的初步经验。方法:选择3例前列腺癌患者,完成单孔机器人辅助腹腔镜耻骨上经膀胱入路前列腺癌根治术。直视下建立并将单孔通道置入膀胱。手术过程包括沿前列腺边界环形切开膀胱颈,沿前列腺包膜分离并切除输精管、精囊,结扎前列腺侧韧带,不缝扎阴茎背深静脉复合体(DVC),离断前列腺尖部,切断尿道,行尿道膀胱颈吻合。结果:3例患者手术均由耻骨上经膀胱入路在单孔机器人辅助腹腔镜下完成。前列腺体积分别为16 mL、22 mL、43 mL。手术时间分别为90 min、120 min、150 min。术中出血量分别为50 mL、150 mL、200 mL。术中不留置膀胱造瘘管及伤口引流管,术后7～9 d拔除导尿管。拔管后患者完全控尿。结论:耻骨上经膀胱单孔机器人前列腺癌根治术对早期前列腺癌患者安全、有效,值得进一步推广。     

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men, after lung cancer. Traditionally, the traumatic open radical prostatectomy procedure was the only treatment option available. Although nerve-sparing techniques have evolved, the development of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) has been one of the most significant changes in surgical treatment of the disease. Like many minimally invasive abdominal procedures, LRP reduces trauma, resulting in less postoperative pain, reduced length of hospital stay, and more rapid return to normal activity when compared to open radical prostatectomy. This article describes the preoperative, Intraoperative, and postoperative care of a patient undergoing LRP. It is anticipated that LRP will be the future standard for treatment of prostate cancer that requires radical surgery. AORN J75 (April 2002) 762-782.     

A critical systematic review of recent clinical trials comparing open retropubic, laparoscopic and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

The surgical treatment of prostate cancer has evolved rapidly, driven by technological advances that have made minimally-invasive prostatectomy feasible. The contemporary surgical approaches are laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). These are now considered standard modalities of treatment in urology departments across North America, Europe and centres of excellence world-wide. However, despite the widespread adoption of minimally-invasive approaches there are only a handful of robust studies directly comparing the results of these techniques with the gold standard approach of open radical prostatectomy (ORP). Of note, uncertainty remains over exactly which men with localised prostate cancer will benefit from radical treatment and the reduction of surgical side-effects is paramount in optimising outcomes. This systematic review examines the current status of minimally- invasive prostatectomy focussing on peri-operative, oncological and urogenital functional outcomes.     

Acute normovolemic hemodilution is a cost-effective alternative to preoperative autologous blood donation by patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy

BACKGROUND: Preoperative autologous blood donation is accepted as a standard of care for radical prostatectomy. Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) is an alternative method for obtaining autologous blood. The cost and benefits of these two autologous blood-collection techniques are compared. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy underwent ANH to a target hematocrit level of 28 percent. Blood was transfused in the perioperative period to maintain the hematocrit level > 25 percent. Hematocrit levels, transfusion outcomes and costs, and postoperative outcomes for these patients (hemodilution group) were compared with a matched patient cohort who preoperatively donated 3 units of blood for autologous use in prostatectomy surgery (nonhemodilution group, n = 30). RESULTS: Thirty patients underwent ANH to a hematocrit level of 28.7 +/− 1.7 percent, and 1740 +/− 346 mL (3.5 +/− 0.7 units) of blood were collected. Three (10%) of the patients in each cohort had allogeneic blood exposure. Transfusion costs were 73 percent higher for the nonhemodilution group patients than for the hemodilution group patients ($330 +/− $100 vs. $191 +/− $55, p < 0.001). No differences were found in postoperative outcomes. CONCLUSION: An integrated blood conservation program utilizing hemodilution and a defined transfusion trigger can decrease the requirement for preoperative donation of blood for autologous use in radical prostatectomy. Point-of-care autologous blood procurement is more cost-effective than preadmission donation of autologous blood units.     

Defense of the radical perineal prostatectomy.

There is sharp disagreement as to what constitutes the proper surgical approach to localized carcinoma of the prostate. We have performed 31 radical perineal prostatectomies in a six-year period with no mortality and minimal morbidity. Thirteen of these patients were understaged preoperatively and had extraprostatic cancer; however, only one has died from his tumor. One patient is incontinent but none has troublesome local symptoms. These patients required an average of 15 postoperative days, none required more than two units of blood, and careful preoperative consultation has minimized the psychologic stress of impotence. These data contrast sharply with the published morbidity and mortality statistics associated with a preliminary staging lymphadenectomy and a definitive radical retropubic prostatectomy. Also, we are convinced that our patients with stage C cancer have been done a real service by removing the prostate gland even though cancer remains in the stumps of the seminal vesicles. Unless the advocates of the staged procedure can demonstrate an improvement in the patients' survival data, we believe the radical perineal prostatectomy remains the procedure of choice for the cure of localized prostatic cancer and we would advocate this operation as an acceptable palliative approach to selected patients with stage C lesions.