Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence of Hippocampal Sclerosis in Progression: A Case Report

Summary: A 32-month-old child presented in status epilepticus (SE) involving the left side of the body. Fast spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging (FSE-MRI) with hippocampal volumetry performed ≤24 h after the seizure showed increased T₂ signal of the right hippocampus, but no atrophy. Complex partial seizures (CPS) appeared at age 33 months, and three more episodes of SE occurred between 33 and 37 months of age. Follow-up FSE-MRI at 34 and at 45 months of age demonstrated progressive hippocampal atrophy with resolution of the increased T₂ signal. Her CPS became intractable and, at age 51 months, she underwent right temporal lobectomy. In the ensuing 5 months, she has had only one major motor seizure. This case demonstrates that acute increased hippocampal T₂ signal intensity can occur soon after SE and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) may become evident within months in the setting of recurrent early childhood SE. This observation may support the hypothesis that early childhood SE can lead to HS. Furthermore, this case suggests that years of temporal lobe CPS may not be necessary for development of HS.     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cauda Equina Syndrome in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Case Report

A case of ankylosing spondylitis associated with massive dural ectasia is presented. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics are shown, and possible causes are discussed.     

MRI表现酷似颅内感染的多灶性脑梗死1例报告

目的:报道1例头颅MRI表现酷似颅内感染的多灶性脑梗死。方法:患者行头颅MRI检查,脑脊液等检测,脑标本行多部位病理检查。结果:MRI:两侧额叶及胼胝体膝部、体部多发片状异常信号,T1WI稍低信号,T2WI稍高信号,FLAIR高信号,DWI稍高信号,增强后病灶环形强化。病理诊断:脑动脉重度粥样硬化伴大脑顶叶、基底节、胼胝体及脑桥多发梗死伴出血灶形成。结论:多灶性脑梗死头颅MRI增强亦可出现酷似颅内感染的多灶性环型增强。     

血管超声与磁共振血管成像诊断椎动脉重度狭窄结果不符一例分析

<正>1病例介绍患者男,69岁,因发作性头晕、左侧肢体活动不灵、言语笨拙、口角歪斜9 d,加重4 h,于2015年3月5日于吉林省电力医院门诊就诊。患者9 d前无诱因出现发作性头晕、左侧肢体活动不灵、言语笨拙及口角歪斜,持续10 min后完全缓解,4 h前出现上述症状后,伴有恶心,未呕吐。自诉伴有双眼黑朦,持续约40 min后完全缓解,遂来门诊就诊,来院时上述症状再次出现。病     

Evaluation of the Transverse Sinus by Magnetic Resonance Venography: Limitations-An Illustrative Case Report

Many techniques of magnetic resonance angiography depend on flow velocity. The broad normal range of venous flow velocities and preferential patterns of drainage, particularly in the transverse sinuses, may produce images that are diagnostically misleading. This reports such a case, with samples of various flow patterns in the transverse sinuses of other individuals, as demonstrated by one magnetic resonance angiographic technique (time-of-flight).     

Post-infectious Opsoclonus and Reversible Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes: A Case Report and Review of the Literatures

Purpose: Opsoclonus is a rare neurological disorder in adult. The etiology of opsoclonus includes parainfectious, paraneoplastic, toxic, and metabolic disorders. We reported an old female with post-infectious opsoclonus who had a benign clinical course and reversible brain MRI lesions, and its review of the literature. Case Report: A 67-year-old woman presented with opsoclonus and truncal ataxia for two weeks. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the hyperintensity lesions in bilateral medial thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of pons on Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging. Investigations of neoplasm and autoimmune disorders showed negative findings. Clinical symptoms subsided in two-week duration and MRI abnormalities also disappeared one month later. Conclusion: A benign clinical course and reversible MRI lesions could be found in the patients with postinfectious opsoclonus such as our case. However, detailed investigations and long-term follow-up are needed to exclude paraneoplastic or other systemic and immunological disorders.     

Delayed Complications Thirty-Six Years After Hemispherectomy: A Case Report

Summary: Purpose : To describe a late complication of hemispherectomy in a patient in whom symptoms of hydrocephalus developed 36 years after her left-sided hemispherectomy, the longest delay on record.
Methods : Hemispherectomy has been successfully used in the treatment of intractable epilepsy associated with infantile-type hemiplegia for a half century. Of the patients, however, up to 33% have late increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure complications attributed to superficial cerebral hemosiderosis. Through a retrospective case analysis, we describe such complications in a 52-year-old woman with cognitive impairment, gait instability, urinary incontinence, and right hemineglect 36 years after her initial procedure.
Results : Quantitative, objective measures of cognition and gait-laboratory testing confirmed the patient's favorable clinical response to ventriculoperitoneal shunting, as well as the complete resolution of her symptoms, including the atypical occurrence of right-sided hemineglect.
Conclusions : This case uniquely demonstrates the clinical features of a late complication of hemispherectomy while documenting the longest reported delay for developing such adverse sequelae. We also emphasize the need for more extensive follow-up studies to assess the extent of posthemispherectomy complications.     

Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis : A Meta-Analysis

ObjectiveA role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is not wellunderstood. This study evaluates the effectiveness of DWI in the diagnosis of CVT. MethodsLiterature search was conducted in electronic databases for the identification of studies which reported the outcomes of patients subjected to DWI for CVT diagnosis. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to achieve overall estimates of important diagnostic efficiency indices including hyperintense signal rate, the sensitivity and specificity of DWI in diagnosing CVT, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of DWI signal areas and surrounding tissue. ResultsNineteen studies (443 patients with 856 CVTs; age 40 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 33 to 43]; 28% males [95% CI, 18 to 38]; symptom onset to DWI time 4.6 days [95% CI, 2.3 to 6.9]) were included. Hyperintense signals on DWI were detected in 40% (95% CI, 26 to 55) of the cases. The sensitivity of DWI for detecting CVT was 22% (95% CI, 11 to 34) but specificity was 98% (95% CI, 95 to 100). ADC values were quite heterogenous in DWI signal areas. However, generally the ADC values were lower in DWI signal areas than in surrounding normal areas (mean difference−0.33×10^-3 mm²/s [95% CI, −0.44 to −0.23]; p<0.00001). ConclusionDWI has a low sensitivity in detecting CVT and thus has a high risk of missing many CVT cases. However, because of its high specificity, it may have supporting and exploratory roles in CVT diagnosis.     

磁共振血管壁成像对制订颈动脉轻中度 狭窄治疗方案的临床价值：1例病例报告

正1病例介绍患者,男,65岁,因"意识模糊、语言障碍2 d"于2010年9月14日在Harbor View医疗中心(Harbor View Medical Center,SeattleWashington US)就诊。患者于2 d前突然出现言语障碍,表现为不能命名,复述较差,伴意识模糊,无其他伴随症状。就诊时血压127/80 mmHg,查体表现为时间、地点定向力差,计算能力减低,不能命名,复述较差,但可以读写。脑神经及肢体运动、感觉检查未见明确异常,由于患者不能理解医生的指示,无法完成指鼻实验。头计算机断层扫描(computed     

脑出血后迟发性脑水肿的磁共振波谱分析

目的：了解脑出血后迟发性脑水肿的磁共振波谱特点，探讨其可能的发生机制。方法：对12例脑出血14d后发生迟发性脑水肿患者的MRS检查，观察血肿周围迟发性脑水肿组织的MRS谱线，与脑出血后1周水肿的谱线进行对照研究，定量分析相关代谢物峰值的变化。结果：9例患者获得满意谱线，14d时血肿周围水肿区N-乙酰天门冬氨酸／肌酸（NAA／Cr）较7d时显著降低[（13．7±3．2）％对（18．34-4．4）％，P〈0．05]。7例检测到乳酸峰，8例患者检测到甘露醇峰。结论：脑出血后迟发性水肿区MRS的NAA／Cr降低和乳酸峰的出现表明水肿区神经元受损或缺血，迟发性水肿区甘露醇峰的存在在迟发性脑水肿中起着重要作用，提示局部血脑屏障破坏。     

A Case of Broncho-Paraspinal Fistula Induced by Metallic Devices: Delayed Complication of Thoracic Spinal Surgery

We present a case report of a 45-year-old woman with spontaneous pneumocephalus accompanied by pneumorrhachis of the thoracic spine, which is a very rare condition generally associated with trauma and thoracic or spinal surgery. The patient had undergone an operation about 10 years earlier to treat a giant cell tumor of the thoracic spine. During the operation, a metallic device was installed, which destroyed the bronchus and caused the formation of a broncho-paraspinal fistula. This is the suspected cause of her pneumocephalus and pneumorrhachis. To our knowledge, this is a very rare case of pneumocephalus accompanied by pneumorrhachis induced by metallic device, and when considering the length of time after surgery these complications presented are also exceptional.     

Magnetic Resonance Neurography: Improved Diagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathies

Peripheral neuropathies account for the most frequent disorders seen by neurologists, and causes are manifold. The traditional diagnostic gold-standard consists of clinical neurologic examinations supplemented by nerve conduction studies. Due to well-known limitations of standard diagnostics and atypical clinical presentations, establishing the correct diagnosis can be challenging but is critical for appropriate therapies. Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) is a relatively novel technique that was developed for the high-resolution imaging of the peripheral nervous system. In focal neuropathies, whether traumatic or due to nerve entrapment, MRN has improved the diagnostic accuracy by directly visualizing underlying nerve lesions and providing information on the exact lesion localization, extension, and spatial distribution, thereby assisting surgical planning. Notably, the differentiation between distally located, complete cross-sectional nerve lesions, and more proximally located lesions involving only certain fascicles within a nerve can hold difficulties that MRN can overcome, when basic technical requirements to achieve sufficient spatial resolution are implemented. Typical MRN-specific pitfalls are essential to understand in order to prevent overdiagnosing neuropathies. Heavily T2-weighted sequences with fat saturation are the most established sequences for MRN. Newer techniques, such as T2-relaxometry, magnetization transfer contrast imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging, allow the quantification of nerve lesions and have become increasingly important, especially when evaluating diffuse, non-focal neuropathies. Innovative studies in hereditary, metabolic or inflammatory polyneuropathies, and motor neuron diseases have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying pathomechanism. New imaging biomarkers might be used for an earlier diagnosis and monitoring of structural nerve injury under causative treatments in the future.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13311-021-01166-8.