超声内镜引导细针穿刺抽吸/活检术诊断胆囊癌的研究进展

胆囊癌侵袭性强,进展速度快,早期诊断胆囊癌是提升预后的关键。本综述回顾了以胆囊为靶点的超声内镜引导细针穿刺抽吸/活检术（endoscopic ultrasound‑guided fine needle aspiration/biopsy,EUS‑FNA/B）诊断胆囊癌的研究,总结了EUS‑FNA/B对胆囊癌的诊断效能、可能影响诊断率的因素以及不良事件。     

针穿活检用于甲状腺结节诊断的研究进展

尽管细针穿刺细胞学检查(fine needle aspiration cytology,FNAC)在甲状腺结节诊断中得到广泛应用,但依然有标本不满意或细胞学结果不确定等缺点.超声引导下针穿活检(core needle biopsy,CNB)已被认为是一种诊断甲状腺结节安全、有效的替代方法.目前,已建立用于甲状腺CNB结...     

超声引导下细针穿刺对老年患者甲状腺结节的诊断价值

目的探讨超声引导下细针穿刺（fine needle aspiration,FNA）在老年甲状腺结节患者诊断中的价值。方法 2015年1月至2015年6月对40例老年甲状腺结节患者（直径0.6-1.3 cm）行超声引导下FNA检查,以手术病理为标准,评估FNA的准确性以及敏感性。结果所有患者均未发生出血、紧邻脏器及神经损伤等并发症。FNA细胞学诊断敏感性为91.67%,特异性为81.25%,FNA细胞学检查与组织病理学检查结果总体诊断符合率为87.50%。结论超声引导下FNA活检老年患者甲状腺结节是一种安全准确的检查方法。     

超声造影联合细胞学Galectin-3检测对Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节良恶性的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨采用超声造影(CEUS)联合组织Galectin-3分子表达鉴别细针穿刺细胞学(FNAC)检查证实为BethesdaⅢ类甲状腺结节良恶性质的应用价值。方法回顾性总结2016年12月至2017年12月行FNAC检查并诊断为BethesdaⅢ类甲状腺结节的老年患者共110例(140个结节),平均直径(20.5±7.8)mm,年龄(66.8±6.2)岁;经手术切除病理确诊良性结节100个,恶性结节40个;术前所有结节进行CEUS检查和术后组织Galectin-3分子的免疫组化染色。结果恶性组结节Galectin-3阳性表达率显著高于良性组,与患者性别、年龄、结节直径大小无关(P0.05)。恶性组结节的CEUS增强模式以早期低增强为主,定量计算结节峰值强度(PI)值显著低于良性组(P0.05)。结论 CEUS联合结节Galectin-3分子表达检测能够为FNAC诊断老年BethesdaⅢ类甲状腺结节的良恶性质提供更加丰富的生物学信息,其中CEUS增强模式以早期低增强为主,Galectin-3阳性表达有助于结节恶性的判断。     

超声弹性成像定位、超声造影定位引导浅表淋巴结穿刺活检的诊断准确率比较

目的比较超声弹性成像定位、超声造影定位引导浅表淋巴结穿刺活检的诊断准确率。方法选取恶性肿瘤伴浅表淋巴结肿大患者100例,随机均分为两组,A组行超声弹性成像定位活检,B组行超声造影定位活检,以病理结果为金标准,分析两种方法诊断淋巴结良、恶性的准确性。结果A、B组诊断淋巴结良、恶性的诊断准确率分别为84％、94％,两组比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论超声造影定位比弹性成像定位引导浅表淋巴结穿刺活检可获得较高的诊断准确率,减少穿刺次数、手术活检风险及假阴性发生率,值得临床推广应用。     

甲状腺结节细针穿刺活检的细胞病理学诊断进展

细针穿刺细胞学检查(FNAB)是目前甲状腺结节术前诊断的一个常用手段。本文讨论了穿刺细胞学中超微病理学检查的应用价值以及甲状腺特异性基因、癌基因、抑癌基因和某些与调控细胞周期和功能有关的蛋白质在甲状腺肿瘤发展中的作用。常规细胞学诊断结合电镜和与甲状腺肿瘤形成有关的分子诊断标志物检查有助于确诊率的提高。     

超声内镜在胃肠道间质瘤诊断中的应用进展

胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor, GIST)是具有恶性潜能的间质瘤,不同恶性风险的GIST选择不同的治疗策略,如监测随访、内镜治疗、手术切除或/和药物治疗。因此,GIST的早期诊断以及风险评估对选择合适的治疗方案十分重要。目前,随着内镜技术的广泛应用,超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasound, EUS)、超声内镜弹性成像(endoscopic elastic imaging, EUS-EG)、超声内镜谐波增强(contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasound, CH-EUS)、超声内镜引导下细针抽吸/活检(endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration/biopsy, EUS-FNA/EUS-FNB)被应用于GIST的诊断以及风险评估。本文主要对以上检查方式在GIST中的应用进行阐述。     

超声造影及声辐射力脉冲弹性成像技术在甲状腺结节诊断中的应用研究进展

甲状腺结节是内分泌常见的疾病之一。超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)能提供甲状腺结节内部的微血管灌注信息,声辐射力脉冲弹性成像(acoustic radiation force impulse-imaging,ARFI)技术能反映组织内部的软硬度,两者对甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断有一定价值。该文对近年来CEUS及ARFI技术在诊断甲状腺结节良恶性方面的研究进展作一综述。     

常规超声与B超引导下穿刺细胞学检查在诊断小病灶甲状腺结节中的对比

目的探讨超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查应用于小病灶甲状腺结节诊断的价值。方法小病灶甲状腺结节患者80例,对研究对象进行超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查和超声检查。以手术病理学检查或者随访结果作为金标准,判定超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查和超声检查对于小病灶甲状腺结节诊断的灵敏度和特异度。结果超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查结果显示,患者中良性56例,恶性15例,可疑恶性5例,取材不满意4例。金标准检查结果证实,良性结节62例,恶性结节18例。排除4例取材不满意的患者,超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查诊断灵敏度为98.75%,特异度为96.67%,超声检查的灵敏度为72.22%,特异度为96.36%,超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查的灵敏度和特异度均显著高于超声检查(P<0.05)。结论超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查对小病灶甲状腺结节具有较高的诊断灵敏度和特异度,值得推广应用。     

超声内镜引导细针穿刺抽吸/活检术诊断胆囊癌的研究进展

胆囊癌侵袭性强, 进展速度快, 早期诊断胆囊癌是提升预后的关键。本综述回顾了以胆囊为靶点的超声内镜引导细针穿刺抽吸/活检术(endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration/biopsy, EUS-FNA/B)诊断胆囊癌的研究, 总结了EUS-FNA/B对胆囊癌的诊断效能、可能影响诊断率的因素以及不良事件。     

甲状腺结节的超声诊断

甲状腺结节是一种常见疾病,近年来其发病率逐年上升,大约3%～8%的人群有无症状性甲状腺结节,大多数甲状腺结节为良性,恶性率为5%～10%,因此甲状腺结节的术前诊断具有重要的临床意义.B超是目前临床首选的甲状腺结节术前诊断方法,本文结合最新文献对甲状腺结节和颈部淋巴结超声诊断的研究进展作一综述,并对超声弹性成像作一简单介绍.     

Non-palpable thyroid nodules in a borderline iodine-sufficient area: detection by ultrasonography and follow-up.

Thyroid ultrasonography was performed in 482 subjects, free of known thyroid disease and living in a borderline iodine-sufficient urban area, to assess the prevalence of non-palpable thyroid nodules and evaluation their evolute during a 3-yr follow-up. The mean (+/-SD) thyroid volume in the whole study group was 10.9+/-3.7 ml and was higher in males (12.9+/-3.6 ml) than in females (9.2+/-2.9 ml) (p<0.0001). Thyroid volume was correlated with body surface, height and weight, while no correlation was present with lean and fat body mass. Goiter was found in 5/256 females and in 13/226 males. Thyroid nodules were found in 27/482 subjects (18 females, 9 males). Single nodules were found in 17/464 subjects (3.66%) with a thyroid gland of normal volume and in 4/18 subjects (22.2%) with goiter (chi2=10.21; p=0.001). Multiple nodules were found in 3/464 subjects (0.6%) with a thyroid of normal volume and in 3/18 (16.6%) subjects with goiter (chi2=24.31; p<0.0001). The prevalence of thyroid nodules was significantly higher in females >35 yr than in those <34 yr (chi2=7.47; p=0.0062). A significant increase (>30%) of nodular volume was found in 5 subjects, while an increased number of nodules was found in 8. In conclusion, thyroid ultrasonography reveals the presence of thyroid nodules in a significant proportion of apparently thyroid disease-free subjects living in a borderline iodine-sufficient urban area. Incidentally discovered thyroid nodules are associated with goiter and are likely to progress in volume and number.     

Thyroid cancer in the thyroid nodules evaluated by ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology.

Thyroid nodule is common disorder in endocrine clinics. In Taiwan, thyroid ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the first-line examination procedure. Data in large series on the incidence of thyroid malignancy presenting with thyroid nodules are lacking in this area. To determine the incidence of malignancy in thyroid nodules and compare the results with other populations, this investigation retrospectively reviewed 21,748 subjects who were examined in one medical center from January 1986 to December 1999. All patients underwent thyroid ultrasonography studies using a real-time ultrasonographic machine and a 10-MHz transducer. Fine-needle aspirations were made in the suspected thyroid nodule and stained using the Romanowsky- based method developed by Liu. By the end of 2002, some 3629 patients (16.7%) had thyroid nodules after surgical treatment. This group comprised 3011 women with a mean age of 41.5 +/- 13.9 years, and 618 men with a mean age of 45.7 +/- 14.9 years. Of patients undergoing surgical treatment, 2761 (76.1%) patients were diagnosed with benign nodules, 858 (23.6%) with malignant nodules, and 10 (0.3%) with atypical adenoma (7 follicular and 3 Hürthle cells). The percentages of thyroid malignancy in each age group revealed two peaks in both genders, namely in patients aged 20 to 29 years and in elderly patients (aged over 65 years). The peak age for thyroid malignancy in both genders was 41 to 60 years (male) and 21 to 40 years (female). The highest ratio of malignancy occurred in the elderly group (37.2%) receiving surgical treatment. In young patients (below 19 years) the percentage of malignancy was no greater than for the whole age group (20.2% versus 25.6%). Anaplastic and metastatic cancers affecting the thyroid were the main subjects in the age group. The present results demonstrated a younger distribution for well-differentiated thyroid cancer, particularly papillary thyroid carcinoma, compared to previous studies. This outcome may have resulted from the routine application of ultrasonography with FNAC in assessing the thyroid nodules, possibly helping to achieve more timely detection. The incidence of thyroid malignancy in young patients was no higher than in adults. Early detection of thyroid malignancy may be the main reason for this phenomenon. Male subjects with thyroid nodules displayed a higher incidence of this malignancy than females. Aging subjects with thyroid nodules suffered a higher rate of malignancy and were poorly differentiated. In conclusion, this retrospective large-series study demonstrated that 3.9% (858/21,748 cases) of patients with thyroid nodules showed histopathologically proven malignancy. Thyroid cancer detected by ultrasonography with FNAC occurred an average of 10 years younger than in prior studies.     

超声检查在甲状腺结节术前鉴别诊断中的作用——一项2 890患者、4 165结节的超声-病理分析

通过回顾性分析研究,比较甲状腺B超影像在良性结节和甲状腺癌的差异,探讨其在判断甲状腺结节良恶性的价值.B超可以作为所有甲状腺结节患者术前首选的辅助检查方法,B超积分的诊断价值仍有待进一步的证实.     

Color Doppler ultrasonography: diagnosis of ectopic thyroid gland in patients with congenital hypothyroidism caused by thyroid dysgenesis

The etiology of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) may play an important role in determining disease severity, outcome, and, therefore, its treatment schedule. Radionuclide imaging (RI) is currently the most precise diagnostic technique to establish the etiology of CH. Conventional ultrasound can identify an athyrotic condition at the normal neck position and has gained acceptance for the initial evaluation of CH; however, its ability in delineating ectopic thyroid is limited. We used color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) to assess blood flow and morphology in the detection of ectopic thyroid in 11 CH patients disclosed by neonatal screening; thyroid glands were undetectable at the normal location by gray-scale ultrasonography (GSU). The patients studied consisted of two infants for initial investigation and nine children for reevaluating the cause of CH. All of the patients underwent GSU, CDU, RI, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation. We set RI as the defining diagnostic test for detecting ectopic thyroid and compared the imaging of CDU with those of GSU and MRI. The results of RI showed 10 ectopic thyroids and one athyreosis. In the patients with ectopic thyroid, the sensitivity of CDU, GSU, and MRI for detecting ectopic thyroid was 90, 70, and 70%, respectively. We conclude that CDU is superior to GSU and MRI for detecting ectopic thyroid and that CDU may be adopted as the diagnostic tool for the initial investigation of suspected CH.     

2型糖尿病合并甲状腺结节相关因素及机制的研究进展

［摘要］　2型糖尿病与甲状腺结节都是内分泌代谢的常见疾病,近年来研究表明甲状腺结节在2型糖尿病人群中发病率较高,对甲状腺结节在2型糖尿病人群中危险因素的分析表明二者之间有密切联系。该文就近5年关于2型糖尿病与甲状腺结节关系研究进展作一综述。     

甲状腺疾病的超声诊断价值

一、甲状腺疾病超声诊断的现状 甲状腺疾病主要分为弥漫性病变和结节性病变,超声显像重点在甲状腺结节性病变的诊断。甲状腺结节可见于多种甲状腺疾病中,由于甲状腺结节的多源性及非典型表现,构成了甲状腺结节超声声像图同图异病,同病异图的复杂性,也成为超声鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的难点问题。     

颈动脉超声联合经颅多普勒超声检测颈外动脉和颈内动脉窃血

目的探讨采用血管超声联合检测颈外动脉-颈内动脉窃血的可行性。方法选择2016年5月～2018年7月齐齐哈尔医学院附属第二医院脑血管狭窄诊断与介入治疗中心诊治的颈总动脉重度狭窄/闭塞患者28例,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈动脉超声联合检测颈外动脉-颈内动脉窃血。结果单纯颈总动脉重度狭窄/闭塞患者颈动脉超声显示,颈总动脉分叉处典型U形图像8例;TCD显示,颈外动脉血流方向逆转,流速代偿性增快。颈总动脉重度狭窄/闭塞病变同侧颈内动脉或颈外动脉重度狭窄患者颈动脉超声显示,不典型U形图像13例;TCD显示,颈内动脉或颈外动脉血流速度显著增快,部分可见颈外动脉血流方向逆转。7例患者因伴有颈内动脉闭塞,无U形图像。结论采用血管超声联合检测可准确识别颈外动脉-颈内动脉窃血。     

Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children

According to the literature thyroid nodules are quite rare in the first two decades of life. However, there are some exceptions, relating to areas with an iodine deficiency or affected by radioactive fallout, where the risk of nodules and carcinomas is increased. Therefore, it is a great challenge for the physician to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions preoperatively, and not only in these areas of greater risk. A careful work-up, comprising the patient's history, clinical examination, laboratory tests, thyroid ultrasound, scintigraphy, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and molecular studies, is mandatory to improve the preoperative diagnosis. The differential diagnosis should also include benign thyroid conditions such as: (i) congenital hypothyroidism due to dyshormonogenesis or ectopy, (ii) thyroid hemiagenesis, (iii) thyroglossal duct cyst, (iv) simple goiter, (v) cystic lesion, (vi) nodular hyperplasia, (vii) follicular adenoma, (viii) Graves' disease and (ix) Hashimoto thyroiditis, all of which can predispose to the development of thyroid nodules. The majority of thyroid carcinomas derive from the follicular cell (papillary, follicular, insular and undifferentiated (or anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma), whereas medullary thyroid carcinoma derives from calcitonin-producing cells. Inherited forms of thyroid cancer may occur, especially in relation to medullary thyroid carcinoma. FNAB is a critical factor in establishing the preoperative diagnosis. However, we should keep in mind the fact that a conventional cytological evaluation can miss the neoplastic nature of a lesion and the employment of immunocytochemical and molecular studies of aspirates from FNAB can give us a more precise diagnosis of neoplasia in thyroid nodules once they are detected.