顺向型房室折返性心动过速伴室内差异性传导疑似儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速一例

患者男性，17岁，因反复心悸3年、晕厥1次入院，动态心电图示可疑多形性室性心动过速1阵。行平板运动试验诱发宽窄QRS波心动过速，食管电生理诊断：隐匿性左侧旁道，顺向型房室折返性心动过速。心内电生理证实该诊断。     

室上性心动过速中旁道折返的少见现象

报告阵发性室上性心动过速（PSVT）电生理检查中发现的几种少见的旁道电生理特性。例1为一左侧隐匿性房室旁道参与的房室折返性心动过速,其心室扫描示旁道逆向有效不应期260ms,但520－390ms时无逆向传导功能。例2为一慢－慢型房室交接区折返性心动过速,同时存在一条右侧隐匿性房室旁道作为旁观者。例3为一宽QRS波群心动过速,其体表心电图呈典型马海姆纤维型预激综合征,电生理揭示存在左侧房室隐匿性旁道和束室旁道两条附加旁道,前者为心动过速的逆传支,后者与房室结－希室束同为顺传支。对上述几种少见的电生理现象临床意义进行讨论。     

房室旁道合并房室结双径路形成的窄QRS波群心动过速

阵发性室上性心动过速中最常见的类型为房室旁道参与折返形成的顺向性房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）和房室结双径路折返引起的慢快型房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）,两者均为窄QRS波群,心动过速频率又比较接近,有时较难鉴别。尤其隐匿性房室旁道合并存在房室结双径路者,因窦性心律时无心室预激表现,     

食管心房调搏诊断室上性心动过速的临床研究

为探讨食管心房调搏揭示室上性心动过速发生机制的价值和局限性,回顾性分析成功射频导管消融的１３８例隐匿性单房室旁道参与的顺向型房室折返性心动过速和１００例单一类型房室结折返性心动过速的食管心房调搏结果。结果显示：前１３８例中,３例前间隔旁道引起者食管心房调搏均诊断为房室结折返性心动过速余为左右侧其它部位的旁道,诊断正确。后１００例中,５例为慢－慢型,２例为快－慢型,食管心房调搏均诊断为房室折返性心动     

右侧游离壁双旁道并两种窄QRS波房室折返性心动过速射频消融一例

患者男性,38岁,术前诊断B型预激综合征并顺向型房室折返性心动过速(O-AVRT),射频消融阻断右侧游离壁显性旁道后,发作另外一种频率较慢的窄QRS波心动过速,呈无休止性,电生理特性和射频消融证实右侧游离壁尚存一条隐匿性慢旁道并房室折返性心动过速。     

食管心脏电生理技术与临床应用（4）--食管心脏电生理技术基础

1食管心脏电生理检查的基本参数 1.1心脏起搏术语（1）S波：为刺激仪发放的电脉冲形成,在心电图上表现出高尖的钉状波。（2）起搏P波：有效起搏后的心房激动波,与S波密切相关,如S波后无P波表示该次电脉冲起搏无效（心房处于有效不应期时例外）。（3）起搏QRS波群：心房起搏激动沿房室结-希浦系统或房室旁道顺传形成的心室激动波,形态应与窦性激动一致。形态异常时,要根据电生理特性进行分析,注意房室传导关系和QRS形态。（4）S1引起的P波、QRS波群称为P1、R1,S2引起的P波、QRS波群称为P2、R2。余分别以此类推。（5）S-P间期：从S波起始到P波起始,代表电脉冲经食管至心房开始激动时的时距。（6）S-R间期：从S波起始到QRS波群起始,在S波有效起搏心房,但其后P波不清楚时代表房室传导时间。（7） P1-R1（S1-R1）间期：代表基础刺激时的房室传导时间。（8）P2-R2（S2-R2）间期：代表S2期前刺激时的房室传导时间。（9）逆行P波：在房室折返性心动过速、房室结折返性心动过速、室性心动过速、房室交接区性期前收缩、室性期前收缩等发生逆传时形成的P波,以P-波表示。（10）逆行心房激动顺序：①中心性激动：心律失常时激动沿房室结或间隔部房室旁道逆传至心房,造成间隔部心房肌先激动,然后分别向两侧心房传导,这种左、右心房几乎同时开始激动的顺序称为中心性激动。心电图表现出V1与食管导联的P-波几乎同时出现;②右侧偏心性激动：房室折返性心动过速时激动沿右侧壁房室旁道逆传至右心房,然后通过房间隔向左心房传播,这种逆传心房激动顺序称为右侧偏心性激动,心电图表现出V1的P-波早于食管导联出现;③左侧偏心性激动：房室折返性心动过速时激动沿左侧壁房室旁道逆传至左心房,然后通过房间隔?     

Coumel定律与宽QRS波心动过速

Coumel定律又称Coumel-Slama定律,由法国著名心脏电生理学家Coumel于1973年提出[1,2]。1.Coumel定律的定义(1)预激综合征伴顺向性房室折返性心动过速:显性预激综合征或隐匿性房室旁路的患者发生顺向型房室折返性心动过速时,房室结、希氏束及束支为房室折返性心动过速折返环路的前传支,旁路为折返环路的逆传支,心房、心室均参与折返,QRS≤0.11s,属于窄QRS波心动过速。     

经食管心脏电生理检查误诊房室折返性心动过速的不典型房室结折返性心动过速的特点及分析

目的探讨食管电生理检查中被误诊为房室折返性心动过速的不典型的慢快型房室结折返性心动过速的特点。方法回顾性分析5例误诊为房室折返性心动过速患者的食管电生理及心内电生理资料。结果 5例患者在食管电生理检查S1S2程控期前刺激中,均未观察到S2-R间期有跳跃性延长,心动过速的R-P-EB间期70ms;逆行P-波在V1导联直立,下壁导联倒置;食管电生理诊断为左后间隔隐匿性旁道参与的房室折返性心动过速。心内电生理诊断为慢快型房室结折返性心动过速,并成功消融慢径路。结论部分R-P-EB间期70ms的不典型慢快型房室结折返性心动过速食管电生理特点与后间隔隐匿性旁道参与的房室折返性心动过速类似,必要时需心内电生理检查加以明确。     

经食管心房调搏诱发及终止预激综合征房室折返性心动过速的研究

目的探讨经食管心房调搏诱发和终止预激综合征阵发性房室折返性心动过速的价值.方法对30例预激综合征患者行食管心房调搏程控刺激.结果经食管心房调搏对房室折返性心动过速的诱发率,典型预激综合征A型与B型差异无显著意义(P＞0.05),典型预激综合征与詹姆斯型预激综合征差异则有非常显著意义(P＜0.05).心房刺激诱发顺向型房室折返性心动过速的关键因素是旁道有效不应期大于房室交接区有效不应期.结论典型预激综合征的类型对诱发房室折返性心动过速无明显影响;诱发的关键因素是旁道有效不应期大于房室交接区有效不应期;猝发法是终止发作的最有效方法之一,转复成功率接近100%.     

变异性房室结-希氏-浦肯野系统裂隙现象一例

患者女性，２３岁。因反复发作心动过速２年，复发１天就诊。食管电生理揭示存在房室旁路合并房室结双径路，诱发出顺向型房室折返性心动过速。入院后行射频消融术成功阻断左后隔旁房室旁路，由于快径路逆传功能较差，在食管心房起搏和心内电生理检查中反复刺激均未能诱发...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.