四肢主要血管闭合或隐匿损伤的诊断与显微外科修复

目的探讨四肢主要血管闭合或隐匿损伤诊断与修复方法及其临床效果。方法对11例闭合创伤合并动脉损伤或微小伤口合并动脉损伤的患者行血管成像技术（CTA）检查,诊断明确后行手术探查及显微外科修复。结果11例患者经CTA检查均清晰显示血管损伤,行显微外科血管重建后肢体恢复血循环。结论对怀疑肢体有闭合或隐匿主要动脉损伤行CTA检查,有助于早期诊断,明确损伤部位;及时手术探查、采用显微外科修复损伤血管是保全肢体成活起关键。     

36例肢体大血管损伤的救治体会

目的探讨肢体大血管损伤的临床救治措施。方法对36例肢体大血管损伤患者,积极实施院前抢救,控制出血,纠正休克及处理合并伤。术前充足备血。彻底清创。诊断不明确者行CT三维血管成像(CTA)。根据不同伤情,血管直接修补及端端吻合21例,血管移植8例,游离皮瓣移植4例,未行血管修复3例。术后常规抗炎、抗休克、抗凝治疗。结果 36例中截肢4例,Ⅰ期截肢2例,Ⅱ期截肢2例。血管修复33例,成功30例,余3例中1例截肢,另2例肢体功能差。34例获2~13个月随访,经肢体功能评定(Fugl-Meyer评分),患肢肌肉收缩及关节活动良好者27例(75.00%)。结论对于肢体大血管损伤,快速合理的院前、院内抢救流程是挽救生命的前提;CTA有助于明确血管损伤的具体部位,为术中探查、修复提供依据;尽早重建肢体循环是保存肢体、恢复功能的关键;妥善处理合并伤及并发症能提高临床疗效。     

膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤21例

[目的]回顾性分析膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤的治疗方法和效果.[方法]本组21例,男17例,女4例;年龄16-68岁,平均34.3岁.骨折脱位情况膝关节脱位2例,股骨下端骨折4例,胫骨上端骨折9例,浮膝6例.动脉修复方法端端吻合7例,大隐静脉移植14例.骨折及脱位固定方法石膏固定2例,内固定14例,外固定架固定5例.修复顺序2例膝关节脱位合并腘动脉损伤的患者先手法复位膝关节再修复血管,膝部骨折合并胭动脉损伤的患者先修复血管,后固定骨折6例,先固定骨折再修复血管5例,在处理骨折前先建立临时性动脉内分流8例.[结果]所有患者均获随访,随访时间1～7年,平均3.3年.肢体存活17例(81%),截肢4例.截肢者均为入院时肢体严重缺血患者,部分缺血患者无1例截肢;截肢患者中有3例合并严重软组织损伤,l例合并中度软组织损伤;肢体存活患者平均MESS评分4.2±1.3,截肢患者平均7.2±1.8.截肢患者均是由于术后出现难以控制的感染而截肢.[结论]膝部骨折脱位合并胭动脉损伤时,肢体的软组织损伤程度、MESS评分、肢体缺血的严重程度均是影响肢体成活的重要因素,术后感染是造成截肢的主要原因.     

肢体血管严重创伤的救治策略(附93例报道)

目的探讨肢体血管严重创伤的诊断和救治。方法回顾性分析93例肢体血管急性严重创伤的诊断和救治。包括动脉损伤87例98条,静脉损伤33例36条,动静脉合并损伤30例,合并神经损伤50例,合并骨折脱位23例,合并肌腱、肌肉损伤51例,当地医院已行血管吻合术后肢体再缺血2例。71例(78.0%)重建损伤血管在6 h之内。91例行保肢手术,2例一期截肢。Fogarty球囊导管动静脉取栓8例,血管破裂修补6例,血管缺损修补成形术2例,血管切除吻合57例,自体静脉移植修复11例,人工血管移植修复8例,血管结扎3例,DSA栓塞4例,筋膜切开减压6例。结果感染15例(16.1%),浅表感染6例,深部感染6例,骨髓炎3例,二期截肢1例,死亡2例(2.2%)。78例获得随访3个月~3年,(1.62±0.73)年,73例重建循环的肢体均可触及远端动脉的搏动,肢端肤色正常,术后肢体功能恢复正常或基本恢复正常59例(75.6%),术后肢体部分功能障碍17例(21.8%),术后发生肢体缺血性挛缩2例(2.6%)。结论肢体血管严重损伤,快速明确诊断是血管损伤抢救治疗的前提,急救处理得当是血管损伤治疗的基础,损伤血管的正确修复是血管治疗的关键,合理防治术后并发症是血管损伤救治成功的保障。手术不及时和伴有广泛的骨骼、神经、软组织损伤及感染是截肢率、致死率高的重要原因。     

胫腓骨近端骨折合并腘部血管伤14例报告

1977至1987年,笔者共收治合并腘部血管伤的胫腓骨骨折14例,其中重建血运成功肢体成活8例,血运重建失败截肢2例,入院时肢体已坏死行截肢2例,单纯小腿筋膜间隔切开减压无效截肢1例,合并急性肾功能衰竭治疗无效死亡1例.本组14例中男13例,女1例.闭合骨折6例,开放骨折8例.骨折位于近1/4,而远段向后上方移位者4例;粉碎性骨折片显著移位10例,血管损伤部位为腘动脉或胫前、胫后动脉,其中4例伴有腘静脉破裂.     

上肢主要血管闭合性损伤的诊治

上肢创伤伴闭合性动脉损伤容易漏诊或误诊而造成延误治疗,重者可导致患者截肢甚至死亡[1].传统的诊断方法容易延长肢体缺血时间和加重损伤,且手术探查具有一定的盲目性.2005年3月至2012年6月,我院应用CT血管成像技术(CTA)辅助诊断并显微外科手术治疗上肢闭合性或微小伤口合并动脉损伤5例,效果良好.     

下肢开放骨折合并严重血管损伤78例治疗体会

目的总结下肢骨折合并主要动脉损伤的处理经验和教训。方法对收治的78例下肢骨折合并主要血管损伤的处理方法、结果进行回顾分析。结果15例一期截肢，4例感染坏死，3例无功能行二期截肢，15例死亡。结论早期诊断及处理是关键。截肢要根据具体情况严格掌握手术指征。     

膝关节周围骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤诊治体会

目的 探讨膝关节周围骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤的诊断与治疗效果.方法 16例膝关节周围骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤患者中,行腘动脉端端吻合4例,自体大隐静脉或小隐静脉移植12例;同时修复腘静脉9例,胫神经吻合6例,腓总神经吻合2例.结果 肢体血循环重建时间4.5 ～26.5 h,例痊愈后肢体血循环恢复良好,例遗留小腿缺血性肌挛缩,例截肢.11例获得随访,时间12～18个月.术后1年时膝关节功能评定参照美国特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节评分标准:优5例,良2例,中1例,差3例.结论 膝关节周围骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤早期诊断是挽救肢体的关键,尽早恢复肢体血循环、高质量修复损伤血管、有效复位固定骨折是降低致残率和促进肢体功能恢复的重要因素.     

闭合性腘动脉损伤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨闭合性腘动脉损伤的诊断与治疗。方法收治26例闭合性腘动脉损伤患者,13例采用彩色多普勒超声检查明确血管损伤部位,8例DSA检查明确损伤部位,5例直接手术探查。11例行断端吻合,14例大隐静脉移植,25例均行预防性小腿切开减张。术后应用激素、甘露醇等治疗。结果 22例15h内手术者均成功保肢,并且功能良好,3例24～36h内手术者2例保肢成功,1例截肢,72h明确诊断者肢体坏死直接行截肢手术。结论闭合性腘动脉损伤只要肢体不出现坏死,一旦确诊均应尽早修复血管以求保肢可能。     

膝关节周围骨折合并血管损伤的早期诊疗

目的探讨膝关节周围骨折合并血管损伤的早期诊断和治疗的方法。方法对64例合并血管损伤的膝关节周围骨折,首先采用可靠、快捷的方法稳定骨折,血管损伤分别采用直接修补术、端端吻合术、大隐静脉逆转桥接修复术,移植长度3～11 cm。术后常规行小腿筋膜室切开减压。结果2例截肢,4例术后吻合口处血栓形成,62例获6～40个月随访,彩色多普勒仪检查血流速度及血管管径与正常血管段比较无明显差异。59例肢体功能恢复满意,3例残留不同程度功能障碍。结论早期诊断和处理是治疗膝关节周围骨折合并血管损伤的关键,术中选择合理骨折固定物,注重修复顺序及血管吻合的质量是手术成功的保障。     

Acute and chronic limb ischaemia

Acute (ALI) and chronic limb ischaemic (CLI) make up a major part of the workload of vascular surgeons and carry considerable morbidity and mortality. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the major cause of these conditions. Diagnosis of these conditions involves proper use of imaging including duplex ultrasound, computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), as well as invasive techniques like digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Management ranges from conservative techniques, the mainstay of management in intermittent claudication (IC), with medical optimization, through to endovascular and open revascularization techniques in CLI and ALI. Finally where no revascularization options exist, primary amputation or palliation must be considered.     

Sixteen-slice CT angiography in patients with suspected blunt carotid and vertebral artery injuries

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether 16-slice multidetector CT angiography (CTA) has sufficient negative predictive value for use as the initial imaging examination for patients with suspected blunt carotid and vertebral artery injury (BCVI) and to estimate the positive predictive value of different screening criteria in assessing BCVI. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who were imaged for suspected BCVI at a Level I trauma center during 2004. The policy at our center was to evaluate all patients with specific indications with CTA, and at the discretion of the clinical service, four-vessel digital subtraction angiography (DSA) if the CTA was normal. We recorded injury grade, location, and diagnostic certainty from the imaging report. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with normal CTA who also had normal DSA. RESULTS: Of 372 patients imaged with CTA for suspected BCVI, 271 had normal studies. Eighty-two (30%) of those with normal initial CTA were further examined with DSA, which was normal or equivocal in 75 of these 82 patients (CTA negative predictive value, 92% [95% CI, 83% to 97%]). The aggregate positive predictive value of BCVI screening criteria was 19% (95% CI, 14% to 23%). Lateral element cervical vertebral fractures and skull base fractures were the most predictive criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Multidetector CTA misses relatively few injuries and adequately supplants DSA as a screening study in patients with risk factors for BCVI. Radiologists should maintain a high degree of suspicion in patients who meet screening criteria. Optimal imaging strategies should focus on the most predictive criteria.     

膝关节周围创伤伴腘窝血管伤的早期诊断与救治

目的 :探讨膝关节周围创伤伴腘窝血管伤的早期诊断与救治。方法 :回顾性分析2007年1月至2013年1月15例膝关节周围骨折、脱位伴腘窝血管损伤患者的临床资料,其中男9例,女6例;年龄26~62岁,平均39.2岁。结合临床症状、体征,运用血氧饱和度监测仪、彩色超声、DSA介入造影及手术探查等方法明确血管损伤,分别采用组合式外固定支架、钢板螺钉股骨髁逆行交锁钉内固定骨折及膝关节脱位,并根据具体情况对损伤血管进行取栓、修补、自体静脉移植重建血循环,分析手术时间、住院天数、保肢指数、输血量、医疗费用及感染发生情况,明确早期诊断及有效救治的作用。结果:本组患者死亡1例,截肢8例,6例手术成功修复腘动脉、胫前及胫后动脉。6例肢体存活患者随访12~60个月,平均28.3个月。保肢成功且关节功能优良4例。结论:膝关节周围创伤伴腘窝血管伤具有伤情复杂且严重、易误漏诊、预后差、保肢风险高等特点,应结合患者的创伤机制、损伤部位局部解剖特点、临床表现及适当的辅助检查来把握膝关节周围创伤伴腘窝血管伤的早期诊断,掌握合适的保肢与截肢指征以高效救治患者。     

脑动脉硬化患者合并椎动脉异常的临床筛查探讨

目的:探讨以椎动脉数字减影血管造影(DSA)为参照标准,椎动脉超声、经颅多普勒(TCD)、磁共振动脉造影(MRA)、计算机体层动脉造影(CTA)对脑动脉硬化患者合并椎动脉异常的临床筛查、诊断价值。方法:对2006年1月至2010年9月收治的186例脑动脉硬化患者进行回顾性分析,男133例,女53例;年龄30～84岁,平均63.8岁。186例全部行DSA椎动脉造影,172例行椎动脉超声和TCD,53例行MRA,25例行CTA,以DSA椎动脉造影阳性为病例组,阴性为对照组,分别计算4种检查方法的灵敏度、特异度和一致率。结果:DSA、椎动脉超声、TCD、MRA、CTA检查发现椎动脉异常率分别为50.00%(93/186)、30.81%(53/172)、49.42%(85/172)、15.10%(8/53)、40.00%(10/25)。以DSA椎动脉造影为参照标准,超声检查的灵敏度50.57%,特异度89.41%,一致率69.77%;TCD的灵敏度68.48%,特异度72.50%,一致率70.35%;MRA的灵敏度21.43%,特异度92.00%,一致率54.72%;CTA的灵敏度63.64%,特异度78.57%,一致率72.00%。结论:椎动脉超声、TCD、MRA、CTA4种方法根据患者综合情况,合理、联合应用,有助于全面客观地诊断伴有动脉硬化患者的椎动脉异常。对明确有脑血管疾病的患者进行潜在的颈椎手法推拿,需引起高度警惕,可能会出现椎动脉损伤而造成并发症。     

Screening for blunt cerebrovascular injury: evaluating the accuracy of multidetector computed tomographic angiography

BACKGROUND: Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) has been widely considered the "gold standard" for diagnosing blunt cerebral vascular injury, but recent advances in multidetector computed tomographic angiography (CTA) may have led to improved accuracy compared with DSA. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients who underwent CTA and DSA for suspected blunt cerebral vascular injury was performed. Two neuroradiologists and one radiology resident, blinded to the other test, independently reviewed CTA and DSA studies. Sensitivity and specificity of CTA were determined using DSA as the gold standard. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients met the study criteria. Consensus DSA interpretation identified 17 vascular injuries in 15 patients. Among the three radiologists, the sensitivity of CTA for carotid injury ranged from 83% (10 of 12) to 92% (11 of 12), and the specificity ranged from 88% (36 of 41) to 98% (40 of 41). The sensitivity for vertebral artery injury ranged from 40% (2 of 5) to 60% (3 of 5), and the specificity ranged from 90% (35 of 39) to 97% (38 of 39). CTA sensitivity rose to 80% (four of five) in the vertebral artery when a lower diagnostic threshold was used. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of CTA for carotid artery injury at our center was higher than in previous studies. This might be attributable to the superior quality of multidetector CTA images. Our conclusions on CTA accuracy in the vertebral artery are limited by the small number of injuries.     

Upper and lower limb fractures with concomitant arterial injury.

We describe a management strategy for upper- and lower-limb fractures with associated arterial injury and report the results in 113 cases treated over a period of 18 years. Primary amputation was performed in 23 patients and of those who underwent primary vascular repair, 27 needed secondary amputation, two-thirds of them within a week of the injury. Of those requiring secondary amputation, 51.8% had ischaemia exceeding six hours, 81.4% had severe soft-tissue injury and 85.2% had type III open fractures. The patients whose limbs had been salvaged were followed up for an average of 5.6 years. The eventual outcome depended on the severity of the fracture, the degree of soft-tissue damage, the length of the ischaemic period, the severity of neurological involvement, and the presence of associated major injuries. There was a 30% incidence of long-term disability in the salvaged limbs, largely due to poor recovery of neurological function. Prompt recognition of such combined injuries is vital and requires a high index of suspicion in patients with multiple injuries and with certain fracture patterns. We recommend a multidisciplinary approach, liberal use of pre-operative angiography in upper-limb injuries and selective use of intra-operative angiography in lower-limb injuries. Stable external or internal fixation of the fractures and re-establishment of limb perfusion are urgent surgical priorities to reduce the period of ischaemia which is critical for successful limb salvage.     

Vascular injury associated with fracture-dislocations of the lower extremity

Vascular damage occurring in conjunction with orthopedic injury of the lower extremity is uncommon. This relative rarity is further complicated by the potentially subtle nature of vascular injury. Doppler signals and even palpable pulses do not exclude vascular damage. Missed or delayed diagnosis with a subsequent avoidable amputation is a too-frequent result. Displaced fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia and particularly dislocation of the knee are associated with the highest risk of concomitant vascular injury and the poorest collateral circulation to support the distal limb. Optimal management of such injuries requires a high index of suspicion, aggressive use of angiography, and close cooperation among all members of the trauma team. With proper care, few extremities will be lost to ischemia alone. Limb loss should result only when the extremity has been too badly damaged to justify salvage efforts.     

髂外-腘动脉人工血管交叉转流术治疗髂股动脉硬化闭塞症

目的 探讨髂外动脉-腘动脉人工血管移植交义转流术治疗单侧髂股动脉硬化广泛性闭塞的疗效.方法 1999年9月至2007年10月39例患者经血管彩超、CT血管造影(CTA)或数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,证实单侧髂股动脉硬化广泛性闭塞;静息痛25例,14例足趾溃疡或坏疽,平均踝/肱指数0.19;采用健侧髂外动脉-患侧胴动脉人工血管移植交叉转流术,左转至右22例,右转至左17例.结果 围手术期无死亡及截肢患者.踝/肱指数由术前平均0.19术后升至0.94;术前以80 m/min速度行走,跛行距离15～60 m,术后(100～120)m/min行走,距离增至350～500 m或>500 m;术后血管彩超检测胭动脉平均血流速为45 cm/s,胫前(后)动脉术前极少量血流信号,术后平均血流速41 cm/s.35例(89.7%)平均随访3.4年,3年一二期累计通畅率85.7%,其中4例截肢,保肢率88.6%.结论 髂外动脉-腘动脉人工血管移植交叉转流术是治疗单侧髂股动脉闭塞可行有效的方法,尤其适宜全身状态较差,合并有重要器官病变的老年患者.     

Comparison of digital subtraction angiography, CT angiography, and ultrasonic Doppler examination in the evaluation of penile arterial lesions]

BACKGROUND: CT angiography reconstructed by a multidetector-row helical CT scanner is a newly developed form of imaging. We compared CT angiography and ultrasonic Doppler examination with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the diagnosis of arterial lesion. METHOD: Eighteen patients with arteriogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) underwent color Doppler study, DSA, and CT angiography after providing informed consent. The CT angiography images were obtained by a multidetector-row helical CT scanner, Asteion TSX021A (TOSHIBA). We injected prostaglandin E1 into the penile cavernous body, and then rapidly infused nonionic contrast medium into the antecubital vein. DSA and CT angiography images of the bilateral internal pudendal arteries and cavernous arteries were examined for stenotic lesions or occlusion. We also compared the peak systolic blood flow velocity in the cavernous artery measured by color Doppler ultrasound with CT angiography and DSA. RESULTS: The CT angiography and color Doppler studies were performed on an outpatient basis, but DSA required hospitalization. In the 36 internal pudendal arteries, DSA represented 22 normal arteries and 14 stenosis or occlusions. CT angiography showed 15 normal arteries and 21 occlusions. For the diagnosis of stenosis or occlusion in the internal pudendal artery, the CT angiography image had a good agreement, with a sensitivity of 1.00, specificity of 0.68, and accuracy of 0.81. For diagnosis in the cavernous artery, CT angiography image also showed a good agreement with DSA; however, the quality of the images of fine arteries was better in the DSA images. The inferior view and internal view of the pelvis in CT angiography were helpful for visualizing the internal pudendal artery, especially at the pubic bone. There was insufficient correlation between peak systolic blood flow velocity and DSA findings. There were no serious complications involved in either examination. CONCLUSIONS: CT angiography has not yet reached the same level as DSA in the evaluation of fine arteries. However, CT angiography can produced images sufficient for the diagnosis of arteriogenic ED with some advantages. We believe that with improvement, CT angiography will become an adequate replacement for DSA in the diagnosis of penile arterisl lesion.     

Blunt thoracic aortic injury

Blunt thoracic aortic injury (BAI) is a rare but often fatal injury that occurs with severe polytrauma. Immediate diagnosis and treatment of BAI are essential for a successful outcome. We reviewed our experience with 20 patients with BAI treated at a Level I trauma center between 1995 and 2006. The mean Injury Severity Score was 38 +/- 14 and 14 patients had an abnormal Glasgow Coma Score; associated injuries included abdomen in 13 patients, extremity in 12, and head in six. Chest x-ray (CXR) findings were suggestive of aortic injury in 15 patients, equivocal in three, and showed no evidence of aortic injury in two. Diagnosis was made by CT angiography (CTA) in 17 patients, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in two, and formal angiography in one. Sixteen patients underwent operative repair of BAI. Of these, eight also underwent laparotomy, six had operative repair of extremity fractures, and three had pelvic embolization. Five patients died, three of whom were treated nonoperatively, and length of hospitalization in survivors was 32 +/- 20 days. BAI is rare and often associated with multiple life-threatening injuries complicating diagnosis and treatment. Our data support the aggressive use of CTA even when classic CXR findings are not present. When CT must be delayed for abdominal exploration, intraoperative TEE is useful.